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    10 Biology

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    Tapas Banerjee
    Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes from two different organisms. In flowering plants, sexual reproduction occurs through the flower, which contains male stamens that produce pollen and female carpels containing ovules. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma of the flower, which can be self-pollination within a flower or cross-pollination between flowers. After pollination, fertilization occurs as pollen tubes deliver sperm to fuse with eggs in the ovules, forming zygotes that develop into seeds within a ripening fruit.

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    10 Biology

    Uploaded by

    Tapas Banerjee
    34 views4 pages
    Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes from two different organisms. In flowering plants, sexual reproduction occurs through the flower, which contains male stamens that produce pollen and female carpels containing ovules. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma of the flower, which can be self-pollination within a flower or cross-pollination between flowers. After pollination, fertilization occurs as pollen tubes deliver sperm to fuse with eggs in the ovules, forming zygotes that develop into seeds within a ripening fruit.

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    Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes from two different organisms. In flowering plants, sexual reproduction occurs through the flower, which contains male stamens that produce pollen and female carpels containing ovules. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma of the flower, which can be self-pollination within a flower or cross-pollination between flowers. After pollination, fertilization occurs as pollen tubes deliver sperm to fuse with eggs in the ovules, forming zygotes that develop into seeds within a ripening fruit.

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    34 views4 pages

    10 Biology

    Uploaded by

    Tapas Banerjee
    Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes from two different organisms. In flowering plants, sexual reproduction occurs through the flower, which contains male stamens that produce pollen and female carpels containing ovules. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma of the flower, which can be self-pollination within a flower or cross-pollination between flowers. After pollination, fertilization occurs as pollen tubes deliver sperm to fuse with eggs in the ovules, forming zygotes that develop into seeds within a ripening fruit.

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    of 4

    Class Notes

    Class: X Topic: Ch- 8 How Do Organisms Reproduce?(Part –III)

    Subject: Biology

    Sexual Reproduction: The mode of reproduction that takes place with the involvement
    of two individuals of two different sexes i.e. male and female.
    During sexual reproduction, male organism having male sex organs produces male
    gametes (i.e. sperms which are small and motile) and the female organism having
    female sex organs produces female gamete(ova which are generally large and store
    food).

    Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote that grows into a new organism.

    Significance of Sexual Reproduction:

     Sexual reproduction involves DNA as well as cellular apparatus of two different


    organisms which promotes diversity of characters in the offspring.

     Since gametes are derived from two different organisms, it results in a new
    combination of genes which increases the chances of genetic variations.

     Sexual reproduction results in the origin of new species through Evolution.

     Sexual reproduction involves Meiosis cell division in the sex organs that reduces
    the DNA matter to half so that the zygote formed after fusion has the same
    amount of DNA as the parents it maintains DNA in a species.

    Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

     Flowers are the reproductive structure of flowering plants.

     The parts of the flower are sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

     Sepals are green structures that protect the inner parts when the flower is in bud
    stage.

     Petals are colourful and attract the insects for pollination.

     Stamens are male reproductive parts and produce pollen grains that contain
    male gametes.

    Note: The above content has been absolutely prepared from home.
     Each stamen has two parts— Filament i.e. stalk and Anther i.e. swollen top part
    which has large number of pollen grains.

     The carpel is the female reproductive part and produces ovules that contain
    female gametes. It has three parts—Stigma which is top sticky part and receives
    pollen grains during pollination. Style which is the middle long part and ovary
    which is the swollen part and contains ovules. Each ovule has an egg cell i.e.
    female gamete.

    # Flowers may be bisexual i.e. having both stamens and carpels for example; Mustard
    China Rose (Hibiscus).
    The flower may be unisexual i.e. paving either stamens or carpels for example;
    Papaya, Watermelon.

    Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of
    the flower is pollination. Two types of pollination are:
    (i) Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the
    same flower or another flower of the same plant.
    (ii) Cross-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of
    another flower or another flower of a different plant of the same species. It generally

    Note: The above content has been absolutely prepared from home.
    takes place with the help of some agents like insects, birds, wind and water.

    Fertilization: Fertilization is the process of fusion of male and female gamete to form
    a zygote during sexual reproduction. Pollination is followed by fertilisation in plants.

    The events during fertilization are-

    Pollen tubes grow out of the pollen grains ,travel through the style and reach the ovary,
    through micro pyle.
    Each pollen tube has two male germ cells. Each ovule has two polar nuclei and a
    female germ cell (egg).

    Pollen tube releases two male germ cells inside the ovule, one of them fuses with
    female germ cell and forms a zygote which grows into the baby plant i.e. embryo, the
    fusion is known as syngamy. The other male germ cell fuses with two polar nuclei,
    the process is known as triple fusion.

    So in flowering plants two fusions take place during fertilisation. It is called


    “double fertilisation.”

    Note: The above content has been absolutely prepared from home.
    Post-fertilisation changes: After fertilisation the following changes takes place in the
    flower.
    Zygote divides several times and forms an embryo inside the ovule.

     The ovule develops a tough coat and changes into the seed.
     The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.
     Petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma shrivel and fall off.
    Seed and its parts: The advantage of seed is that it protects the future plant i.e.
    embryo.

    Seed has two parts: Cotyledons and Embryo Cotyledons store food for the future
    plant.

    Embryo has two parts: plumule and radicle. Plumule develops into shoot and radicle
    develops into root.
    The process of development of a seedling from the embryo under appropriate
    conditions is known as Germination.

    Note: The above content has been absolutely prepared from home.

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