COLUMNS

BY
Dr. G.C. Behera
 OBJECTIVE
• After completion of the course ,the students
will be able
▪ Classify the different types of materials.
▪ Design the columns with different types of
loading with codal provisions.
• Differentiate braced and non braced columns.
FIGURE FOR PEDESTRAL /COLUMN

Leff/b  3 pedestal

3 <Leff/b 12 , Short Columns

Leff/b>12 , Long Column

Columns
Pedestal

CLASSIFICATION ON SLENDERNESS RATIO

 According to Reinforcement

Tied Column
Composite
Section
Helical
reinforcement
 Composite section
• Tied columns: The main longitudinal
reinforcement bars are enclosed within closely
spaced lateral ties .
• Columns with helical reinforcement: The main
longitudinal reinforcement bars are enclosed
within closely spaced and continuously wound
spiral reinforcement. Circular and octagonal
columns are mostly of this type .
• Composite columns: The main longitudinal
reinforcement of the composite columns consists
of structural steel sections or pipes with or
without longitudinal bars.
Axial Loading Eccentrically Loading

According to Loading condition

 Columns are classified into the following two types based on the slenderness
ratios:
• (i) Short columns (ii) Slender or long columns
The failure diagram
• presents the three modes of failure of columns with different slenderness ratios
• when loaded axially. In the mode 1, column does not undergo any lateral
deformation and collapses due to material failure. This is known as compression
failure.
• Due to the combined effects of axial load and moment a short column may have
material failure of mode 2. On the other hand, a slender column subjected to axial
load only undergoes deflection due to beam-column effect and may have material
failure under the combined action of direct load and bending moment. Such failure
is called combined compression and bending failure of mode 2.

• Mode 3 failure is by elastic instability of very long column even under small load much before the material reaches
the yield stresses. This type of failure is known as elastic buckling.
• The slenderness ratio of steel column is the ratio of its effective length le to its least radius of gyration r. In case of
reinforced concrete column, however, IS 456 stipulates the slenderness ratio as the ratio of its effective length le to
its least lateral dimension. As mentioned earlier, the effective length le is different from the unsupported length, the
rectangular reinforced concrete column of cross-sectional dimensions b and D shall have two effective lengths in
the two directions of b and D. Accordingly, the column may have the possibility of buckling depending on the two
values of slenderness ratios as given below:
• Slenderness ratio about the major axis = lex/D
• Slenderness ratio about the minor axis = ley/b
• If, slenderness ratios lex/D and ley/b are less than 12, it is known as short column.
where lex = effective length in respect of the major axis, D = depth in respect of the major axis, ley
= effective length in respect of the minor axis, and b = width of the member. Else known as a
slender compression member.
• Further, it is essential to avoid the mode 3 type of failure of columns so that all columns
should have material failure (modes 1 and 2) only. Accordingly, cl. 25.3.1 of IS 456 stipulates
the maximum unsupported length between two restraints of a column to sixty times its least
lateral dimension. For cantilever columns, when one end of the column is unrestrained, the
unsupported length is restricted to 100b2/D where b and D are as defined earlier.
• Longitudinal Reinforcement
• Clause 26.5.3.1
• (a) The minimum amount of steel should be at least 0.8 per cent of the gross cross-sectional
area of the column required if for any reason the provided area is more than the required
area.
• (b) Maximum percentage =6%, but generally restricted to 4% of gross cross sectional area to
avoid congestion and for vibrating facility.
• (c) minimum Four and six number of longitudinal bars in rectangular and circular columns to
be provided , respectively.
• (d) The diameter of the longitudinal bars should be at least 12 mm.
• (e) Columns having helical reinforcement shall have at least six longitudinal bars within and in
contact with the helical reinforcement. The bars shall be placed equidistant around its inner
circumference.
• (f) The bars shall be spaced not exceeding 300 mm along the periphery of the column.
• (g) The amount of reinforcement for pedestal shall be at least 0.15 per cent of the cross-
sectional area provided.
• (h) Nominal cover 40 mm or largest bar dia which ever is higher
 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

• Transverse reinforcing bars are provided in forms of circular rings, polygonal

links (lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135o or helical
reinforcement. The transverse reinforcing bars are provided to ensure that
every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral
support against buckling. Clause 26.5.3.2 stipulates the guidelines of the
arrangement of transverse reinforcement. The salient points are:
(a) Transverse reinforcement shall only go round corner and
alternate bars if the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75
mm on either side lateral tie-1.

(b) Longitudinal bars spaced at a maximum

distance of 48 times the diameter of the tie shall
be tied by single tie and additional open ties for
in between longitudinal bars as in Lateral tie-2
 PITCH AND DIAMETER OF LATERAL TIES
• (a) Pitch: The maximum pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be the least of the
following:
• (i) the least lateral dimension of the compression members;
• (ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be
tied; and
• (iii) 300 mm.
• (b) Diameter: The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than
one-fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6
mm.
PITCH AND DIAMETER OF HELICAL TIES

