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Experiment 1

American International University- Bangladesh

Faculty of Engineering (EEE)
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory
Experiment Name: Study of Three-Phase Alternator.

Introduction:

An alternating-current generator is frequently referred to as an alternator. Alternator is also called the

synchronous generator because it should be operated (by prime mover) in a speed (synchronous
speed) in order to get an induced EMF of the required frequency (infinite bus-bar frequency).

AC generator or alternators (as they are usually called) operate on the same fundamental principles
of electromagnetic induction as DC generators. They also consist of an armature winding and a
magnetic field. But there is one important difference between the two. Whereas in DC generators, the
armature rotates and the field system is stationary, the arrangement in alternators just the reverse of
it. In their case, standard construction consist of armature winding mounted on a stationary element
called stator and field windings on a rotating element called rotor.

Theory and Methodology:

Alternators are, by far, the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate an AC
voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated voltage value
depends on the speed, the DC field excitation and the power factor of the load.

As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, while its speed held constant, the magnetic
flux and the output voltage will increase in direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive
increase in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough value to saturate the iron in
the alternator.

Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC
field current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can
be used as a measure of the degree of saturation.

The three phases of the alternator are mechanically spaced at equal intervals from each other, and
therefore, the respective generated voltages are not in phase, but are displaced from each other by
120 electrical degrees.

When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-circuit, very
large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off rapidly to safe
values if the short-circuit is maintained.

The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air -gap. At no load,
this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation.
No-load saturation curve:

Figure: 1

A typical no load saturation curve is shown in Figure 1.It has generator output voltage plotted against
field current. The lower straight line portion of the curve represents the air gap because the magnetic
parts are not saturated. When the magnetic parts start to saturate, the curve bends over until complete
saturation is reached. Then the curve becomes a straight line again.

Pre lab Homework: Learn the basic concept about alternators.

Equipments:
Description Model
Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 8221
Synchronous Motor/Generator 8241
DC Voltmeter/Ammeter 8412
AC Ammeter 8425
AC Voltmeter 8426
Synchronizing Module 8621
Power Supply 8821
Connection Leads 8941
Timing Belt 8942

Precautions:

High voltages are Present in the Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power
on! The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!
Procedure:

1) Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction

Motor, Power Supply, AC Voltmeter, AC Ammeter and DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, connect the
circuit shown in Figure 2. The Four-pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor will be used to drive the
Synchronous Motor/Generator as an alternator. Its speed will be assumed constant during this
Laboratory Experiment. Note that the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor is connected to
the fixed 415 V, 3-Ф output of the power supply, terminal 1, 2 and 3. The rotor of the alternator
is connected to the variable 0-240 V DC output of the Power Supply, terminal 7 and N.

Figure: 2

2) a) Couple the Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor to the Synchronous Motor/Generator
with the Timing Belt.

b) Set the field rheostat of the Synchronous Motor/Generator at its full cw position (for zero
resistance).

c) Set the Power Supply voltage control at its full ccw position (for zero dc voltage).

3) a) Turn on the Power Supply. The motor should be running.

b) With zero dc excitation (switch S open), measure and record E1, E2 and E3 (use the lowest
ranges of the voltmeters).

E1 = ____ V ac E2 = _ V ac E3 = _______ V ac

c) Explain why there is an ac voltage generated in the absence of dcc excitation.

____________________________________________________________________

4) a) Turn off the rotor excitation toggle switch of the Synchronous Motor/Generator (down
position). Gradually increase the DC excitation from zero to 0.05A DC using the Power
Supply voltage control.

b) Measure and record in Table1-1 the three generated voltages E1, E2 and E3.

Table: 1.1

I1 E1 E2 E3 Eav
A V V V V
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.50

c) Repeat (b) for each of the DC currents listed in Table 1-1.

d) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

5) Calculate and record in Table 1–1 the average output voltage of the Synchronous
Motor/Generator for each of the listed DC currents.

6) a) Turn on the Power Supply and adjust the DC excitation until E1 = 415 Vac. Measure and
record E2 and E3.

E1 = 415 V ac E2 = _ V ac E3 = ___ V ac

b) Turn off the Power Supply without touching the voltage adjusts control.

c) Reconnect the three AC voltmeters so they will measure the voltages across each of the three
stator windings.
d) Turn on the Power Supply. Measure and record the generated voltages across each of the wye
connected stator windings.

E 1 to 4 = ___________ V ac E 2 to 5 = ___________ V ac

E 3 to 6 = ___________ V ac

e) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.
f) Compare the results of (a) and (d). Do the results correspond to what you would expect to
find coming from a normal three-phase power Supply?

□ Yes □ No

7) Using your Synchronizing Module, connect the circuit shown in Figure 3. Note that the
switch is wired to present a dead short across the alternator windings when it is closed.

8) a) Set the synchronizing switch to its open position.

b) Turn on the Power Supply and adjust the DC excitation until E1 = 415 Vac. The motor
should be running and the three lamps on the synchronizing module should be illuminated.

c) Measure and record the DC exciting current I1.

I1 = ___________ A dc

d) Apply a short-circuit to your alternator by closing the synchronizing switch and note the
behavior of the AC current I2.

Figure: 3

e) To what approximate peak value did I2 increase?

I2 = ___________ A ac

f) What is the final steady-state value of I1 and I2?

I1=_________A dc I2 = _________A ac

g) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

Questions:

1) a) Plot your recorded average voltage values vs dc current values from Table 1–1 on the
graph of Figure 4.

b) Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points.

c) Up to what voltage is the curve a reasonably straight line?

E = _________ V ac

d) At what voltage is the knee of the saturation curve?

E = _________ V ac

Figure 4

e) Explain why the voltage increases less rapidly as the DC current increases

2) Comment on the reasons for not operating an alternator near the knee of its saturation
curve.
3) An alternator is much less likely to burn out on a sustained short-circuit than a separately
excited dc shunt generator. Explain.

References:

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand &
company Ltd. [2] Lab volt lab manual.
Experiment 2 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: The Alternator under Load

Introduction:

As the load on an alternator is varied, its terminal voltage is also found to vary as in DC
generators. This variation in terminal voltage V is due to the following reasons: Voltage drop
due to armature resistance, Ra; Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance, XL, and Voltage
drop due to armature reaction.

The main objectives of this laboratory are:

1) To determine the voltage regulation characteristics of the alternator with resistive,

capacitive and inductive loading.
2) To observe the effect of unbalanced loads on the output voltage.

Theory and Methodology:

The output voltage of an alternator (ac generator) depends essentially on the total flux in the air-gap. At
no load, this flux is established and determined exclusively by the dc field excitation.

Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the
ampereturns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the rotor
depending on the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor and lagging power
factors oppose it.

Because the stator MMF has such an important effect on the magnetic flux, the voltage regulation of
alternators is quite poor. That is why the dc field current must continuously be adjusted to keep the
voltage constant under variable load conditions.

If one phase of a three-phase alternator is heavily loaded, its voltage will decrease due to the IR and IXL
drops in the stator winding. This voltage drop cannot be compensated for by modifying the dc field
current because the voltages of the other two phases will also be changed. Therefore, it is essential that
three-phase alternators do not have loads that are badly unbalanced.

The alternator voltage regulation can be described as:

Where E0 is no load voltage and VTR is rated terminal voltage.

-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
Pre-Lab Homework:

Study about armature reaction for different power factor.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University

Apparatus:

Description Model

DC Motor/Generator 8211
Synchronous Motor/Generator 8241
Variable Resistance 8311 Variable Inductance 8321 Variable
Capacitance 8331 DC Voltmeter/Ammeter 8412
AC Ammeter 8425 AC Voltmeter 8426 Power Supply 8821
Hand Tachometer 8920 Connection Leads 8941
Timing Belt 8942

Precautions:

Warning: High voltages are Present in the Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any
connections with the power on! The power should be turned off after completing each
individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:

1) Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator, Variable Resistance,

Power Supply, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, connect the
circuit shown in Figure 2-1. Note that the balanced resistive load is wye connected to the
three-phase output of the alternator. The alternator rotor is connected to the variable 0240
V dc output of the Power Supply, terminals 7 and N. The dc shunt motor winding is
connected to the fixed 240 V dc output of the Power Supply, terminals 8 and N.

Figure 2-1

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

2) a) Couple the DC Motor/Generator to the Synchronous Motor/Generator with the Timing
Belt.

b) Set the field rheostat of the DC Motor/Generator at its full cw position (for minimum
resistance).

c) Adjust each resistance section for a resistance of 1200 Ω.

3) a) Turn on the Power Supply and using your Hand Tachometer, adjust the Power Supply
dc output voltage for a motor speed of 1200 r/min.

