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Laboratory Act 2 Group4

This document describes Experiment No. 2 conducted by Group No. 4 to characterize the no-load saturation of a three-phase salient pole synchronous generator. The experiment measured the output voltage (Eo) and speed (N) of the generator at various field current (If) settings from 0 to 0.3 amps. The results were recorded in Table 15-2-1 and plotted on a graph to show the Eo vs If curve, known as the open-circuit characteristic. The curve initially increases linearly then shows saturation at higher field currents due to iron core saturation in the generator.

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77 views10 pages

Laboratory Act 2 Group4

This document describes Experiment No. 2 conducted by Group No. 4 to characterize the no-load saturation of a three-phase salient pole synchronous generator. The experiment measured the output voltage (Eo) and speed (N) of the generator at various field current (If) settings from 0 to 0.3 amps. The results were recorded in Table 15-2-1 and plotted on a graph to show the Eo vs If curve, known as the open-circuit characteristic. The curve initially increases linearly then shows saturation at higher field currents due to iron core saturation in the generator.

Uploaded by

Danielle Aubrey Terencio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd, Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila


College of Engineering

ACME6L-M / EE – 3B

NO- LOAD SATURATION

CHARACTERISTIC

Experiment No. 2

GROUP No. 4

Leader: JAQUECA, MARK ARON –

Members: CASTILLO, JUSTINE – GAWARAN, BENEDICT JAMES –

ESCALANTE, ANGELO – MAGDARAOG, DAWN –


ESCALICAS, MA JENIL – NAVARRO, IVAN CARL –
FERRERA, ARABELLA –

Submitted to:
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA

March 17, 2023


Date of Performance

March 31, 2023


(Date of Submission)
EXERCISE 15-2
No-Load Saturation Characteristic
OBJECTIVE

After completing this exercise, you should be able to demonstrate the operating
characteristic of a three-phase salient pole synchronous generator under no-load condition.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Qty Description Cat. No.


1 DC Permanent-magnet Machine EM-3330-1A
1 Three-phase Salient Pole Synchronous Machine EM-3330-3A
1 DC Power Supply Module EM-3310-1A
1 Three-phase Power Supply Module EM-3310-1E
1 Synchronous Machine Exciter EM-3310-1C
1 Three-pole Current Limit Protection Switch Module EM-3310-2A
2 Digital DCA Meter EM-3310-3A
2 Digital DCV Meter EM-3310-3B
1 Digital RPM Meter EM-3310-3G
or Magnetic Powder Brake Unit EM-3320-1C
Brake Controller EM-3320-1N
1 Digital Power Analysis Meter EM-3310-3H
or Digital ACA Meter EM-3310-3C
Digital ACV Meter EM-3310-3D
1 Laboratory Table EM-3380-1A
1 Experimental Frame EM-3380-2B
or Experimental Frame EM-3380-2A
1 Connecting Leads Holder EM-3390-1A
2 Coupling EM-3390-2A
2 Coupling Guard EM-3390-2B
1 Shaft End Guard EM-3390-2C
1 Connecting Leads Set EM-3390-3A
1 Safety Bridging Plugs Set EM-3390-4A
. Fig. 15-2-1 Circuit diagram for no-load saturation test.
Fig. 15-2-2 Connection diagram for no-load saturation test.
PROCEDURE

CAUTION: High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or
modify any connections with the power on unless otherwise specified! If any danger
occurs, immediately press the red EMERGENCY OFF button on the Three-phase
Power Supply Module.

1. Place the DC Permanent-magnet Machine, Three-phase Salient Pole Synchronous


Machine, and Digital RPM Meter on the Laboratory Table. Mechanically couple the DC
Permanent-Magnet (PM) Machine to the Three-phase Salient Pole Synchronous Machine
and the Digital RPM Meter using Couplings. Securely lock the Machine Bases together
using the delta screws. Install the Coupling Guards and the Shaft End Guard.

2. Install the required Modules in the Experimental Frame. Construct the circuit in
accordance with the circuit diagram in Fig. 15-2-1 and the connection diagram in Fig.
15- 2-2. Have the instructor check your completed circuit. The synchronous generator
operates in delta.
Complete this laboratory exercise as quickly as possible to avoid the rise in
temperature under load condition.

3. Set the V.adj knob on the DC Power Supply Module to the min. position. Set the voltage
control knob on the Synchronous Machine Exciter to the 0 position.

4. Sequentially turn on the 3-P Current Limit Protection Switch, Three-phase Power
Supply, and DC Power Supply Modules.

5. On the DC Power Supply Module, press the START button and slowly turn the V.adj
knob to increase the motor voltage until the generator rotates at its rated speed. Maintain
the speed through this exercise. Note: The rated speed of the generator (Three-phase
Salient Pole Synchronous Machine) is 1,800 rpm for 60-Hz power (1,500 rpm for 50-Hz
power).