Pitch-Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix spaced evenly and
its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the spiral bar. Where an
increased load on the column on the strength of the helical reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of
helical turns shall be
not more than 75 mm,
nor more than one-sixth of the core diameter of the column,
nor less than 25 mm,
nor less than three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix. In other cases, the
requirements of 26.5.3.2 shall be complied with.
The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be in accordance with IS-456-26.5.3.2 (c) (2)
 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• Assumptions in the Design of Compression Members by Limit State of Collapse
• The following are the assumptions in addition to given in 38.1 (a) to (e) for
flexure for the design of compression members (cl. 39.1 of IS 456).
• (i) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as
0.002.
• (ii) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no
tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed extreme fiber.
• Minimum Eccentricity
• It is difficult to design axial compression members due to construction and
loading. So,, all axially loaded columns should be designed considering the
minimum eccentricity as stipulated in cl. 25.4 of IS 456 and given below (Fig.3.2c)
• ex min ≥ greater of (l/500 + D/30) or 20 mm
• ey min ≥ greater of (l/500 + b/30) or 20 mm
• where l, D and b are the unsupported length, larger lateral dimension and least
lateral dimension, respectively.
• Governing Equation for Short Axially Loaded Tied Columns
• Factored concentric load applied on short tied columns is resisted by concrete
of area Ac and longitudinal steel of areas Asc effectively held by lateral ties at
intervals. Assuming the design strengths of concrete and steel are 0.4fck and
0.67fy, respectively, we can write

•
• Ag=Ac+Asc
• Where Pu = factored axial load on the member,
• fck = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete,
• Ac = area of concrete,
• fy = characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement, and
• Asc = area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.
• The above equation, given in cl. 39.3 of IS 456, has two unknowns Ac and Asc
to be determined from one equation. The equation is recast in terms of Ag, the
gross area of concrete and p, the percentage of compression reinforcement
employing
• Asc = pAg/100 p=(Asc/Ag)*100
• Ac =Ag-Asc=(Ag-pAg/100)= Ag(1 – p/100)
Columns with helical reinforcement take more load than that of tied columns due to
additional strength of spirals in contributing to the strength of columns. Accordingly,
cl. 39.4 recommends a multiplying factor of 1.05 regarding the strength of such
columns. The code further recommends that the ratio of volume of helical
reinforcement to the volume of core shall not be less than 0.36 (Ag/Ac – 1) (fck/fy), in
order to apply the additional strength factor of 1.05 (cl. 39.4.1). Accordingly, the
governing equation of the spiral columns may be written

Dia. of core= outside to outside of helix

where Dc = diameter of the core ()

φsp = diameter of the spiral reinforcement
asp = area of cross-section of spiral reinforcement
p = pitch of spiral reinforcement
 Design the reinforcement in a column of size 400 mm x 600 mm subjected to an axial load of 2000 kN
under service dead load and live load. The column has an unsupported length of 3.5m and effectively
held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

• Step 1: To check if the column is short or slender

• Given l = 3500 mm, b = 400 mm and D = 600 mm. Table 28 of IS 456
= lex = ley = 0.65(l) = 2275 mm. So, we have
• lex/D = 2275/600 = 3.79 < 12
• ley/b = 2275/400 = 5.68 < 12
• Hence, it is a short column.
• Step 2: Minimum eccentricity
• ex min = Greater of (lun/500 + D/30) and 20 mm = 27 mm
• ey min = Greater of (lu/500 + b/30) and 20 mm = 20 mm
• 0.05 D = 0.05(600) = 30 mm > 27mm (= ex min)
• 0.05 b = 0.05(400) = 20 mm = 20 mm (= ey min)
• Hence, the equation given in cl.39.3 of IS 456 (Eq.(1)) is applicable
for the design here.
• Step 3: Area of steel
• Pu = 0.4 *fck *Ac + 0.67 *fy* Asc
• Provide 6-20 mm diameter and 2-16 mm diameter rods giving 2287 mm2
(> 2238.39 mm2) and p = 0.953 per cent, which is more than minimum
percentage of 0.8 and less than maximum percentage of 4.0.

• Step 4: Lateral ties

• The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined from
cl.26.5.3.2 C-2 of IS 456 as not less than
• (i) /4 and (ii) 6 mm. Here,  = largest bar diameter used as longitudinal
reinforcement = 20 mm. So, the diameter of bars used as lateral ties = 6
mm.
• The pitch of lateral ties, as per cl.26.5.3.2 C-1 of IS 456, should be not
more than the least of
• (i) the least lateral dimension of the column = 400 mm
• (ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar
to be tied = 16(16) = 256 mm
• (iii) 300 mm
Let us use p = pitch of lateral ties = 250 mm
• Design the a column mm subjected to an axial load of factored load
2000 kN. The column has an unsupported length of 3 m and
effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both
ends. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
• Solution: Assuming a short column

• Assuming 1% steel
• P=1/100=.01=Asc/Ag
• Asc=0.01Ag
• Ac=Ag-Asc=Ag-0.01Ag
• Ac=0.99Ag
• 2000*1000=0.4*20*0.99Ag+0.67*415*0.01Ag

• Ag=186907.2 If it is a square section, D= 432.32 mm

• b-=D=450 mm
• Checking short or long column:
Leff=.65*3=1.95 m
leff/(b=D)=1.95/.45=4.33<12 short column
emin=lun/500+D/30=(3000/500)+450/30=21
emin can not be less than 20 mm.
emin=21
0.05*450= 22.5 mm
• So, it is short column and axial loading.
Area provided=Ag=450*450=202500 mm2
Asc=0.01*Ag=1869.17 mm2
Take 4,20 and 4,16 mm dia bars
Area=2060mm2,
Transverse steel=1/4 of 20 mm=5 mm can not be less than 6 mm
Spacing: can not be more than 450 mm
16*16=256 mm
300 mm
8 mm dia. 250 mm c/c.