Note:This speed must be kept constant for the remainder of this Laboratory
Experiment!

b) Adjust the dc excitation of the alternator until the output voltage E1 = 415 V ac. Measure
and record the values of I1 and I2 at full load.

I1 = ___________ A ac I2 = ___________ A dc

c) Open the three resistance load switches for no load on the alternator and measure and
record the values of E1 and I2 at no load. Remember to check the motor speed and
readjust to 1200 r/min if required.

E1 = ___________ V ac I2 = ____________ A dc

d) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

e) Calculate the alternator regulation with resistive loading.

4) a) Using your Variable Inductance, replace the resistive load with an inductive load.

b) Adjust each inductance section for a reactance XL of 1200 Ω.

c) Repeat Procedure 3 and record the full load values of I1 and I2.

I1 = ___________ A ac I2 = ___________ A dc

d) Measure and record the no load values of E1 and I2.

E1 = ___________ V ac I2 = ____________ A dc

e) Calculate the alternator regulation with inductive loading.

5) a) Using your Variable Capacitance, replace the inductive load with a capacitive load.

b) Adjust each capacitance section for a reactance XC of 1200 Ω.

c) Repeat Procedure 3 and record the full load values of I1 and I2.

I1 = ___________ A ac I2 = ___________ A dc

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

d) Measure and record the no load values of E1 and I2.

E1 = ___________ V ac I2 = ____________ A dc

e) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

f) Calculate the alternator regulation with capacitive loading.

g) With capacitive loading does the stator MMF aid or oppose the rotor MMF?

□ Aid □ Oppose

6) a) With a capacitive reactance load of 4800 Ω per phase, turn on the Power Supply and
adjust for a motor speed of 1200 r/min.

b) Adjust the dc excitation of the alternator until the output voltage E1 = 415 V ac.

c) Increase the capacitive loading by placing an additional reactance of 2400 Ω in parallel

with each of the 4800 Ω reactances and observe what happens.

________________________________________________________________________

d) Increase the capacitive loading further by placing an additional reactance of 1200 Ω

across each module and observe what happens.

________________________________________________________________________

e) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

f) Explain, if you can, the phenomenon you have just observed.

________________________________________________________________________

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

________________________________________________________________________

7) a) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2-2. Note that only one of the alternator phases has a
load.

Figure 2-2

b) Turn on the Power Supply and adjust the rheostat of the DC Motor/ Generator for a motor
speed of 1200 r/min.

c) Adjust the dc excitation of the alternator until the voltage E1 across the 2400 Ω load is 415
V ac. Measure and record the two other phase voltages E2 and E3.

E2 = ___________ V ac E3 = ____________ V ac

d) Turn off the Power Supply without touching any of the variable controls.

e) Reconnect the three AC voltmeters so they will measure the voltages across each of the
three stator windings.

f) Turn on the Power Supply. Measure and record the voltages across each of the alternator
windings.

E 1 to 4 = ___________ V ac

E 2 to 5 = ___________ V ac

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

E 3 to 6 = ___________ V ac

g) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

h) Did the single-phase load produce a large unbalance?

□ Yes□ No

Questions for report writing:

1) Explain why the alternator output voltage increases with capacitance loading.

2) Could it be dangerous to connect an alternator to a long transmission line, if the

line had a high capacitance? Yes/No. Explain your answer.

3) The rotor of an alternator, at rated power, dissipates more heat at a low power factor
(lagging) load than at a high power factor load. Explain briefly.

4) If an industrial customer of an electrical power company connects a large

singlephase load to a three-phase power line, then every other user on that power
line will have unbalanced three-phase power, even if their loads are balanced.
Explain it briefly.

Reference(s):

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand

& company Ltd.

[2] Lab volt lab manual.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

Experiment 3 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: Alternator Synchronization

Introduction:

For parallel operations of alternators alternator synchronization is very important. In this lab
the objectives are to:

1) To learn how to synchronize an alternator to the electric power utility system.

2) To observe the effects of improper phase conditions on the synchronizing process.

Theory and Methodology:

In an alternating current electric power system, synchronization is the process of matching the speed
and frequency of a generator or other source to a running network. An AC generator cannot deliver
power to an electrical grid unless it is running at the same frequency as the network. If two segments of
a grid are disconnected, they cannot exchange AC power again until they are brought back into exact
synchronization.

The frequency of a large electric power distribution system is established by the speed of rotation of
many powerful alternators all connected by various tie-lines in the total network. The collective inertia
and power of these generators is so great that there is no single load or disturbance which would be
large enough to change their speed of rotation. The frequency of an electric system is, therefore,
remarkably stable.

An alternator can only deliver power to an existing electric power system if it operates at the same
frequency as the system. A system whose frequency is 50,000 Hz cannot receive power from an
alternator operating at 50,001Hz. They must both operate at exactly the same frequency. This is not as
difficult to achieve as may appear at first because (when an alternator is connected into an existing
system) automatic forces come into play to keep its frequency constant.

Synchronization of an alternator with a large utility system, or “infinite bus” as it is called is comparable
to matching a small gear to another enormous size and power. If the teeth of both gears are properly
synchronized upon contract, then the matching will be smooth. But should the teeth edges meet shock
would result with possible damage to the smaller gear.

Smooth synchronization of an alternator means first that its frequency must be equal to that of the
supply. In addition, the phase sequence (or rotation) must be the same. Returning to our example of the
gears, we would not think of trying to mesh two gears going in opposite directions, even if their speeds
were identical.

The next thing to watch for when we push gears together is to see that the teeth of one meet the slots of
the other. In electrical terms the voltage of the alternator must be in phase with the voltage of the supply.

Finally, when matching gears we always choose a tooth depth which is compatible with the master gear.
Electrically, the voltage amplitude of the alternator should be equal to the supply voltage amplitude.
With these conditions met, the alternator is perfectly synchronized with the network and the switch
between the two can be turned on.

-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University
To connect two alternators in parallel, the two alternators must be synchronized. The synchronization
process must be performed also when connecting an alternator to the grid.

The purpose of synchronization is to ensure that at the moment of closing the circuit breaker (closing
the 3-pole single throw switch to connect the alternator to the grid in this experiment), the voltages
across the three phases of the breaker are as close to zero as possible and remain so after the switch is
closed. To ensure that, the following conditions must be met:

a) The generated voltage must be approximately equal to the grid voltage.

b) The frequency of the generated voltage must be equal to that of the grid.

c) The phase sequence of the generated voltage must be the same as that of the grid.

d) The phase of the generated voltages relative to some reference must be very close to the phase of
grid lines.

These conditions can be understood by considering the voltage of one line of the grid v g1, to be
connected to one line of the alternator va1. The voltage can be expressed in

Vg1 = vg1(t) = Vmg sin (ωg1t + φg1) (1)

Va1 = va1(t) = Vma sin (ωa1t + φa1) (2)

The voltage across the switch is Vg1-Va1. It is obvious that for this voltage to be close to zero and remains
close to zero, the above four conditions must be met. In short, the above two voltage waveforms must
be on top of each other if seen on the oscilloscope.

The voltage Vg1-Va1 can be seen by applying this voltage to a light bulb. The brightness of the bulb is
an indication of the voltage across it. When the light bulb is totally dark, the voltage across it is zero.

Pre-Lab Homework:

Answer to this question:

1) What are the conditions of synchronization?

Apparatus:
Description Model

DC Motor/Generator 8211
Synchronous Motor/Generator 8241
DC Voltmeter/Ammeter 8412
AC Ammeter 8425
AC Voltmeter 8426
Synchronizing Module 8621
Power Supply 8821
Hand Tachometer 8920
Connection Leads 8941
Timing Belt 8942

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

Precautions:

High voltages are Present in the Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any connections with
the power on! The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:

1) 1Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator, Synchronizing

Module, Power Supply, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter,
connect the circuit shown in Figure 12-1. Note that the alternator output is connected
through the Synchronizing Module to the fixed 415 V, 3-phase output of the Power
Supply, terminals 1, 2 and 3. The rotor of the Synchronous Motor/Generator is
connected to the fixed 240 V dc output of the Power Supply, terminals 8 and N. The dc
shunt motor (DC Motor/Generator) is connected to the variable 0-240 V dc output of
the Power Supply, terminals 7 and N.

2) a) Couple the DC Motor/Generator to the alternator (Synchronous Motor/ Generator)

with the Timing Belt.

b) Set the field rheostat of the DC Motor/Generator at its full cw position (for minimum
resistance).

c) Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.