6. Turn on the Synchronous Machine Exciter.


7. On the Synchronous Machine Exciter Module, slowly turn the voltage control knob so
that the field current If (obtained from the Digital DCA Meter) is 0 A. Record the
generator output voltage Eo (obtained from the Digital Power Analysis Meter) and the
speed N (obtained from the Digital RPM Meter) values in Table 15-2-1.

8. Repeat step 7 for other If settings listed in Table 15-2-1.

9. Sequentially turn the DC Power Supply, Synchronous Machine Exciter, Three-phase


Power Supply, and 3-P Current Limit Protection Switch Modules.

10. Using the results of Table 15-2-1, plot the Eo vs If curve on the graph of Fig. 15-2-3.

Table 15-2-1 Measured values of If Eo, and N


(50-Hz power, generator speed=1500 rpm)
If (A) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Eo (V) 0 24 43.0 67.5 94.6 114.6 134 153.4
N 1801.2 1798.8 1797 1796.4 1794.6 1793.4 1792.2 1800.1
(rpm)
If (A) 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
Eo (V) 176.5 191.2 206.5 218.6 228.7 239.1 246.2 253
N 1798 1797 1795.2 1794 1792.2 1800 1800 1800
(rpm)

Fig. 15-2-3 The Eo vs If curve


Experimental Results

Table 15-2-1 Measured values of If, Eo, and N


(60-Hz power, generator speed=1800 rpm)
If (A) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Eo (V) 0 24.3 40.9 67.5 84.7 108.1 126.9 141.1
N (rpm) 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
If (A) 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
Eo (V) 158.4 171.9 184.3 194.7 203.2 212.3 217.6 221.6
N (rpm) 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
Eo(V)

Fig. 15-2-3 The Eo vs If curve


DISCUSSION

A DC current is applied to the rotor winding, which then produces a rotor magnetic field. The
rotor is then turned by a prime mover (eg. Steam, water etc.) producing a rotating magnetic field.
This rotating magnetic field induces a 3-phase set of voltages within the stator windings of the
generator. “Field windings” applies to the windings that produce the main magnetic field in a
machine, and “Armature windings” applies to the windings where the main voltage is induced. For
synchronous machines, the field windings are on the rotor, so the terms “rotor windings” and “field
windings” are used interchangeably.
Generally, a synchronous generator must have at least 2 components:
a) Rotor Windings or Field Windings
 Salient pole
 Non-salient pole

b) Stator Windings or Armature Windings


The rotor of a synchronous generator is a large electromagnet and the magnetic poles on the
rotor can either be salient or non-salient construction. Non-salient pole rotors are normally used for
rotors with 2 or 4 poles rotor, while salient pole rotors are used for 4 or more poles rotor.
While doing the open circuit test or no-load test, the generator must rotate at the rated speed
(1800 rpm), no load must connect at the terminals, field current is increase from 0 to maximum and
record the values of the terminal voltage and field current. With the terminals open, IA=0, so EA =
V It is thus possible to construct a plot of 𝐸𝑜 vs 𝐼𝑓 graph. This plot is called open-circuit characteristic
(OCC) of a generator. With this characteristic, it is possible to find the internal generated voltage of
the generator for any given field current.

At first the curve is almost perfectly linear, until some saturation is observed at high field
currents. The unsaturated iron in the frame of the synchronous machine has a reluctance several
thousand times lower than the air-gap reluctance, so at first almost all the mmf is across the airgap, and
the resulting flux increase is linear. When the iron finally saturates, the reluctance of the iron increases
dramatically, and the flux increases much more slowly with an increase in mmf. The linear portion of
an OCC is called the air-gap line of the characteristic.
CONCLUSION

In experiment 15-2, the connection is open-circuited, indicating that voltage exists. It shows
the operation of a three-phase salient pole synchronous generator under no-load saturation conditions.
The generator must revolve at the rated speed (1800 rpm) during the open circuit or no-load test, no
load must be connected at the terminals, the field current is increased from 0 to maximum, and the
terminal voltage and field current values are recorded. Even when the field current is zero, some emf
is produced. This originally produced emf is caused by the presence of residual magnetism in the
field poles. The residual magnetism induces a modest initial emf in the armature. This originally
produced emf contributes to the existing residual flux, increasing the overall field flux. As a result,
the induced emf increases. As a result, O.C.C. follows a straight path. When the flux density grows,
however, the poles get saturated and the flow becomes nearly constant. As a result, even if we
increase If further, remains constant, and so no load voltage remains constant.

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