8mm dia. 250 mm c/c

450 mm
• For circular section=487.37 mm
• D=500 mm
• For a rectangular section: Ag= 186907.2 =b*D
• b=2/3 of D
• (2/3)D*D=186907.2
 USE OF SP-16
Charts 24 to 26 can be used
for designing short columns
in accordance with the above
equations. In the lower
section of these charts, Pu/Ag,
has been plotted against
reinforcement percentage p
for different grades of
concrete. If the cross section
of the column is known,
PU/Ag can be calculated and
the reinforcement percentage
read from the chart.
In the upper section
of the charts, Pu/Ag is
plotted against PU for
various values of Ag.
The combined use of
the upper and lower
sections would
eliminate the need for
any calculation. This is
particularly useful as
an aid for deciding the
sizes of the columns
at preliminary design
stage of multi-
storeyed buildings.
Design a circular column of 400 mm diameter with helical reinforcement
subjected to an axial load of 1500 kN under service load and live load. The
column has an unsupported length of 3 m effectively held in position at both
ends but not restrained against rotation. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
• Calcula(tion of Steel:
1.5(1500)(103) = 1.05{0.4(25)(125714.29 – Asc) + 0.67(415) Asc}
we get the value of Asc = 3304.29 mm2. Provide 11 nos. of 20 mm diameter bars (=
3455 mm2) as longitudinal reinforcement giving p = 2.75%. This p is between 0.8
(minimum) and 4 (maximum) per cents. Hence o.k.

Step 4: Lateral ties

Diameter of helical reinforcement (cl.26.5.3.2 d-2) shall be not less than greater of (i) one-
fourth of the diameter of largest longitudinal bar, and (ii) 6 mm.
Therefore, with 20 mm diameter bars as longitudinal reinforcement, the diameter of
helical reinforcement = 6 mm.

where Dc = 400 – (40-6) – (40-6) = 332 mm, φsp = 6 mm, asp = 28 mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2, D
= 400 mm and fck = 25 N/mm2.
p ≤ 11.1(332 – 6) (28) (415)/(4002 – 3322) (25) ≤ 33.78 mm
• As per cl.26.5.3.2 d-1, the maximum pitch is the lesser of 75 mm and
332/6 = 55.33 mm and the minimum pitch is lesser of 25 mm and 3(6) =
18 mm. We adopt pitch = 25 mm which is within the range of 18 mm and
53.34 mm. So, provide 6 mm bars @ 25 mm pitch forming the helix.
• Checking of cl. 39.4.1 of IS 456
Substituting the values of Dc =332 mm φsp=6 mm asp=28 mm2 and pitch
p=25 mm
Ag=125714.29 mm2
Ac=Ag- Ac= 125714.29 -3455 mm2 5714.29 mm2
Dc= 332 mm asp=28 mm2,

• Volume of helical reinforcement in one loop = 28688 mm3 and

• Volume of core in one loop = 2165114.29 mm3.

• Their ratio = 28688 / 2165114.29 = 0.0137375
• 0.36(Ag/Ac – 1) (fck/fy) = 0.009794
• It is, thus, seen that the above ratio (0.0137375) is not less than 0.36(Ag/Ac
– 1) (fck/fy)=0.009794.
 SHORT COLUMN WITH UNIAXIAL BENDING

• Normally, the side columns of a grid of beams

and columns are subjected to axial load P and
uniaxial moment Mx causing bending about
the major axis xx, hereafter will be written as
M. The moment M can be made equivalent to
the axial load P acting at an eccentricity of e (=
M/P). Let us consider a symmetrically
reinforced short rectangular column subjected
to axial load Pu at an eccentricity of e to have
Mu causing failure of the column.
DESIGN OF FOOTING
G.C. BEHERA
1. Foundation structures should be able to sustain the
applied loads, moments, forces and induced reactions
without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the
soil.
2. 2. The settlement of the structure should be as
uniform as possible and it should be within the
tolerable limits. It is well known from the structural
analysis that differential settlement of supports
causes additional moments in statically indeterminate
structures. Therefore, avoiding the differential
settlement is considered as more important than
maintaining uniform overall settlement of the
structure.
• LOAD IS P P=P1+P2+P3 P1

• SBC=q P2=10% P1

P3=1
0 TO
15 %
OF
P1+P
2
PLAIN CONC.
FOUNDATION

ISOLATED RC
ISOLATED FOOTING
STEPPED AND SLOPED
 COMBINED FOOTING
• FIG.

Combined footing without central Combined footing with central beam

beam
STRAP FOOTING
When two isolated footings are combined
by a beam with a view to sharing the loads
of both the columns by the footings, the
footing is known as strap footing. The
connecting beam is designated as strap
beam. These footings are required if the
loads are heavy on columns and the areas
of foundation are not overlapping with
each other.
RAFT FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION
 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
• (a) Minimum nominal cover (cl. 26.4.2.2 of IS 456)
• The minimum nominal cover for the footings should be more than that of
other structural elements of the superstructure as the footings are in
direct contact with the soil. Clause 26.4.2.2 of IS 456 prescribes a
minimum cover of 50 mm for footings. However, the actual cover may be
even more depending on the presence of harmful chemicals or minerals,
water table etc.
• (b) Thickness at the edge of footings (cls. 34.1.2 and 34.1.3 of IS
456)
• The minimum thickness at the edge of reinforced and plain
concrete footings shall be at least 150 mm for footings on soils and
at least 300 mm above the top of piles for footings on piles, as per
the stipulation in cl.34.1.2 of IS 456.
• For plain concrete pedestals, the angle α between the plane passing
through the bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding
junction edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane
shall be determined from the following expression (cl.34.1.3 of IS
456
Depth of Foundation:

• where d = minimum depth of foundation

• q0= bearing capacity of soil
• = density of soil
• φ = angle of repose of soil
• This is from Rankine’s formulae