3) a) Turn on the Power Supply. Using your Hand Tachometer, adjust the rheostat of the
DC Motor/Generator for a motor speed of 1500 r/min.

b) Measure the Power Supply fixed ac voltage E2. E2 = _________ V ac

c) Close the toggle switch of the alternator circuit and adjust the DC excitation of the
alternator until the alternator output voltage E1 is equal to E2.

d) The three synchronization lights should be flickering on and off.

4) a) Carefully adjust the DC motor/Generator speed until the beat frequency becomes
quite low.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

b) Do all the three lights become bright and dark, at all the same time?

□ Yes □ No

c) If they do not all become dark and then bright simultaneously, the phase sequence is
wrong. Turn off the Power Supply and interchange the any two of the leads coming
from the stator.

d) Carefully adjust the motor speed until all the three lights slowly darken and then
slowly brighten. Your alternator frequency is very nearly equal to that of the power
company.

e) When all of the lights are completely dark, the alternator and supply voltages are in
phase.

f) When all of the lights are fully brighten, the alternator and supply voltages are 180 0
out of phase.( This is the “tooth-to-tooth” condition, and the Synchronizing Module
should never be closed under these conditions).

g) Check to see that the two voltages E1& E2 are equal, if not, readjust the dc excitation
to the alternator.

5) a) Close this switch of the Synchronizing Module when all three lights are dark, note
the behavior of I1 at moment of closure. Return the switch to its “OFF” positions.

_____________________________________________________________________

b) Close this switch of the Synchronizing Module when all three lights are dim and note
the behavior of I1 at moment of closure. Return the switch to its “OFF” positions.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

_____________________________________________________________________

c) Close this switch of the Synchronizing Module when all three lights are partially
bright and note the behavior of I1 at moment of closure. Return the switch to its
“OFF” positions.

_____________________________________________________________________

6) a) With the switch of the Synchronizing Module in the “ON” position, adjust the dc
excitation to the alternator until the output voltage E1 = 450 V ac.

b) Adjust the motor speed until all the three lamps are synchronized.
c) Turn on the Synchronizing Module when all three lights are dimmest and note the
effect on I1 at the moment of closure and after closure.

I1 at closure:
_______________________________________________________

I2 after closure:
_____________________________________________________

d) Open the synchronizing switch.

e) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

7) a) Revers the rotation of the DC Motor/Generator by interchanging the shunt field.

b) Attempt to synchronize the alternator as before.

c) How do the lights react?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

d) What does it indicate?

e) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

f) How can you remedy this situation without again reversing the dc motor?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Questions for report writing:

1) What condition must be met to synchronize an alternator to existing three-phase

power line?
2) An alternator could be severely damaged mechanically in attempting to synchronize
it with the power line. Under what two conditions this happen?
3) An alternator generating a different value of voltage also may not be exactly in
phase with the power line, but one condition must be met in order for it to deliver
power. What is that condition?

.
Reference(s):

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand &
company Ltd. [2] Lab volt lab manual.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

Experiment 4 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: Study of Alternator Power.

Introduction:

Apart from portable or mobile engine driven alternators (ac generator) operating in remote areas
or for emergency use, most ac generators feed into large electrical distribution networks where
the frequency and voltage have been established by other generators operating in the system.
Alternators are then said to feed into an “infinite bus”, meaning literally, a large electrical
distribution system of tremendous power. The existing frequency and voltage of this infinite
bus cannot be altered by the addition of any incoming alternator. The objective of this
experiment is to observe these features of an alternator.

Theory and Methodology:

The incoming alternator will have a constant flux in its air-gap because of the fixed- frequency and
voltage of the “infinite bus” it is connected to. The dc rotor current and/or the ac currents in the stator
normally produce the flux. Should the dc current be less than that needed to produce the required flux,
then the stator must supply the difference by drawing lagging reactive power from the infinite bus.

Conversely, if the dc rotor current is larger than required, the stator will draw leading reactive power
from the infinite bus, and the alternator looks like a capacitor.

Changing the dc excitation of an alternator that is "tied” into an infinite bus can only cause it to exchange
more or less reactive power with the infinite bus.

An alternator can only deliver active power (watts) to an infinite bus by forcing its rotor to move ahead
of its normal no-load position. Mechanical torque must be applied to attain and keep this advanced
rotor position. The torque multiplied by speed is a measure of the mechanical power, which the
alternator receives, and therefore, the electric power it delivers. It is clear then, that the prime mover
must apply torque to the rotor. The more torque applied the greater will be the active power delivered
by the alternator until it reaches the limit of its capacity.

An alternator can smoothly glide into synchronous motor operation when the prime mover ceases to
deliver driving torque to it. In fact, an alternator (operating synchronous motor off the infinite bus) may
deliver mechanical power to its prime mover. An alternator, driven by a water turbine, can, in stepless
fashion, become synchronous motor, driving the water turbine as a water pump.

Pre-Lab Homework:

To study the effect of change in excitation and change in prime mover characteristics when alternator
are synchronized with an infinite bus.

Apparatus:
-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University

Description Model
8211
DC Motor/Generator
8241
Synchronous Motor/Generator
8412
DC Voltmeter/Ammeter
8425
AC Ammeter 8426
AC Voltmeter 8441
Three-Phase Wattmeter 8621
Synchronizing Module 8821

Power Supply 8920

Hand Tachometer 8941
Connection Leads 8942

Timing Belt
Precautions:

High voltages are present in this Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power
on! The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:

1. Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator, Synchronizing

Module, Power Supply, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, connect the
circuit shown in Figure 4-1. Note that the alternator output is connected through the Three-
Phase Wattmeter and Synchronizing Module to the fixed 415 V, 3-phase output of the Power
Supply, terminals 1, 2 and 3. The rotor of the Synchronous Motor/Generator is connected to
the variable 0-240 V dc output of the Power Supply, terminals 7 and N. The dc shunt motor
(DC Motor/Generator) is connected to the fixed 240 V dc output of the Power Supply, terminals
8 and N.

2. a) Couple the DC Motor/Generator to the alternator (Synchronous Motor/ Generator)

with the Timing Belt.

b) Set the field rheostat of the DC Motor/Generator at its full cw position (for minimum
resistance).

c) Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.

3. a) Turn on the Power Supply. Using your Hand Tachometer, adjust the rheostat of the DC
Motor/Generator for a motor speed of 1500 r/min.

b) Turn on the switch S and adjust the dc excitation of the alternator until the output voltage E,
= 415 V ac.

c) Synchronize the alternator with the power line and turn on the synchronizing switch.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

d) Carefully adjust the dc excitation of the alternator as well as the speed of the motor until both
wattmeter and varmeter indicate zero. Measure E1, I1 and I2.

E1= _V ac I1= A ac I2 = _________ A dc

e) The alternator is now “ floating” on the power line. It is neither receiving power from the line nor
delivering power to the line.

4. a) slowly increase only the dc excitation of the alternator until I1= 0.17 A ac. Measure W1,W2 ,E1 and
I2.

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_________________V ac I2 =_____________________ A dc

Figure: 4-1

b) Calculate the apparent power delivered by the alternator and the power factor.

Apparent power (S)_____________ S =_VA

Active power (P)____P =W

d) Did an increase in dc excitation affect mainly the active or the reactive power delivered by the
alternator?

□ Active □ Reactive

5. Repeat Procedure 3 until both wattmeters indicate zero.

6. a) Slowly decrease only the dc excitation of the alternator until I1 = 0,17 A ac.

b) Measure W1 , W2 , E, and l2.

W1 = _______ W W2 =________W

E1=_______ V ac l2 = __________A dc
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3
c) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

e) Calculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator.

Apparent power, S =_________VA Active

power, P= ____________ W

f) Did a decrease in dc excitation affect mainly the active or the reactive power delivered by
the alternator?

□ Active □ Reactive

g) Was the nature (positive, negative) of the reactive power the same in Procedures 4 and 6?

□Yes □ No

Explain_____________________________________________________________________

7. Repeat Procedure 3 until both wattmeters indicate zero.

8. a) Slowly decrease only the field excitation of the dc motor causing it to increase its torque
until h = 0,17 A ac. (The motor-speed cannot increase because it is locked-in with the
alternator speed, which, in turn, is locked-in with the power line frequency.
□

b) Measure W1, W2, ET and l2.

W1 = ________W W2 = ________W E1 =

________V ac I2 = ________A dc

c) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

d) Calculate the apparent and active power delivered by the alternator.

Apparent power, S= _________________________VA

Active Power, P=____________________________W

e) Did an increase in torque affect mainly the active or the reactive power delivered by the
alternator?

