ency [Hz] 1. Introduction ‘The continuous growth in power demand and the need to maintain the highest evels ‘of quality and reliability in the electrical power network enforce asset_manage ‘meat teams to examine and pursue testing strategies to minimize the rsk of operati- onal down time Proper trending of the condition of high voltage (HV) and extra-high voltage (EHV) bushings is a priority, CIGRI 42 [1] reports approximately ‘of transformer breakdowns caused by bushing failure are often followed Transfor ing fajlure tank rup by explosion, tank rupture, fire and potential human harm. Itis of paramount importance, therefore, to dedicate suf- ficient resources to find procedures and methodologies to be applied as part of the asset management strategy In_this work, specialists investigated different dielectric diagnostic: methods capable to provide significant information to warn of potential risk of failure of EHV oibimpregnated paper (OIP) bushings Data from power factor dissipation factor (PF/DF), capacitance TV Dielectric Frequency Response (DER) measurements and Dissolved are often follo c breakdowns caused B uke, fire and pot Gas Analysis (DGA) are considered col lectively to establish potential correlation and guidelines for end users. 2. Bushing insulation - Routine testing practices 2.1. Power factor / Dissipation factor and capacitance test The insulation design of HV an bushings is a series of concent made of conductive material with one ly er made accessible for testing purposes at an external tap referred to asthe test tap.a) » Figue 1. OP EHV busing, power factor dissipation factor and Dielectric Frequency Response hookup diagram: 2) Test on C; capacitance (UST mode) 8) Test on Cs capacitance (GSTg mode) ‘arough this test tap. main core insulation of the bushing is divided into two sub-ca- pacitances: Ci representing the insulation between the HV conductor and the test layer; and, C: representing the insulation between the test layer and the flange or ground when mounted on the transform- cr [2] The test tap facilitates the execution of ests uch as DFR. including PF/DF and capacitance of Ci and C: as presented in Figure 1 In the ficld, the value of Cy capacitance and PF/DF can be tested and compared against the information on the bushing’ nameplate. C; capacitance is tested. un der a UST (Cngrounded Specimen Test) rode, Cscapacitance, ais the measure- rent between the test and the flange in- trinsically connected to ground through Bushing insulation the tank of the transformer. is tested un- der a GSTg (Grounded Specimen ‘Test with guard) mode. Bushing insulation PF! DF is typically a very low value because among other reasons, it is generally pro cessed to a greater degree of dryness than transformer insulation [3]. Bushing insulation PF/DF and capaci tance routine tests are cared out typically at 10 KV for C; and at 500 - 2000 V for Ca (or at those voltages suggested by the manufacturer) and al approximately line frequency according to the application (50/60 Ha). It is easier and better to visualize the PE DF resultsasa function of time ina trend- ing chart. Test results of HV bushings with identical nameplates and exposed to jissipation factor is typ- ically very low because it is generally pro- cessed to a greater degree of dryness than transformer insulation ‘Table 1 International standards, PF/DF acceptance limits similar electrical. thermal and mechanical slresses are ideal for comparative analysis, Any bushing with continued power factor increase should be farther investigated and is a candidate for removal from ser Vice A deficiency might be evolving in the insulation system. As deseribed in CIGRE ‘TB 642 [1], some of the deficiencies ob- served in HV OIP bushings insulation in clude insulating fluid leaks and moisture contamination, Moisture is not the only factor leading to (a) an increase of dilec tric losses, (b) accelerated aging of the insulation, and (©) possible fulure of the bushing. Excessive partial discharge activity, accelerated thermal aging, con: tamination or degradation of the solid or liquid insulation may also result in increased dielectric loss and thus in in creased PF/DF values Take into account that PE/DF testing is not only frequency dependent but also temperature dependent, For factual trend: ing analysis, the PF/DF factors obtained in the field should be corrected or nor malized to 20 °C. Temperature correction factors provided by bushing manufactur an ‘Maximum, Reference Test