(C) Bending moments (cl. 34.2 of IS 456)

• 1. It may be necessary to compute the bending moment at several sections of the footing depending on the type of
footing, nature of loads and the distribution of pressure at the base of the footing. However, bending moment at any
section shall be determined taking all forces acting over the entire area on one side of the section of the footing,
which is obtained by passing a vertical plane at that section extending across the footing (cl.34.2.3.1 of IS 456).
• 2. The critical section of maximum bending moment for the purpose of designing an isolated concrete footing which
supports a column, pedestal or wall shall be:
• (i) at the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footing supporting a concrete column, pedestal or reinforced
concrete wall, Fig.1
• (ii) halfway between the centre-line and the edge of the wall, for footing under masonry wall . This is stipulated in
cl.34.2.3.2 of IS 456. Fig.2
• For round or octagonal concrete column or pedestal, the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of
a square inscribed within the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal . Fig.3

Fig.3
Fig-1 Fig-2
• (d) Shear force (cl. 31.6 and 34.2.4 of IS 456)
• Footing slabs shall be checked in one-way or two-way shears depending on the nature of
bending. If the slab bends primarily in one-way, the footing slab shall be checked in one-
way vertical shear. On the other hand, when the bending is primarily two-way, the footing
slab shall be checked in two-way shear or punching shear. The respective critical sections
and design shear strengths are given below:
• 1. One-way shear (cl. 34.2.4 of IS 456)
One-way shear has to be checked across the full width of the base slab on a vertical section
located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to
(i) effective depth of the footing slab in case of footing slab on soil, and
(ii) half the effective depth of the footing slab if the footing slab is on piles.
The design shear strength of concrete without shear reinforcement is given in Table 19 of
cl.40.2 of IS 456.
• 2. Two-way or punching shear (cls.31.6 and 34.2.4)
Two-way or punching shear shall be checked around the column on a perimeter half the
effective depth of the footing slab away from the face of the column or pedestal .
• The permissible shear stress, when shear reinforcement is not provided, shall not exceed
ks*τs, where ks = (0.5 + βc), but not greater than one, βc being the ratio of short side to long
side of the column, and τc = 0.25(fck)1/2 in limit state method of design, as stipulated in
cl.31.6.3 of IS 456.
• Normally, the thickness of the base slab is governed by shear. Hence, the necessary
thickness of the slab has to be provided to avoid shear reinforcement.
• (e) Bond (cl.34.2.4.3 of IS 456)
• The critical section for checking the development length in a footing slab shall be the same
planes as those of bending moments in part (c) of this section. Moreover, development length
shall be checked at all other sections where they change abruptly. The critical sections for
checking the development length are given in cl.34.2.4.3 of IS 456, which further recommends to
check the anchorage requirements if the reinforcement is curtailed, which shall be done in
accordance with cl.26.2.3 of IS 456.
• (f) Tensile reinforcement (cl.34.3 of IS 456)
• The distribution of the total tensile reinforcement, calculated in accordance with the moment at
critical sections, as specified of this section, shall be done as given below for one-way and two-
way footing slabs separately.
• (i) In one-way reinforced footing slabs like wall footings, the reinforcement shall
be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing i.e., perpendicular to
the direction of wall. Nominal distribution reinforcement shall be provided as per
cl. 34.5 of IS 456 along the length of the wall to take care of the secondary
moment, differential settlement, shrinkage and temperature effects.
• (ii) In two-way reinforced square footing slabs, the reinforcement extending in
each direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full width/length of the
footing.
• (iii) In two-way reinforced rectangular footing slabs, the reinforcement in the long
direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing slab. In
the short direction, a central band equal to the width of the footing shall be
marked along the length of the footing, where the portion of the reinforcement
shall be determined as given in the equation below. This portion of the
reinforcement shall be distributed across the central band:
Reinforcement in the central band = {2/(β+1)} (Total reinforcement
in the short direction)
Where β is the ratio of longer dimension to shorter dimension of
the footing slab
Each of the two end bands shall be provided with half of the
remaining reinforcement, distributed uniformly across the
respective end band.
• (g) Transfer of load at the base of column
(cl.34.4 of IS 456)
All forces and moments acting at the base of the column must be transferred to the
pedestal, if any, and then from the base of the pedestal to the footing, (or directly
from the base of the column to the footing if there is no pedestal) by compression in
concrete and steel and tension in steel. Compression forces are transferred through
direct bearing while tension forces are transferred through developed
reinforcement. The permissible bearing stresses on full area of concrete shall be
taken as given below from cl.34.4 of IS 456:
σbr = 0.45fck, in limit state method
It has been mentioned that the stress of concrete is taken as 0.45fck while designing the
column. Since the area of footing is much larger, this bearing stress of concrete in
column may be increased considering the dispersion of the concentrated load of column
to footing. Accordingly, the permissible bearing stress of concrete in footing is given by
(cl.34.4 of IS 456):
σbr = 0.45fck (A1/A2) 1/2
with a condition that (A1/A2) 1/2 ≤ 2.0 (11.8)
where A1 = maximum supporting area of footing for bearing which is geometrically
similar to and concentric with the loaded area A2, as shown in Fig.
A2 = loaded area at the base of the column.
The above clause further stipulates that in sloped or stepped footings, A1 may be taken as the area of
the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and
having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two
horizontal, as shown in Fig.
If the permissible bearing stress on concrete in column or in footing is exceeded, reinforcement shall be
provided for developing the excess force (cl.34.4.1 of IS 456), either by extending the longitudinal bars
of columns into the footing (cl.34.4.2 of IS 456) or by providing dowels as stipulated in cl.34.4.3 of IS 456
and given below:
(i) Sufficient development length of the reinforcement shall be provided to transfer the compression
or tension to the supporting member in accordance with cl.26.2 of IS 456, when transfer of force is
accomplished by reinforcement of column (cl.34.4.2 of IS 456).
(ii) Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels shall be 0.5 per cent of the cross-sectional
area of the supported column or pedestal (cl.34.4.3 of IS 456).
(iii) A minimum of four bars shall be provided (cl.34.4.3 of IS 456).
(iv) The diameter of dowels shall not exceed the diameter of column bars by more than 3 mm.
(v) Column bars of diameter larger than 36 mm, in compression only can be doweled at the footings
with bars of smaller size of the necessary area. The dowel shall extend into the column, a distance
equal to the development length of the column bar and into the footing, a distance equal to the
development length of the dowel, as stipulated in cl.34.4.4 of IS 456.
(h) Nominal reinforcement (cl. 34.5 of IS 456)
1. Clause 34.5.1 of IS 456 stipulates the minimum reinforcement
and spacing of the bars in footing slabs as per the requirements
of solid slab (cls.26.5.2.1 and 26.3.3b(2) of IS 456, respectively).
2. The nominal reinforcement for concrete sections of thickness
greater than 1 m shall be 360 mm2 per metre length in each
direction on each face, as stipulated in cl.34.5.2 of IS 456. The
clause further specifies that this provision does not supersede
the requirement of minimum tensile reinforcement based on the
depth of section.
Problem 2:
Design an isolated footing for a square column, 400 mm x 400 mm with 12-20 mm
diameter longitudinal bars carrying service loads of 1500 kN with M 20 and Fe 415. The
safe bearing capacity of soil is 250 kN/m2 at a depth of 1 m below the ground level. Use
M 20 and Fe 415.
Solution 2:
Step 1: Size of the footing
Given P = 1500 kN ( Including self wt. of Column), qc = 250 kN/m2 at a depth of 1 m
below the ground level. Assuming the weight of the footing and backfill as 10 per cent
of the load, the base area required = 1500(1.1)/250 = 6.6 m2. Provide 2.6 m x 2.6 m,
area = 6.76 m2.
Step 2: Thickness of footing slab based on one-way shear
Factored soil pressure = 1500(1.5)/(2.6)(2.6) = 0.3328 N/mm2, say, 0.333 N/mm2.
Assuming p = 0.25% in the footing slab, for M 20 concrete τc = 0.36 N/mm2 (Table 19 of
IS 456). Vc = 0.36(2600)d and
Vu (actual) Nominal shear force= 0.333(2600)(1100 - d).
From the condition that Vc should be more than or equal to the actual Vc,
0.36(2600)d ≥ 0.333(2600) (1100 – d)
So, d . ≥ 528.57 mm
Provide d = 536 mm. The total depth becomes 536 + 50 + 16 + 8 (with 50 mm cover and
diameter of reinforcing bars = 16 mm) = 610 mm.
• Step 3: Checking for two-way shear
• The critical section is at a distance of d/2 from the periphery of the column.
The factored shear force = 0.333{(2600)2 – (400 + d)2}(10)-3 = 1959.34 kN.
Here d=536 mm
• Shear resistance is calculated with the shear strength = ks τc = ks(0.25) (fck)1/2;
where ks = 0.5 + βc (cl. 31.6.3 of IS 456). Here βc= 1.0, ks = 1.5 > 1; so ks = 1.0.
This gives shear strength of concrete = 0.25 (fck)1/2 = 1.118 N/mm2. So, the
shear resistance = (1.118)* 4* (936)(536) = 2243.58 kN > 1959.34 kN. Hence,
ok.
• Thus, the depth of the footing is governed by one-way shear.
• a=400 mm
• d=536 mm