□ Active □ Reactive

9. Repeat Procedure 3 until both wattmeters indicate zero.

10. Adjust the dc excitation of the alternator and the torque of the DC Motor/Generator so
that the alternator delivers 60 W of real power at a power factor of 0.50. Make measurements
using each method.

a) Alternator over-excited

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

I1=_____________________ A ac
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4
b) Alternator under-excited

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

I1=_____________________ A ac

11. Adjust the dc excitation of the alternator and the torque of the DC Motor/Generator so that the
alternator behaves as a perfect three-phase capacitance with a capacity 110 VAR Measure W1, W2
E1. I1and l2.

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

I1=_____________________ A ac

12. Adjust the dc excitation of the alternator and the torque of the DC Motor/Generator so that the
alternator behaves as a perfect three-phase inductance with a rating of 110 var. Measure W, , W2 . E-
, 1-. and l3 .

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

I1=_____________________ A ac

Questions for report writing:

Answer the questions:

1) A generator delivers 10,000 kVA at a pcwer factor of 0.95.

a) If the dc excitation is reduced, will the apparent power increase or decrease?

□ Increase □ Decrease

b) If the dc excitation is increased, will the apparent power increase or decrease?

□ Increase □ Decrease

2) A dc motor driving an alternator develops 100 kW. If the efficiency of the alternator is 94%,
calculate the active power it can deliver to an infinite bus.

P =___________________ kW

3)The power factor of an alternator connected into an infinite bus does not depend on the
electro-mechanical devices also connected to that bus.

Explain__________________________________________________________________

4) The output frequency of an alternator tied into an infinite bus is dependent on the frequency
of the infinite bus.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

Explain__________________________________________________________________
Reference(s):

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand &
company Ltd. [2] Lab volt lab manual.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

Experiment 5 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: The split-phase induction motor – part 1

Introduction:
The purpose of this lab is to get familiar with a split-phase induction motor, its principles and
operation. The following are the objectives for this experiment:
1. To examine the construction of a split-phase motor.
2. To measure the resistance of its winding.

Theory and Methodology:

Some means must be provided for getting two phases from the standard single-phase power
supplied to homes if we need to start and run an AC motor. The process of deriving two phases
from one is known as phase-splitting and is usually built into the stator circuit of the AC motor.
2-phase power creates the rotating magnetic field.

One method is a special auxiliary winding built into the stator called the start (auxiliary) winding
to differentiate it from the actual run (main) winding of the stator. In split-phase AC motors, the
start winding is used only for starting the motor and has a high resistance and low inductive
reactance. The run winding has low resistance and high reactance. When power is first applied,
both windings are energized. Because of their different inductive reactances, the run winding
current lags the start winding current, creating a phase difference between the two. Ideally, the
phase difference should be 90 degrees; but in practical motors, it is much less. Nevertheless, the
windings develop fields that are out of phase, which creates a rotating magnetic field in the stator.
This applies torque to the rotor, starting the motor.

When the motor gets up to operating speed, the rotor is able to follow the alternations of the
magnetic field created by the run winding without the field of the start winding. The start winding
is then switched out of the circuit by a mechanical device called a centrifugal switch, because it
is operated by the centrifugal force created by the rotor revolutions. The direction of a split-phase
rotating field can be reversed by reversing the connections to the start winding. This changes the
direction of the initial phase shift, creating a -magnetic field rotating in the opposite direction.
The motor speed depends essentially upon the AC power line frequency and the number of poles
on the stator.
Prelab Homework:
Answer to this question:
How often is a split phase induction motor used and where?
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
Experiment 5 Lab Manual

Apparatus:
Description Model
Capacitor-start motor 8251
Dc voltmeter/ammeter 8412
Power supply 8821
Connection leads 8941
Timing belt 8942
Analog multimeter 8946
Precautions:
Warning: high voltage are present in this laboratory experiment! Do not make any
connections with the power on! The power should be turned off after completing each
individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:
1. Examine the construction of the capacitor-start motor, paying particular attention
to the motor, centrifugal switch, connection terminals and the wiring.

The capacitor, mounted in the rear of the module, is used only when the module is
connected as a capacitor-start motor.

2. Viewing the motor from the front of the module:

a. The main stator winding is composed of many turns of large diameter wire.
Identify the main winding.
b. The auxiliary stator winding, wound inside the main stator winding, is
composed of fewer turns of smaller diameter wire. Identify the auxiliary
winding.
c. What is the spatial relationship between the main winding and the auxiliary
winding?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
d. How many main stator poles are there?

e. How many auxiliary poles are there?

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

Experiment 5 Lab Manual

f. This is a ______ pole motor.

g. Note that there are a number of slots distributed in each pole.
h. Note the construction of the rotor.
i. Note the rotor aluminum end ring.
j. Note that the fan is integrally cast with the end ring.
k. Note the air gap separating the rotor and the stator.
l. Estimate the air gap distance in millimeters.

3. Viewing the motor from the rear of the module:

a. Identify the centrifugal switch mechanism mounted on the shaft.

b. Pull outward on the centrifugal weights and note the action of the insulated
sleeve.
c. Note that the stationary electrical weights and note the action of the
insulated sleeve.
d. If the coiled springs on the centrifugal switch were stiffer, would the
electrical contacts open at a lower or higher shaft speed?

4. Viewing the front panel of the module:

a. The main winding (many turns of heavy wire) is connected to terminals__

and__.
b. The auxiliary winding (fewer turns of heavy wire) is connected to
terminals__ and__.
c. The centrifugal switch contacts are connected to terminals __ and __.
d. The capacitor (not used in the split-phase motor wiring) is connected to
terminals__ and__ .
e. Note that the current rating for the main winding is marked 2-5 while the
auxiliary winding is marked intermittent.

5. Using your analog multimeter measure and record the resistance of the

Main winding ___________Ω

Aux. winding ___________Ω

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

Experiment 5 Lab Manual

6. Using your power supply, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and Capacitor-Start Motor,

connect the circuit shown in figure 5-1.

CAPACITOR-
START
MOTOR
0-1,5A dc
+ _
7 A
+
10 V dc 0-40
V dc
V 2
1
_
N 3 4

Fig:Fig 5-81- 1

7. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 10v dc as indicated by the
voltmeter across the main winding (terminals 1 and 2).

I main winding = ______A dc. R main winding =

______ Ω.

8. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply. Connect the circuit shown
in figure 5-2.

9. Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 10V dc as indicated by the
voltmeter across the auxiliary winding (terminals 3 and 4).

I aux winding = _______ A dc

R aux winding =_______kΩ (calculated value)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

Experiment 5 Lab Manual

CAPACITOR-
START
MOTOR
0-1,5A dc
+ _
7 A
+
10 V dc 0-40
V dc
V 2
1
_
N 3 4

Fig:Fig 5-28 -2

10.
a. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

b. Compare the results of Procedure 5 with the results of Procedures 7 and 9.

By comparison the above procedure we saw that the main winding has low
resistance and the auxiliary winding has high resistance.

c. Note that although the main winding and many more turns of wire than the auxiliary winding,
its resistance is lower. Explain.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Questions for Report Writing:

1. If a split-phase motor has two poles on the main winding, how many poles are needed for
the auxiliary winding?
2. How many poles are there respectively on the running and the starting winding of an 8 pole
split-phase motor?
3. Why is an auxiliary winding necessary?
4. Why must the auxiliary winding be different from the main winding in a split-phase motor?
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5
Experiment 5 Lab Manual

5. What would happen if the starting and running windings were identical?

References:

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand

& company Ltd.
[2] Lab volt lab manual.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

Experiment 6 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: The split phase induction motor II.

Introduction:

The single-phase induction motor which is equipped with an auxiliary winding displaced in
magnetic position from, and connected in parallel with a main running winding is called
splitphase induction motor.

In this experiment our objectives are:

1) To learn the basic motor wiring connections.
2) To observe the starting and running operation of the split-phase motor.
3) To measure the starting and operating characteristics of the split-phase motor under
load and no-load conditions.
4) To study the power factor and efficiency of the split-phase motor.

Theory and Methodology:

Capacitor-Start Motors:
In these motors, the necessary phase difference between Is and Im is produced by connecting a
capacitor in series with the starting winding as shown in Fig. 36.10. The capacitor is generally
of the electrolytic type and is usually mounted on the outside of the motor as a separate unit as
shown in Fig. 36.11.
The capacitor is designed for extremely short-duty service and is guaranteed for not more than
20 periods of operation per hour, each period not to exceed 3 seconds. When the motor reaches
about 75 percent of full-load speed, the centrifugal switch S opens and cuts out both the starting
winding and the capacitor from the supply, thus leaving only the running winding across the
lines.
As shown in Fig. 36.12, current Im drawn by the main winding lags the supply voltage V by a
large angle whereas Is leads V by a certain angle. The two current are out of phase with each
other by about 180o (for a 200 W, 50 Hz motor) as compared to nearly 30o for a split-phase
motor.