voltage acceptance PF/DF Field value (%) 1.05 -Un lec6o1s7 | 252kv 1 and Un o7 1010.40 x Corrected to eee C57.19.01 | 269kv | Typically 10 kV for c os Sore x Rate ofinerease | rected Ieee CS7.152 | 269kv | Typically 10kVforc, | from 1.5 to2 times | Corrected to x initial reading 20°Ccers and test equipment manufacturers are average at best and therefore may or may ‘not match the true dielectric thermal con- ition of the HV apparatus atthe time of testing he use of Individual Temperature Correction (ITC) is advised for accurate PEIDE reference to 20 °C. Details of ITC as applied to PE/DF correction can be re- viewed in the literature [4, 5], PRIDE and capacitance tests on HV bushings for factory acceptance, com ‘missioning and routine testing are re commended in technical brochures and international standards. Table I summari- es the acceptance limits indicated in the reference literature (6,7, 8) 2.2. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Under normal operation condition, ther- mal and clectrical stress in OIP bushings produce low values of characteristic gases from the decomposition of solid and liquid insulation materials. The main ‘auses of abnormal gas generation (high values of characteristic gases) in OIP TV bushings in service are thermal and elec trical defects DGi has several methods used for inter pretation of the concentration of hydro- «carbon gases including: + Single gas analysis (Key gas method) + Two gases ala time (Rogers, IEC method) + Three gases (Duval Triangles) + Mostrecent five gases (Duval Pentagons) “The only reference found providing threshold values for Key gases in HV OTP bushings is IEC TS 61464-1998 [9]. "The threshold values given for hydrocarbon {gases ae outlined in Table 2. If any of the gases exceeds the numbers listed in Table 2, an active fault condition may have developed, with possible fault conditions presented in Table 3 IFC 61464 [9] provides significant ratios of gas concentrations and its ration to characteristic faults encountered in ITV OIP bushings. 3. Dielectric Frequency Response DFR is an advanced application of PF DF testing. The DFR test set applies asi Moisture, partial discharge, accelerated thermal aging, contamination or degrada- tion of the solid or iquid insulation may re- sult in increased dielectric loss ‘Table 2.O1P HV bushings DGA threshold ‘Concentration Type of gas Hlowsllon Hi Hydrogen 140 His Methane 40 Gita Ethylene 30 GH Ethane 70 Gith ~ Acetylene 2 {CO - Carbon monoxide 1000 ‘CO; Carbon dioxide 3400 ‘Table 3. Correlation between key gases and possible fault conditions Key gas generated Characteristic fault He Surface discharge Hs CHe Partial discharge Gols GH Discharge of high eneray Hes GH Discharge of low energy Gols He Thermal fault in oll €O;COr Thermal fault in paper ‘Table 4. Corelaton between gas ratios and possible fault conditions Ratio Value Characteristic fault He/ CH 313 Partial discharge GHA/ GH > Thermal fault in oil CoH GH >t Discharges 03/0 > 200r] ]>< >< ott O17 x opi | x | x | x x | x |x op 21 x OP 22 x Estimated Line Frequency %?F by ITC ° 10 20 30 40 50 60 Temperature [°C] = HPF OIP2 ——KPFOIPS —=—%9F O1P 14 —e—KPF OIP 19 Figure 7. Dielectric thermal response (OTR) of EHV OIP bushings Figure 6, X-wax found onthe most-inner layer of the EHV bushing dsected the “temperature” domain, as presented in Figure’. “The conversion fiom DER into DTR using the individual temperature correction (ITC) algorithm was previously published in Transformers Magazine (4). The Dielec: tric Thermal Response (DTR) becomes another tool for condition analysis ofthe insulation system based on the thermal response of PE/DE properly converted to a wide range of temperatures between 5 and 60 °C. The data suggests establishing PRIDE temperature indicators at 40 and 50°C. Correlation with DGA analysis is carried out and summarized in Table7. Conclusions “The assessment of capacitance and DF/PF measurements normalized to 20 °C and at line frequency was not conclusive. The analysis ofthe dielectric response corrected to 40 and 50°C differentiated the response from other units inthis project. Therefore, the application ofthe Individual Tempera ture Correction (IYO) algorithm supports another approach for analysis ofthe con- dition ofthe insulation moving from the Dielectric Frequency Response to the Diel ectrc Thermal Response. Because of the low capacitance and the low frequencies used to obtain the dielectric response of the Ci capacitancein the FHV OIP