a+d Area of shaded

portion=A2-(a+d)2
d A
d
/ / d
2 2
• Step 4: Gross bearing capacity
• Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 24
kN/m3 and 20 kN/m3 , respectively: Given, the
service load = 1500 kN Weight of the footing =
2.6(2.6)(0.61)(24) = 98.967 kN Weight of soil =
2.6(2.6)(1.0-0.61)(20) = 52.728 kN (Assuming the
depth of the footing as 1.0 m). Total = 1635.2 kN
• Gross bearing pressure = 1635.2/(2.6)(2.6) =
241.893 kN/m2 < 250 kN/m2 . Hence, ok.
• Step 5: Bending moment
• The critical section, is at the face of the column.
• Mu = 0.333(2600)(1100)(550) Nmm = 523.809 kNm
• Moment of resistance of the footing = 0.138*fck*bd2 where R =0.138*20= 2.76
• Moment of resistance = 2.76(2600)(536)(536) = 2061.636 kNm > 523.809
kNm.
• Area of steel shall be determined :
• Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 – (Ast fy/fck bd)} ….
• Substituting Mu = 523.809 kNm, fy = 415 N/mm2, fck = 20 N/mm2, d = 536 mm, b
= 2600 mm,
• Solving, we get Ast = 2825.5805 mm2.
• Alternatively, we can use Table 2 of SP-16 to get the Ast as explained below:
• Mu/bd2 = 523.809(106)/(2600)(536)(536) = 0.7013 N/mm2. Table 2 of SP-16
gives p = 0.2034.
• Ast = 0.2034(2600)(536)/100 = 2834.58 mm2.
• However, one-way shear has been checked assuming p = 0.25%. So, use p =
0.25%. Accordingly, Ast = 0.0025(2600)(536) = 3484 mm2.
• Provide 18 bars of 16 mm diameter (= 3616 mm2) both ways. The spacing of
bars = {2600 – 2(50) – 16}/17 = 146.117 mm. The spacing is 140 mm c/c
• Step 6: Development length
• Ld = fs φ/4(τbd) = 0.87(415)(16)/4(1.6)(1.2) = 47(16) = 752 mm
• Length available = 1100 – 50 = 1050 mm > 752 mm.
• Step 7: Transfer of force at the base of the column
• Pu = 1500(1.5) = 2250 kN
• Compressive bearing resistance = 0.45 fck(A1/A2) 1/2. For the column face A1/A2 =
1 and for the other face A1/A2 > 2 but should be taken as 2. In any case, the
column face governs.
• Force transferred to the base through column at the interface = 0.45(20)(400)(400)
= 1440 kN < 2250 kN.
• The balance force 2250 – 1440 = 810 kN has to be transferred by the longitudinal
reinforcements, dowels or mechanical connectors.
• As it is convenient, we propose to continue the longitudinal bars (12-20 mm
diameter) into the footing.
• The required development length of 12-20 mm diameter bars, assuming a stress
level of 0.87fy(810/2250) = 129.978 N/mm2,
• 129.978(20)/4(1.6)(1.2)(1.25) = 270.8 mm. Here τbd for M 20 = 1.2 N/mm2,
increased factor of 1.6 is due to deformed bars and increased factor of 1.25 is for
the compression.
• Length available = 610 – 50 – 16 – 16 – 16 = 512 mm > 270.8 mm . Hence, o.k.
• Alternatively: Design of dowels
• For the balance force 810 kN, the area of dowels = 810000/0.67(415) =
2913.15 mm2. Minimum area = 0.5(400)(400)/100 = 800 mm2 < 2913.15
mm2 (cl.34.4.3 of IS 456). Therefore, number of 16 mm dowels =
2913.15/201 = 15. The development length of 16 mm dowels in
compression = 0.87(415)(16)/4(1.6)(1.2)(1.25) = 601.76 mm. Available
vertical embedment length = 610 – 50 – 16 – 16 – 16 = 512 mm. So, the
dowels will be extended by another 100 mm horizontally, as shown in Fig.
Numerical Problem
Design an isolated footing of uniform thickness of a RC column
bearing a vertical load of 600 KN and having a base of size
500x500 mm. the safe bearing capacity of soil may be taken as
120 KN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