-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
Fig. 36.10 Fig. 36.11 Fig. 36.12

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University

Their resultant current I is small and is almost in phase with V as shown in Fig. 36.12.

Since the torque developed by a split-phase motor is proportional to the sine of the angle
between Is and Im, it is obvious that the increase in the angle (from 30o to 80o) alone increases
the starting torque to nearly twice the value developed by a standard split-phase induction
motor. Other improvement in motor design have made it possible to increase the starting torque
to a value as high as 350 to 450 percent.

Typical performance curve of such a motor is shown in Fig. 36.13.

Fig. 36.13

Pre-Lab Homework:

Study about capacitor start motor.

Apparatus:

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

DESCRIPTION MODEL
Capacitor- Start Motor 8251
AC Ammeter 8425
AC Voltmeter 8426
Single-Phase Wattmeter 8431
Electrodynamometer 8911
Power Supply 8821
Hand Tachometer 8920
Connection Leads 8941
Timing Belt 8942
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2
Precautions:

High voltages are present in this Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any connections with
the power on! The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:

Part A:

1.
Power Supply was adjusted for an output of 150V AC to perform the Procedures in this
Laboratory Experiment.

a) Connected the AC Voltmeter across Power Supply terminals 4 and N.

b) Turned on the Power Supply and adjusted for an output of 150V AC as indicated
by the voltmeter. Did not touch the voltmeter output control for the remainder
of this Laboratory Experiment unless told to do so.

c) Turned off the Power Supply.

2.
a) Connected terminals 1 and 2 of the main winding of the Capacitor-Start Motor,
to terminals A and N of the pre-adjusted 150V AC output of the Power Supply.

b) Turned on the Power Supply switch for no longer than 10 seconds.

c) Did the motor growl?

□ Yes □ No

d) Did the motor turn?

□ Yes □ No

3.
a) Loosened the top screws of the motor module’s front panel and lowered the
panel.

b) Turned on the Power Supply switch for no longer than 10 seconds.

c) Took hold of the motor shaft and spin it.

d) Did the motor turn?

□Yes □ No
e) What determined the direction of rotation of the motor?

f) Returned the front panel of the module to its normal position.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

4.
a) Disconnected the main winding, terminals 1 and 2, from the Power Supply.

b) Connected the auxiliary winding, terminals 3 and 4, to the pre-adjusted 150V ac

output of the Power Supply terminals 4 and N.

c) Turned on the Power Supply switch for no longer than 10 seconds.

d) Did the motor growl?

□Yes □ No

e) Did the motor turn?

□ Yes □ No

5.
a) Connected the main winding, terminals 1 and 2, in parallel with the auxiliary
winding, terminals 3 and 4.

b) Connected the parallel windings to the pre-adjusted 150V ac output of the Power
Supply.

c) Turned on the Power Supply switch for no longer than 10 seconds.

d) Did the motor start?

□ Yes □ No

e) Was the motor noisy?

□ Yes □ No

f) Noted the direction of rotation.

6.
a) Interchanged the leads connecting the two windings in parallel.

b) Turned on the Power Supply switch for no longer than 10 seconds.

c) Noted the direction of rotation.

d) Give a rule for reversing the rotation of a split-phase motor.

7. Connected the circuit shown in Figure 1-1. The centrifugal switch was connected in
series with the auxiliary winding and both windings were connected in parallel across
the 150V ac power source terminals 4 and 5, was not used when the module was
operated as a split-phase motor.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

Figure 1-1
8.
a) Turned on the Power Supply switch. The output voltage control was kept at its
150V setting.

b) Did the motor start?

□ Yes □ No

c) Did the centrifugal switch operate?

□ Yes □ No

d) Estimated the starting time.

e) Using Hand Tachometer measured the running speed.

f) Reduced the input voltage to 100V ac as indicated by the voltmeter and

measured the running speed.

g) Returned the voltage to 100V ac and turned off the Power Supply.

9. Connected the circuit shown in Figure 1-2. Noted that both windings are connected in
parallel and that the centrifugal switch was in series with the parallel connected motor
windings and the 150V ac Power Supply terminals 4 and N.

Figure 1-2

10. Before applying power to the motor-

a) Will current flow through both windings?

b) Will a starting torque be developed?

□ Yes □ No

c) Will the motor start to run?

□Yes □ No

d) What will eventually happen?

11.
a) Closed the Power Supply switch and noted what happened.

b) Observed the operation of the centrifugal switch.

c) At approximately what speed does the centrifugal switch close?

d) Returned the voltage to zero and turned off the Power Supply.

Part B:

1. Using your Capacitor-Start Motor, Power Supply, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter

connect the circuit shown in figure 10-1.
Note that the fixed 240 V ac output of the Power Supply terminals 1 and N is being
used.
0 - 15 A ac

MAIN

1 2

Figure 10-1

2. Turn on the Power Supply switch and measure the current through the main windings
as quickly as possible -within 10 seconds.
I (main winding) =
3. a) Disconnect your leads from the main winding and connect them to the auxiliary
winding terminals 3 and 4 as shown in figure 10.2.
0 - 15 A ac

AUX

b) Repeat Procedure 2.
Note: Remember to take your measurement as quickly as possible.
I (auxiliary winding) =

4. a) Connect both windings in parallel terminals 1 to 3 and 2 to 4 as shown in Figure

10.3.
b) Couple the Electrodynamometer to the motor with the Timing Belt.

0-15 A ac

AC 1 MAIN 2
AUX

3 4
c) Connect the Electrodynamometer to the fixed 240V ac output of the Power Supply
terminals 1 and N.
d) Set the Electrodynamometer control knob at its full cw position ( to provide a
maximum starting load for the Capacitor-Start Motor).
e) Turn on the Power Supply switch and measure the starting current as quickly as
possiblewithin 10 seconds.
I (starting) =

No-load Operation

5.Using your Single-Phase Wattmeter AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter connect the

circuit shown in Figure 10-4.
CAPACITOR - START MOTOR

0 - 1 . 5 A ac
4
1 3 A
W V
AC 0 - 250 V ac
2 4 2
1

6
N 3
4 5
Figure 10 - 4

Note that the module is wired as standard split-phase motor.

6.
a) Turn on the Power Supply and adjust for 240V ac as indicated by the voltmeter across
the motor.
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 7
b) Measure and record in Table 10-1 the line current, the power and motor speed. Note
and record the relative motor vibration.

E I P SPEED VIBRATION
V A W r/min ----
220
180
120
60

c) Repeat (b) for each of the input voltages listed in the table.
d) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

Full-load Operation

7.
a) Couple the Electrodynamometer to the Capacitor-Start Motor with the Timing Belt.
b) Connect the input terminals of the Electrodynamometer to the fixed 240V ac output
of the Power Supply terminals 1 to N.
c) Set the Electrodynamometer control knob at its full cw position (to provide a
maximum starting load for the Capacitor-Start Motor).

d) Turn on the Power Supply and adjust for 240V ac.

e) Measure and record in Table 10-1 the line current, the power and motor speed.

TORQUE I S Pin SPEED Pout

N-m A VA W r/min W
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2

f) Repeat (e) for each of the torques listed in the table maintaining the input voltage at
240V ac.
g) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the Power Supply.

8.
a) Calculate and record in the table the apparent power (in VA) delivered to the
motor for each of the listed torques.
b) Calculate and record in the table the output power Pout for each of the listed
torques. Use the formula
Pout = 2πNT/60 9.
You will now determine the maximum starting torque developed by the CapacitorStart
Motor.
a) Disconnect the Single-Phase Wattmeter, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter form
your circuit.
b) Connect the input of your Capacitor-Start Motor to terminals 2 and N of the
Power Supply (fixed 240V ac).
c) Set the Electrodynamometer control knob at its full cw position (for maximum
loading).

d)Turn on the Power Supply switch and quickly measure the developed torque on the
Electrodynamometer scale. Turn off the Power Supply switch.

Starting torque = N-m

Questions for report writing:

Part A:
1. Will a single-phase Induction Motor start if only the running (main) or the starting
(auxiliary) winding is excited?
□ Yes □No

2. Will such a motor run on one winding once it has been started?
□Yes □ No

3. How could you reverse the rotation of the motor?

4. What will happen to your motor when power is applied if springs twice as stiff are used
on the centrifugal switch?

5. Explain in details the behavior of your motor in Procedure 11.

6. If the running winding and the auxiliary winding were connected in series, would the
motor turn?
□ Yes □ No

7. Does the speed of a split-phase motor change appreciably with a change in the applied
voltage?
□ Yes □ No

Part B:
1.From Table 10-2 state the no-load (0 N-m torque):

2. From Table 10-2 state the full-load (1.2 N-m torque)

3. What is the approximate full-load current of your Capacitor-Start Motor?

4. How much larger is the starting current than the full load operating current?
5. Based on Procedures 1, 2 and 3 explain why the starting (auxiliary) winding
heats much faster than the main winding.
6. Does the no-load speed of a split-phase motor change greatly with change
in the applied voltage?