bushings, the low current measurement may be affected by the FMI in the substation. The use of HV DFR at 14 kVrms allowed measurement fof the dielectric response of EHV bushings in 735 kV substations and itis strongly recommended for this type of application. DGA, DFR and DIR identified OIP 2 and OIP 19 to be defective. The specific case of OIP 17 is under observation, In OIP 2 and OIP 19, four key gases presented ab normal values and DFR observed elevated values al I Hy. In the analysis of O1P 17, ‘only one key gas showed higher values of Th, but no other gas has indicated any reason for concern, neither did DFR. OP Visunder observation, ‘The experimental work and the dissec- tion carried out on the specimens deter- ‘mined that DFR technique can be used to detect the presence of solid particles ‘of carbon and hydrocarbon polymers (wax) HY DFR in conjunction with DGA and routine testing provide a strong support for asset managers, operations and main. tenance stato decide ifthe EHV bushing ‘may be considered a potential risk to the ‘operation. References [1] CIGRE'TB 642, Transformer Reliabi- lity Survey, WG A237, 2015 [2] CIGRE TR 445, Guide for Transfor mer Maintenance, WG A2.34.2011 [3] IEEE C57.19.100, Guide for the Appli- cation of Power Apparatus Bushings, 2012 [4] D. Robalino, Individual temperature compensation ~ Benefits of dielectric res- ‘ponse measurements, Transformer Maga- zine, Vol 2, Issue 3, July 2015, pp.42—47 [5] D. Robalino, Accurate temperature Correction of Dissipation Factor data for Oil-impregnated Paper insulation Bushings: Field Experience, Proceedings of the IEEE CEIDR, 2011 [6] IBC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V. fifth edition, 2003-08 [7] IEEE €57.152, Guide for Diagnostic Table 7. Correlation between DIR and DGA > Indicator a Thermal 3 he é Response 40°c [50°C | Hs | CO | COs [cats] CH | CMe | He op2 | x | x | x x | x [x ol 17 x opis | x | x | x x |x [x Field Testing of Fluid-Filled Power Trans- gas analysis (DGA) in bushings where oil formers, Regulators, and Reactors,2013 1s the impregnating medium of the main insulation [8] IEEE C57.1900, Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for {10] P. Werelius, M. Oblen, J. Skoldin, Power Apparatus Bushings, 2003 Dielectric Frequency Response Mea surement Technology for Measurements [9] TEC TS 614641998, Insulated bushings in High Interference AC and HVDC ~ Guide for the interpretation of dissolved Substations, TechCon Asia Pacific, 2011 Authors Diego Robalino currently works for Megger as Principal Engineer, where he specializes in the diagnosis ‘of complex electrical testing procedures, While doing research in power system optimization with a focus on aging equipment at Tennessee Technological University. Robalino received his electrical engineering Ph.D. from that institution, Robalino has over 20 years of involvement in the electrical engineering profession with management responsibilities in the power systems, oil and gas, and research arenas. Dr. Robalino isa Senior Member of the IEEE, member of the IEEE transformers ‘main committee anda Certified Project Management Professional with the PMI Ismail Giiner received the BE. degree in electrical engineering from Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, ‘Canada. He worked as an electrical design engineer in large power transformers industry. He currently holds the position of transformer asset management engineer at Hydro Québec. He is an active member of IEEE transformers committee working groups Peter Werelius received his PhD. in electrical engineer: ing from KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Sweden, developing the Dielectric Frequency Response (DFR) : technique for diagnosis of medium voltage XIPE cables. Peter began his professional carer starting up a spin-off company, WaBiech, in 1996, manufacturing the first field DERtestequipment Peterimproved and further developed DER technology and its applications under. WaBtech, Programma, GE, Pax Diagnostics and now Megger Peter works for Megger Sweden as an applications and product specialist with responsibilities related to research, product development, product sustainability and traning forthe ‘Megger Global organization, Dr. Werelus isa member of SEK C14, IEEE and CIGRE and actively participates in working groups and task forces. especially those related to FDS/DER and SFRA. Throughout his career hehas participated in elevant technical conferences, authored technical papers and patents,