• Solution
• Size of footing
• W=600 KN;
• Self weight of footing @ 10% =60 KN
• Total load =660 KN
• Size of footing = 660/120 = 5.5 m2
 Design a rectangular footing of uniform thickness for an axially loaded column
of size 300 mm x 600 mm, load on column is 1150 kN. SBC=200kN/m2. M20
concrete and Fe 415.
• Load on column=1150 kN
• Load of foundation= 10% of column=115 kN
• Total load= 1265 kN
• SBC=200 kn?m2
• Area of footing= 1265/200=6.325m2
• Taking length of footing two times of width(x*2x=6.325, x=B=1.78 m say 1.8 m
• Another side=3.6 m
• Soil pressure=1150/(1.8*3.6)=177.47kn/m2
• Factored Pressure=1.5*177.47=266.21kN/m2
CALCULATION OF DEPTH OF FOOTIG:
SF in longer direction: 266.21*3.6*[(1.8-.3)/2-d]=718.767-958.356d
SF in shorter direction: 266.21*1.8*[(3.6-.6)/2-d]=718.767-479.178d
SF in shorter direction is more
SF
Design a sloped footing for a square column of 400 mm x 400 mm with 16 longitudinal
bars of 16 mm diameter carrying a service load of 1400 kN. Use M 20 and Fe 415 both
for column and footing slab. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 150 kN/m2
Given
Step 1: Size of the footing
P = 1400 kN and qc = 150 kN/m2 . Assuming the weight of the footing and the back
file as 10 per cent of the load, the required base area is: 1400(1.1)/150 = 10.27 m2 .
Provide 3400 x 3400 mm giving 11.56 m
Step 2: Thickness of footing slab based on one-way shear
Factored bearing pressure = 1400(1.5)/(3.4)(3.4) = 181.66 kN/m2 = 0.18166 N/mm2 .
Assuming 0.15 per cent reinforcement in the footing slab, Table 19 of IS 456 gives c τ
for M 20 = 0.28 N/mm2 . From the condition that the one-way shear resistance one-
way shear force, we have at a distance d from the face of the column (sec.1-1of Figs.a
and b).
0.28(3400)d ≥ 0.18166(1500 – d)(3400)
or d ≥ 590.24 mm.
Provide total depth of footing as 670 mm, so that the effective depth = 670 – 50 – 16 –
8 = 596 mm. (The total depth is, however, increased to 750 mm in Step 7.)
Fig.a
Step 3: Checking for two-way shear
At the critical section 2222 (Figs. a and b),
the shear resistance = 4(400 + 596)(596)(0.25)(fck)1/2 = 2654.73 kN.
The shear force = {(3.4)(3.4) – (0.996)(0.996)}0.18166 = 1919.78 kN < 2654.73 kN. Hence,
o.k.
Step 4: Gross bearing capacity
Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 25 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3 , respectively, we
have: Load on footing = 1400.00 kN Weight of footing = (3.4)(3.4)(0.67)(25) = 193.63 kN
Weight of soil = (3.4)(3.4)(1.25 - 0.67)(18) = 120.69 kN (Assuming the depth of the footing
as 1.25 m). Total = 1714.32 kN
Pressure= 1714.32 / (3.4)(3.4) = 148.30 kN/m2 < 150 kN/m2 . Hence o.k.
Step 5: Bending moment
We have to determine the area of steel in one direction as it is a square footing. So, we
consider the lower effective depth which is 596 mm. The critical section is sec.33 (Figs. a
and b), where we have Mu = 3400(1500)(0.18166)(1500)/2 = 694.8495 kNm
Mu/bd2 = 694.8495(106 )/(3400)(596)(596) = 0.575 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives, p = 0.165%. Accordingly, area of steel = 0.165(3400)(596)/100 =
3343.56 mm2 . Provide 30 bars of 12 mm diameter (= 3393 mm2 ), both ways.
Step 6: Development length Development length of 12 mm diameter bars =
0.87(415)(12)/4(1.6)(1.2) = 564.14 mm. Hence, o.k.
Step 7: Providing slope in the footing slab
Since the three critical sections (.i.e., of bending moment, two-way shear and one-way
shear) are within a distance of 596 mm from the face of the column, the full depth of the
footing slab is provided up to a distance of 700 mm from the face of the column.
However, by providing slope the available section now is a truncated rectangle giving some
less area for the one-way shear. Accordingly, the depth of the footing is increased from
670 mm to 750 mm. With a cover of 50 mm and bar diameter of 12 mm in both directions,
the revised effective depth = 750 – 50 – 12 – 6 = 682 mm. Providing the minimum depth of