A) Yes B) No
7. How many times greater is the starting torque than the normal full-load
torque?

Reference(s):

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand &
company Ltd.
[2] Lab volt lab manual.

Experiment 7 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: The Capacitor-Start Motor

Introduction:

Capacitor- Start motor is one kind of single phase induction motor where capacitor is used for
starting purpose. In this lab our objective is to-
1) To measure the starting and operating characteristics of the capacitor-start motor. 2)
To compare its starting and running performance with the split-phase motor.

Theory and Methodology:

When the split-phase rotating field was described, it was stated that the different
resistancereactance ratio of the two windings was designed to give the difference in time phase
of the currents in the windings necessary to produce a rotating magnetic field.

In two-phase machines, where the windings are identical but displaced in space by 90▫, the ideal
time phase displacement of the winding currents is 90▫.

For both two-phase and split-phase motors the torque developed at starting can be calculated
using the relationship:
T = kI1I2sinα
where k is a machine constant, I1 and I2 are the currents in the windings, and α is the angle
between the currents.

Because of the small magnitude of α in the split-phase machine the developed torque is
relatively low. It is possible to increase α by adding capacitance in series with the auxiliary
winding. If too much capacitance is added, the impedance of the winding is increased to the
point that there is an unacceptable reduction in the current which more than offsets the benefit
gained from increasing α.

The optimum value of C is that where the product of the sine of α and the auxiliary winding
current is a maximum.

The capacitor and the start winding are disconnected by a centrifugal switch, just as in the case
of the standard split-phase motor. Reversing the direction of rotation of a capacitor start motor
is the same as in the case of the split-phase motor, that is, reverse the connections to the start
or to the running winding leads.

Pre-Lab Homework:

Study the characteristics of capacitor start motor.

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

Precautions:

High voltages are present in this Experiment! Do not make any connections with the power on!
The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:

1. Using your capacitor-start motor, Power Supply,AC voltmeter and AC ammeter,

connect the circuit shown in figure 0-1.Note that the fixed 240V ac output of the Power
Supply, terminal 1 and N are being used.
0-15A AC

1
A
240V ac
MAIN
N 1 2
Figure: 0-1

2. Turn on the Power supply switch and measure the current through the main winding as
quickly as possible –within 10 second.

Imain winding = ________________A ac

3. a) Disconnect the leads from the main winding and connect them to the auxiliary
winding and capacitor, as shown in Figure 0-2.

b) Repeat procedure 2.

Note: Remember to take your measurement as quickly as possible.

Iauxiliary winding = ____________ A ac
0-15A AC

1
A
240V ac
AUX 86μF
N 3 4 5

Figure: 0-2
4. a. Connect both windings in parallel, terminals 1 to 3 and 2 to 5 as shown in figure 03.
0-15A AC

1
A
240V ac
MAIN
1 2
AUX 86μF
N 3 4 5
Figure: 0-3

b) Couple the electrodynamometer to the capacitor-start motor with the timing belt.
c) Connect the input terminals of the electrodynamometer to the fixed 240 V ac output of the
power supply, terminals 1 and N.
d) Set the electrodynamometer control knob at its full cw position to provide a maximum
starting load for the capacitor-start motor.
e) Turn on the power supply switch and measure the starting current as quickly as
possiblewithin 3 second.

Istarting = __________________A ac

5. Compare your result from Procedures 2,3 and 4 with the result from Procedures 2,3 and
4 of previous Laboratory.

a) What conclusions can u make about the main windings currents?

b) What conclusions can you make about the auxiliary windings currents?

c) What conclusions can you make about the starting current for each type of motor?

6. Using your single-phase wattmeter, Electrodynamometer, AC ammeter and AC
Voltmeter, connect the circuit shown in figure 0-4
CAPACITOR-START MOTOR
0-5Aac

4 A

0-250
3
240V ac Vac V
1
2
W 4
1 2
7
6
3 4
N 5

Figure: 0-4

Note that the module is wired as standard capacitor-start motor.

7. a) Couple the Electrodynamometer to the capacitor start motor with the Timing Belt.

b) Connect the input terminals of the Electrodynamometer to the fixed 240V ac

output of the Power supply.

c) Set the Electrodynamometer control knob at its full ccw position to provide
minimum starting load for the capacitor-start motor.
8. a) Turn on the power supply and adjust for 240 V ac.

b) Measure the record in Table 1. the line current, the power and motor speed.

c) Repeat (b) for each of the torques listed in the table.

d) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

9. a) Calculate and record in the table, the apparent power delivered to the motor for each of
the listed torques.

b) Calculate and record in the table, the developed power for each of the listed torques.

Table 1
TORQUE I S Pin SPEED Pout
N-m A VA W r/min W
0
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2

10. You will now determine the maximum starting torque developed by the Capacitor-start
motor. This torque is too high to be measured directly by your Electrodynamometer.
However you can calculate it by measuring the torque developed when the motor is
supplied with a lower voltage 120V ac, which is half the rated voltage.

a) Disconnected the single-phase Wattmeter, AC Ammeter and AC voltmeter from

your circuit.
b) Set the Electrodynamometer control knob to its full ccw position(for maximum
loading).
c) Turn on the power supply switch and adjust the voltage applied to the motor 120V
ac. Measure the developed torque on the Electrodynamometer scale. Open the
power supply switch.
Starting Torque(120Vac) = N-m
d) Calculate the starting torque developed by the motor when supplied with 240V ac.
The starting torque nearly proportional to the square of the applied voltage, thus the
starting torque obtained at 240v would be four times greater than at 120V. Starting
Torque(240Vac) = N-m

Questions for report writing:

1. From the table 1 state the no-load ( 0 N-m torque) :

a) Apparent power (S ) = _______VA
b) Real input power (P) = ________ W
c) Reactive power (Q) = ________ var
d) Power factor (Cos Ɵ)= ________

2. From table 1 state the full load ( 1.2 0 N-m torque)

a)Apparent power (S ) = _________ VA
b)Real input power (P) = _________ W
c) Reactive power (Q) = _________ var
d)Power factor (Cos Ɵ) = ________
e) Power delivered(Pout)= __________ W
f) Efficiency of the motor(η) = _________
g) Motor losses (P loss ) = _______ W

3. What is the approximate full-load current of your capacitor start motor?

I = _______________ A ac

4. How much larger is the starting current than the full-load operating?

5. Compare these results with those found for the split-phase motor.

Discussion and Conclusion:

When the split-phase rotating field was described, it was pointed out that the phase difference
between start and run winding currents falls far short of 90 degrees. The starting torque
developed in a motor that uses a split-phase stator also falls far short of the maximum that can
be attained at an ideal 90 degree phase difference.

A phase shift closer to the ideal 90 degrees is possible through the capacitor-start system for
creating a rotating stator field. This system, a modification of the split-phase system, uses a low
reactance capacitor placed in series with the start winding of the stator to provide a phase shift
of approximately 90 degrees for the start current. This results in greatly improved starting
torque over the standard split-phase system. Capacitor start motors have the same running
characteristics as their split phase counterparts.
The capacitor and the start winding are disconnected by a centrifugal switch, just as in the case
of the standard split-phase motor. Reversing the direction of rotation of a capacitor start motor
is the same as in the case of the split-phase motor; that is, reverse the connections to the start
or to the running winding leads.

Reference(s):

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand &
company Ltd.
[2] Lab volt lab manual.

Experiment 8 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: THE CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR

Introduction:

In capacitor run motor capacitor is used for both starting and running purpose. In this experiment the
objectives are:
• To examine the construction of the capacitor run motor.

• To determine its running and starting characteristics.

• To determine its running and starting performance with the split-phase capacitor-start
motors.

Theory and Methodology:

This motor is similar to the capacitor-start motor except that the starting winding and
capacitor are connected in the circuit at all time.
The advantage of leaving the capacitor permanently in circuit are:
(i) improvement of over-load capacity of the motor,
(ii) a higher power factor,
(iii) higher efficiency, and
(iv) quieter running of the motor which is so much desirable for small power drivers in
offices and laboratories.
Some of these motors which start and run with one value of capacitance in the circuit are
called single-value capacitor-run motor. Other which start with high value of capacitance but
run with a low value of capacitance are known as two-value capacitor-run motor.

