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    ACID and Base

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    Shaheer Hashmi
    This document defines acids and bases and their key properties. It describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak depending on how fully they ionize in water. The document also discusses amphoteric substances that can act as both acids and bases, and explains neutralization reactions, the pH scale, and common acid-base reactions like acid-base neutralization.

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    ACID and Base

    Uploaded by

    Shaheer Hashmi
    24 views3 pages
    This document defines acids and bases and their key properties. It describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak depending on how fully they ionize in water. The document also discusses amphoteric substances that can act as both acids and bases, and explains neutralization reactions, the pH scale, and common acid-base reactions like acid-base neutralization.

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    ACID and base

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    This document defines acids and bases and their key properties. It describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak depending on how fully they ionize in water. The document also discusses amphoteric substances that can act as both acids and bases, and explains neutralization reactions, the pH scale, and common acid-base reactions like acid-base neutralization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views3 pages

    ACID and Base

    Uploaded by

    Shaheer Hashmi
    This document defines acids and bases and their key properties. It describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids and bases are classified as strong or weak depending on how fully they ionize in water. The document also discusses amphoteric substances that can act as both acids and bases, and explains neutralization reactions, the pH scale, and common acid-base reactions like acid-base neutralization.

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    TITRATIONS 

    ACIDS.​- a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, in an aqueous solution.

    ● Taste sour
    ● React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas. (Zn, Fe, Mg, etc.)
    ● Changes litmus paper red
    ● Conducts electricity
    ● Reacts with bases to form salt, water.
    ● Arrhenius Acid​ - produces H+ ions or hydronium ions, like HCl
    ● Bronsted-Lowry acid​: proton donor
    ○ A proton is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost an electron.

    MONOPROTIC AND POLYPROTIC ACIDS


    ● Monoprotic: can donate only one hydrogen ion per molecule (HCl)
    ● Diprotic: can donate two hydrogen ions per molecule (H2SO4)
    ● Triprotic acids: can donate three hydrogen ions per molecule (H3PO4)

    BASES​.- a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-, in an aqueous solution.

    ● Arrhenius base​: produce OH- ions like NaOH


    ○ One problem is that not all bases do not produce hydroxide ions.
    ● Bronsted-Lowry base:​ proton acceptor.
    ● Tastes bitter
    ● Feel slippery or soapy
    ● Conduct electricity
    ● Changes litmus paper blue
    ● Reacts with acids to form salts and water
    ● Alkali: a soluble base. When dissolved on water, alkalis all release the hydroxide ion.

    CONJUGATE PAIRS​, when one of the misses an electron compared to it´s pair.

    AMPOTHERIC / AMPHIPROTIC SUBSTANCES

    ● Substances that can act like Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, meaning they can
    either accept or donate a proton.
    ● These features allow them to have a double identity:
    ○ To be an acid, they must be able to dissociate and release H+
    ○ To act as base, must be able to accept H+, which means they must have a
    non bonding pair of electrons.
    ● Water is a perfect example- it can donate H+ and has two lone pairs of electrons.
    ○ Autoionization of water:
    ○ H2O + H2O <--- → H3O+ + OH-
    ● Amphoteric: can act as either acid or base
    ● Amphiprotic: type of amphoteric substance that can act as a base or acid but by
    specifically donating or accepting hydrogen ions.

    STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND BASES

    ● Strong acids and bases of equal concentrations have higher conductivity than weak
    acids and bases.
    ● A strong acid is a good proton donor, and has a weak conjugate base.
    ● A strong base is a good proton acceptor, and has a weak conjugate acid.
    ● A strong acid ionizes completely in aqueous solutions
    ○ HCl, HBr, HI, HNO​3​, H2SO​4​, HCIO​4
    ● A weak acid releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions
    ● As with acids, the strength of a base depends on the extent to which it dissociates or
    adds hydroxide ions, to the solution.
    ● Seven strong bases completely ionize in water.
    ○ LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Sr(OH)​2​, Ba(OH)​2​, Ca(OH)​2
    ● Bases are strong when there are lots of OH​-​ ions in solution, because the compounds
    dissociate well.

    % ionization = (amount ionized / initial concentration) *100

    KEY REACTIONS

    1. Acid + base → salt + water


    2. Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
    3. Acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

    NEUTRALIZATION

    ● Net ionic equation is H​+​(aq) + OH​-​(aq) <--→ H​2​O (l)


    THE pH SCALE

    ● pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydronium ions in the solution while the


    pOH scale measures the concentration of hydroxide ions.
    ○ pH + pOH = 14
    ○ [H​+​] = 10​-pH
    ○ [OH​-​] = 10​-pOH
    ○
    pH= -log​10​[H​+​]
    ○ pOH= -log [OH​-​]
    ● Goes from 0 to 14
    ● pH 7 is neutral, anything less than 7 is acidic and anything more than 7 is basic.
    ● pH 1 is ten times stronger than pH 2, pH1 is a hundred timed stronger than pH 3, and
    so on...

    LOGARITHMIC SCALE

    ● Is a nonlinear scale used when there is a large range of quantities. Common uses
    include earthquake strength.

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