350 mm at the edge, as shown in Figs. a and b, we check the one-way shear again, taking
into account of the truncated rectangular cross-section at a distance of 682 mm from the
face of the column.
One-way shear force = 0.18166(1500 – 682)(3400) = 505232.792 N
Area of truncated rectangle = (1800=400+700+700)(682) + (3400-1800=1600) (282) +
1600(682 – 282)/2 = 1998800 mm2
The shear stress = 505232.792/ 1998800 = 0.2527 N/mm2 < 0.28 N/mm2 . Hence, o.k.
Step 8: Revised area of steel
The bending moment in step 5 is 694.8495 kNm at the face of the column. With d =
682 mm now, we have Mu/bd2 = 694.8495(106 )/(3400)(682)(682) = 0.4394 N/mm2
Table 2 of SP-16 gives, p is less than 0.15 per cent. Provide p = 0.15 per cent due to
the one-way shear.
So, Ast = 0.15(3400)(682)/100 = 3478.2 mm2 . Provide 31 bars of 12 mm (Ast = 3506
mm2 ), both ways. Effectively, the number of bars has increased from 30 to 31 now.
Step 9: Transfer of force at the base of the column
Pu = 1400(1.5) = 2100 kN. Compressive bearing resistance = 0.45 fck = 0.45(20) = 9
N/mm2 .
Force transferred at the base through the column = 9(400)(400)(10-3)
= 1440 kN < 2100 kN.
Provide dowels for the excess (2100 – 1440) = 660 kN.
The area of dowels = 660(103 )/(0.67)(415) = 2373.67 mm2 .
Minimum area of dowels = 0.5(400)(400)/100 = 800 mm2 .
Provide 12 dowels of 16 mm diameter (area = 2412 mm2 ).
The development length of 16 mm dowels = 0.87(415)(16)/4(1.6)(1.2)(1.25) = 601.76
mm. The vertical length available 750 – 50 – 12 – 12 – 16 = 660 mm > 601.76 mm.
Hence, o.k. The arrangement of reinforcement and dowels is shown in Fig. a and b.
 COLUMN WITH MOMENT
Design one isolated footing for a column 300 mm x 450 mm, having 20 bars of 20 mm
diameter (Ast = 4021 mm2 ) carrying Pu = 1620 kN and Mu = 170 kNm using M 25 and Fe
415. Assume that the moment is reversible. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200
kN/m2 at a depth of 1 metre from ground level. Use M 25 and Fe 415 for the footing.
Step 1: Size of the footing
Given Pu = 1620 kN and Mu = 170 kNm.
The footing should be symmetric with respect to the column as the moment is reversible.
Assuming the weights of footing and backfill as 15 per cent of Pu,
the eccentricity of load Pu at the base is e = Mu/P(1.15) = 170(106 )/1620(1.15)(103 ) =
91.25 mm. This eccentricity may be taken as < L/6 of the footing.
The factored bearing pressure is 200(1.5) = 300 kN/m2 .
For the footing of length L and width B, we, therefore, have: Pu/BL + 6M/BL2 ≤ 300 or,
1620(1.15)/BL + 6(170)/BL2 ≤ 300 or, BL2 – 6.21L – 3.4 ≤ 0 (EQN-1)
For the economic proportion, let us keep equal projection beyond the face of the column
in the two directions. This gives (L – 0.45)/2 = (B – 0.3)/2 or, B = L – 0.15 (EQN-2)
Using Eq.(2) in Eq.(1), we have (L – 0.15) L2 – 6.212 – 3.4 ≤ 0
or L3 – 0.15 L2 – 6.21 L – 3.4 ≤ 0 We have L = 2.8 m and B = 2.65 m.
Let us provide L = 2.85 m and B = 2.70 m (Fig.11.29.4b).
We get the maximum and minimum pressures as
 P/A±M/Z=1620(1.15)/(2.85)(2.70) ± 170(6)/(2.7)(2.85)(2.85) = 242.105 ± 46.51 =
288.615 kN/m2 and 195.595 kN/m2 , respectively (Fig.11.29.4c).
Both the values are less than 300 kN/m2 . Hence, o.k.
Step 2: Thickness of footing slab based on one-way shear
The critical section (sec.11 of Figs.11.29.4a and b) is at a distance d from the face
of the column. The average soil pressure at sec.11 is {288.615 – (288.615 –
195.595)(1200 – d)/2850} = 249.449 + 0.0326d. The one-way shear force at
sec.11 = (2.7)(1.2 – 0.001d)*(249.449 + 0.0326d) kN. Assuming 0.15 per cent
reinforcement in the footing slab, the shear strength of M 25 concrete = 0.29
N/mm2 . Hence, the shear strength of the section = 2700(d)(0.29)(10-3 ) kN. From
the condition that shear strength has to be ≥ shear force, we have
2700(d)(0.29)(10-3) = (2.7)(1.2 – 0.001d)(249.449 + 0.0326d)
2700(d)(0.29)(10-3) = (2.7)(1.2 – 0.001d)(249.449 + 0.0326d)
This gives,
d2 + 15347.51534d – 9182171.779 = 0 Solving, we get d = 576.6198.
Let us assume d = 600 mm