Apparatus:

Description Model
Capacitor runs motor 8253
AC ammeter 8425
AC voltmeter 8426
Single phase Wattmeter 8426
Electrodynameter 8911
Power supply 8920
Connection Leads 8941 Timing
Belt 8942

Precautions:

High voltages are present in this Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any connections with the
power on! The power should be turned off after completing each individual measurement!

Experimental Procedure:

-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
1. Examine the construction of the capacitor run motor; particular attention to the motor,
capacitor, connection terminals and the wiring was paying.

2. View the motor from the front of the motor
a) Both stator windings are composed of many turns of winding.
b) Do the stator windings appear to be identical?
ans-
c) What is spatial relationship between the windings?
ans-.
d) How many poles are there?
Ans-
e) This is a ____4____ pole motor
f) Note the number of slots in each pole.
g) Note the construction of the rotor
h) Note the rotor aluminium and ring
i) The fan is integrally cast with the end ring

3. View the motor from the rear of the module

a) Note the capacitor and its rating
b) Is this capacitor an electrolytic?? ans-

4. From the front panel of the module

a) Note the two stator windings
b) One winding was connected from 1 and 2
c)The other winding was connected to terminals 3 and 4
d) The capacitor was connected to terminals 5 and 6

5. By using your capacitor run motor, power supply, single phase wattmeter
electrodynameter.ac ammeter, connect the circuit shown in figure-
CAPACITOR - RUN MOTOR

0-1.5 A ac
4
1 3 A
W V
AC 0-250 V ac
2 4 2
1 5

N 3
4 6

Figure 12-1
Fig-12.1

6. a) Couple the electrodynameter to the Capacitor run motor with the timing belt.
b) Connect the input terminals of the Electrodynameter to the fixed 240v ac output of
the power supply.
c) Settle the electrodynameter control knob at its full ccw position.
7. a)Turn on the power supply and adjusted for 240V
b) Measure and record table 12-1the line current. The power and motor speed.
c) Repeat b for each of the torque listed in the table, maintain the input voltage 240v ac.

TORQUE I S P(in) SPEED P(out)
N.m A VA W r / min W
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2

Table 12-1
d) Was there a noticeable difference in the level of motor vibration between no load and full
load? ans-
e) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply

8. a) Calculate the record in the table

b) Calculate and record in the table the developed power for each of the listed torque.
P (out)= 2πnT/60
9. Now determine the maximum starting torque developed by the Capacitor Run motor and
starting current.
a) Disconnect the Single Phase Wattmeter module from our circuit, and changed the range of
the AC ammeter from 1,5 to 5A.
b) Connect the input Capacitor Run motor to terminal 2 and N of the power supply. (Fixed
240V ac)
c) Settle the electrodynameter control knob to its full cw position (for maximum loading)
d) Close the Power supply switch and measured the developed torque on the
Electrodynameter scale and starting current...The power supply switch was opened..
Starting Torque=______________N.m
Starting Torque=______________A ac

Questions for report writing:

1. a)Apparent Power(S)= VA
b) Real power (P) = W
c) Reactive power (Q) = VAR
d)Power Factor=

2.From table 12-1 the full load(1.2 Nm torque)

a)Apparent power(S)= VA
b)Real Power(P)= W
c)Reactive power= var
d)Power factor=
e)Power delivered= W
f)Efficiency of the motor= %
g)Motor losses= W

3. What is the approximate full load current of Capacitor run motor? I= A ac
4. How much larger is the starting current than the full load operating current?
ans-
5. Comopare these results with those found for the split phase and capacitor start motors? ans-
6. How can you change the direction of the rotation of a capacitor run motor? ans :
7. can you explain why oil filled capacitors must be used for capacitor run motors instead of
the more economical ac electrolytic types?
ans-

Discussion and Conclusion:

In this experiment we learnt to measure the starting and operating characteristics of the
capacitor run motor. The capacitor run motor is very useful in this type of application because
the motor can be designed to have a low vibrating under full load.thr capacitor serves to shift
the phase on one of the windings so that the current in the winding is at 90 from the other
winding. Thus making the capacitor remains in the circuit at all times no centrifugal switch is
required. When running at no load the motor is always nosier than at full load. Because only
under full load does it runs as a two phase machine.

Reference(s):

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand &
company Ltd.
[2] Lab volt lab manual.

Experiment 9 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: A short study about Universal Motor

Introduction:

The AC/DC universal motor is found in portable tools such as electric drills, saws, sanders,
etc., and in home appliances such as vacuum cleaners, electric mixers, blenders, etc., where
high speed, power and small size are an advantage. However, it is closer in concept to the DC
motor than to the AC motor and, therefore, has some inherent disadvantages, which could be
avoided in purely AC induction motors; chiefly, the need for commutation and brushes. With
the help of this experiment student will understand universal motor working function with some
other properties. One of the major goals of this lab is to familiarize the student with the proper
equipment and techniques for making electrical measurements. Some understanding of the
lab instruments is necessary to avoid personal or equipment damage. By understanding the
device's purpose and following a few simple rules, costly mistakes can be avoided.

Theory and Methodology:

The universal motor is basically a series DC motor which is specially designed to operate on
AC as well as on DC. A standard DC series motor has very poor characteristics when operated
on AC, mainly due to two reasons:
a) The high reactance of both the armature and field windings limits AC current to a much
lower value than DC current (for the same line voltage).
b) If solid steel is used for the stator frame, AC flux will produce large eddy currents in
the frame with consequent heating.
To insure satisfactory operation of the universal motor from an AC power source, some
modifications are necessary. The reactance of the series field and armature windings must be
reduced as much as practicable. The reactance of the series field winding can be somewhat
reduced by using fewer turns of heavier wire. However, it would not be practical to eliminate
the reactance voltage drop due to the series field since that would also eliminate the magnetic
field. The reactance voltage drop due to the armature winding can be practically eliminated by
use of a compensating winding. The compensating winding is connected in series with the
armature winding (conductive compensation) and arranged such that the ampere-turns of the
compensating winding oppose and neutralize the ampere-turns of the armature.
To realize this compensation, the compensating winding is displaced by 90 electrical degrees
from the field winding. Since the motor used in this experiment us a 4-pole motor, the
mechanical displacement is 450. The compensating winding also improves commutation
considerably. This is a great adventure since the field of a universal motor is weakened by
lowering the reactance of the series field winding. If the compensating winding is short
circuited (inductive compensation), the alternating currents in the armature are induced by
transformer action into the shorted compensating winding, thus, effectively cancelling the
reactive armature currents.
To reduce losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents, the field structure is laminated. Few
universal motors operate at the same speed on AC as on DC. Whether it runs faster on AC or
DC is a matter of design. The reactance of the armature winding can be lowered by placing a
compensating winding on the stator so that the fluxes oppose or "cancel" each other. This same

-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
compensating winding can be connected in series with the armature winding. In this case, the
motor is said to be conductively compensated. Under these conditions, the universal
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University
motor will have similar operating characteristics whether on AC or DC power. The
compensating winding may be simply shorted upon itself, so that it behaves like a shortcircuited
secondary of a transformer (the armature winding acting as the primary). The induced AC
current in the compensating winding again opposes or "bucks" the armature current and the
motor is said to be inductively compensated. The reactance of the field winding can be kept
low by limiting the number of turns.

Pre-Lab Homework:

Students should consult their textbooks and reference books to understand the basic concept of
Universal Motors, their uses and applications and why is it used. Also the cost effectiveness
should be seen. The theoretical concepts should all be cleared. Apparatus:

Description MODEL
Universal Motor 8254
DC Voltmeter/ Ammeter 8412
AC Ammeter 8425
AC Voltmeter 8426
Single- Phase Wattmeter 8431
Electrodynamometer 8911
Power Supply 8821
Hand tachometer 8920
Connection Leads 8941 Timing
Belt 8942

Precautions:

High voltages are present in this laboratory experiment, so one should not make any
connections with the power on. The power should be turned off after completing each
individual measurement, and voltage should be increased gradually when beginning any step.
All control knobs should be checked, while the timing belt position and neutral brush position
is also checked to prevent any untoward accidents like fly over condition. The clips over the
doors must be made secured before switching on the machine to prevent the doors from
slamming open during the experiment due to heavy vibration.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Examine the construction of the Universal motor (use Figure 12-1 for reference).
Identify the armature, the main series, and the compensating windings and their
terminals. Identify the commutator and brushes. Note that the neutral position of the
brushes is indicated by the red mark on the housing. The brushes can be positioned on
the commutator by moving the lever to the right or to the left.

2. We start our study of the Universal motor from determining the neutral brush position
by using AC excitation. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 12-2. Do not apply
power at this time!

Couple the motor with the dynamometer by the timing belt. Set the dynamometer
control knob to its utmost counter-clockwise position for a minimum load for the motor.
Move the brush positioning lever to its utmost clockwise position.

3. Turn ON the PS (POWER SWITCH) and adjust the output voltage to approximately 50
V. The motor should not be rotating. Note that the AC voltage that appears across the
compensating winding is induced by the current flowing through the armature.
Carefully and slowly adjust the brush position such that the induced voltage as
measured by E2 is at its maximum. This is the neutral point of your universal motor.
Do not readjust the brush position during the experiment. Each time using the Universal
motor, the brushes should be placed in the neutral position. Return the voltage to zero,
turn OFF the PS, and close the front panel of your motor.

4. Connect the armature and compensating windings in series as shown in Figure 12-3.

Turn ON the PS and adjust it for approximately 30 V. If the line current measured by I1 is
less than 1 A, the compensating winding is producing a flux in the same direction as the
armature winding, thereby increasing the inductance (and reactance). If this is the case,
interchange the leads connected to the armature or to the compensating winding. Measure
and record the line current. Note: if the armature revolves, the brushes are not exactly at
the neutral position. Return the voltage to zero and turn OFF the PS.

5. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 12-4.

Turn ON the PS and adjust for 120 V AC. Measure and record in a Data table the values
for line current, line voltage, real power consumed by the motor, its speed, and the torque
applied to the motor. Repeat the same measurements for the load torques of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 Nm while recording the values in a Data table. Do not keep the load
values of 1.2 and 1.4 Nm longer than it is necessary to make measurements! Return the
voltage to zero and turn OFF the PS.

6. In your Metering window, set your meters to operate in DC mode. Instead of AC output
of the PS, connect the motor to the DC output as indicated in Figure 12-5.

Turn ON the PS and adjust the voltage to approximately 120 V DC. Note: use caution while
adjusting the DC voltage since the PS is capable for supplying DC voltages higher than 120
V. Measure and record in a Data table the values for line current, line voltage, real power
consumed by the motor, its speed, and the torque applied to the motor. Repeat the same
measurements for the load torques of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 Nm while recording
the values in a Data table. Do not keep the load values of 1.2 and 1.4 Nm longer than it is
necessary to make measurements! Return the voltage to zero and turn OFF the PS.
7. Set the dynamometer control knob to its utmost clockwise position for a maximum
starting torque. Turn ON the PS and adjust for approximately 30 V. Measure and record
the motor current and the torque developed. Return voltage to zero and turn OFF the
PS.
8. Connect the motor to the AC output of the PS again as shown in Figure 12-4. Set your
meters to AC mode. Keep the dynamometer control knob in its utmost clockwise
position for a maximum torque. Turn ON the PS and adjust for approximately 30 V.
Measure and record the motor current and the torque developed. Return voltage to zero
and turn OFF the PS.

Result/Findings: Data
Table:
I S Pin Speed Pout
Torque
N.m A VA W r/min W

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4

Find out the efficiency of this motor when operating on dc full load and find out the losses also.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________
Questions for report writing:

Compare the Universal Motor operating Characteristics on ac and dc and list the major
differences.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Explain the difference between an inductively compensated and a conductively compensated
universal motor.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Of the two types of motors mentioned above, which one is better adapted to operate on wither
ac or dc?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
Explain why a compensating winding is necessary in an ac series motor.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Name some tools and appliances that contain universal motors.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________

Reference(s):

[i] http://www.labvolt.com/
[ii] previous lab sheets used in AIUB

Experiment 10

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2208: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Title: Open-ended Lab

Task:

Total traction force in an electric vehicle is the sum of force required for linear acceleration, force
required to overcome friction and force required to overcome gravity. You are asked to calculate force
required to drive the vehicle through different terrain types like flat terrain, rough terrain, and uphill
terrain. To calculate the force for rough terrain, consider roughness factor of 4 and consider 20o
inclining angle for uphill elevation. The vehicle is using 3-phase synchronous motor (3PSM) of model
BLDC-YG1-ZZ. The choice of the motor is made based on the torque and speed characteristics. The
rating of the motor is 1500 Watt with a maximum speed of 3000rpm. Evaluate whether the motor can
run the vehicle for three different types of terrains or not. Also calculate the torque required to run
the vehicle at half of the rated speed at different terrain types. Consider 125Kg as the total mass of
the vehicle and .XXX m as the radius of the tire.

*** Where XXX is the first three digit of your ID’s center part. I your id is 15-34567-2 than radius of
the tire is 0.345m.

Equipment:

An analysis of motors characteristics can be done through LabVolt simulating software or any
other software.

Aims:

The aim of analyzing and find design solution for the mentioned terrain cases to ensure
uninterrupted service with improved efficiency. Also, the selection must be done in such a way
so that rated amount of electricity is used by the machines provides optimum mechanical
output. Understanding the motor characteristics and resolving the case mentioned above is the
main aim of this problem statement.

Objective:

• Designing and analyzing the existing system

• Identifying the problem and doing calculation
• Analyzing the result
• Find solution for the issues
• Make a detail report

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Machines 2 Lab - Student Manuals

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Machines 2 Lab - Student Manuals

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Experiment 1

American International University- Bangladesh

An alternating-current generator is frequently referred to as an alternator. Alternator is also called the

Theory and Methodology:

Pre lab Homework: Learn the basic concept about alternators.

1) Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction

3) a) Turn on the Power Supply. The motor should be running.

E1 = ________ V ac E2 = _______ V ac E3 = _________ V ac

c) Explain why there is an ac voltage generated in the absence of dcc excitation.

c) Repeat (b) for each of the DC currents listed in Table 1-1.

E1 = 415 V ac E2 = _______ V ac E3 = _________ V ac

8) a) Set the synchronizing switch to its open position.

c) Measure and record the DC exciting current I1.

e) To what approximate peak value did I2 increase?

f) What is the final steady-state value of I1 and I2?

b) Draw a smooth curve through your plotted points.

c) Up to what voltage is the curve a reasonably straight line?

d) At what voltage is the knee of the saturation curve?

American International University- Bangladesh

Title: The Alternator under Load

The main objectives of this laboratory are:

1) To determine the voltage regulation characteristics of the alternator with resistive,

Theory and Methodology:

The alternator voltage regulation can be described as:

Where E0 is no load voltage and VTR is rated terminal voltage.

Study about armature reaction for different power factor.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University

1) Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator, Variable Resistance,

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

c) Adjust each resistance section for a resistance of 1200 Ω.

e) Calculate the alternator regulation with resistive loading.

b) Adjust each inductance section for a reactance XL of 1200 Ω.

d) Measure and record the no load values of E1 and I2.

e) Calculate the alternator regulation with inductive loading.

b) Adjust each capacitance section for a reactance XC of 1200 Ω.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

f) Calculate the alternator regulation with capacitive loading.

c) Increase the capacitive loading by placing an additional reactance of 2400 Ω in parallel

d) Increase the capacitive loading further by placing an additional reactance of 1200 Ω

f) Explain, if you can, the phenomenon you have just observed.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

h) Did the single-phase load produce a large unbalance?

Questions for report writing:

2) Could it be dangerous to connect an alternator to a long transmission line, if the

4) If an industrial customer of an electrical power company connects a large

[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand

[2] Lab volt lab manual.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

American International University- Bangladesh

Title: Alternator Synchronization

1) To learn how to synchronize an alternator to the electric power utility system.

Theory and Methodology:

a) The generated voltage must be approximately equal to the grid voltage.

Vg1 = vg1(t) = Vmg sin (ωg1t + φg1) (1)

Va1 = va1(t) = Vma sin (ωa1t + φa1) (2)

Answer to this question:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

1) 1Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator, Synchronizing

2) a) Couple the DC Motor/Generator to the alternator (Synchronous Motor/ Generator)

c) Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.

b) Measure the Power Supply fixed ac voltage E2. E2 = _________ V ac

d) The three synchronization lights should be flickering on and off.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

d) Open the synchronizing switch.

7) a) Revers the rotation of the DC Motor/Generator by interchanging the shunt field.

b) Attempt to synchronize the alternator as before.

c) How do the lights react?

d) What does it indicate?

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

Questions for report writing:

1) What condition must be met to synchronize an alternator to existing three-phase

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

American International University- Bangladesh

Title: Study of Alternator Power.

E1 = ____ V ac E2 = _ V ac E3 = _______ V ac

E1 = 415 V ac E2 = _ V ac E3 = ___ V ac

E1= _V ac I1= A ac I2 = _________ A dc

W1= _W W2 =______W

Apparent power (S)_____________ S =_VA

Active power (P)____P =W

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.

W1= _W W2 =______W

E1 =_V ac I2 =_____ A dc.