1200-d

195.595 288.615
 Step 3: Checking for two-way shear
At the critical section 2222 (Figs.11.29.4a and b), the shear resistance is obtained
cl.31.6.31 of IS 456, which gives τc = (0.5 + 450/300)(0.25)(25)1/2 but the multiplying
factor (0.5 + 450/300) >/ 1.0. So, we have τc = 0.25(25)1/2 = 1.25 N/mm2 .
Hence, the shear resistance = (1.25)(2){(300 + 600) + (450 + 600)}(600) = 2925 kN.
Actual shear force is determined on the basis of average soil pressure at the centre
line of the cross-section which is (195.595 + 288.615)/2 = 242.105 kN/m2
(Fig.11.29.4c). So, the actual shear force = Vu = (242.105){(2.7)(2.85) – (0.3 +
0.6)(0.45 + 0.6)} = 1634.209 kN < shear resistance (= 2925 kN).
Hence, the depth of the footing is governed by one-way shear. With effective depth
= 600 mm, the total depth of footing = 600 + 50 (cover) + 16 (bar dia) + 8 (half bar
dia) = 674 mm.
Step 4: Gross bearing capacity
Assuming the unit weights of concrete and soil as 25 kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3 ,
respectively,
we have the bearing pressure for (i) Pu = 1620 kN, (ii) Mu = 170 kNm and (iii) self weight
of footing and backfill soil.
(i) Due to Pu = 1620 kN: pressure = 1620/(2.7)(2.85) = 210.53 kN/m2
(ii) Due to Mu = 170 kNm: pressure = ± 170(6)/(2.7)(2.85)(2.85) = ± 46.51 kN/m 2
(iii) Self weight of footing of depth 674 mm and soil of (1000 – 674) = 326 mm:
pressure = 0.674(25) + 0.326(18) = 22.718 kN/m2
Thus, the maximum and minimum pressures are = 210.53 + 22.718 ± 46.51 = 279.758
kN/m 2 and 186.738 kN/m2 < 300 kN/m2 . Hence, o.k.
Step 5: Bending moment
(i) In the long direction (along the length = 2850 mm)
Bending moment at the face of column (sec.33 of Figs.11.29.4a and b) is determined
where the soil pressure = 288.615 – (288.615 – 195.595)(1200)/2850 = 249.45 kN/m2 .
So, the bending moment = 249.45(2.7)(1.2)(0.6) +
(½)*(288.615 – 249.45) (2.7)(1.2)*[(2/3)*(1.2)] = 535.68 kNm.
M/Bd2 = 527.23(106 )/(2700)(616)(616) = 0.522 N/mm2 < 3.45 N/mm2 for M 25
concrete.
Table 3 of SP-16 gives p = 0.1462 < 0.15 per cent as required for one-way shear.
Thus, Ast = 0.15(2700)(616)/100 = 2494.8 mm2 .
Provide 13 bars of 16 mm diameter (area = 2613 mm2 ),
spacing = (2700 – 100 – 16)/12 = 215.33 mm, say 210 mm c/c.
(ii) In the short direction (B = 2700 mm)
The average pressure on soil between the edge and centre of the footing = (288.615 +
242.105)/2 = 265.36 kN/m2 .
The bending moment is determined with this pressure as an approximation. Bending
moment = (265.36)(1.2)(0.6)(2.85) kNm = 544.519 kNm M/Ld2 = 544.519(106
)/(2850)(600)(600) = 0.531 Table 3 of SP-16 gives p = 0.15068, which gives area of
steel = 0.15068(2850)(600)/100 = 2576.628 mm2 . Provide 13 bars of 16 mm diameter
(area = 2613 mm2 ) 227.83 mm say@ 210 mm c/c; i.e. the same arrangement in both
directions.
Step 6: Development length Development length of 16 mm diameter bars (M 25 concrete)
= 0.87(415)(16)/4(1.6)(1.4) = 644.73 mm.
Length available = 1200 – 50 – 8 = 1142 mm > 644.73 mm.
Hence, o.k.
Step 7: Transfer of force at the base of the column
Since the column is having moment along with the axial force, some of the bars are in
tension. The transfer of tensile force is not possible through the column-footing interface.
So, the longitudinal bars of columns are to be extended to the footing. The required
development length of 20 mm bars = 0.87(415)/4(1.4)(1.6) = 805.92 mm. Length available
= 600 mm < 805.92 mm. The bars shall be given 90o bend and then shall be extended by
200 mm horizontally to give a total length of 600 + 8(20) (bend value) + 200 = 960 mm >
805.92 mm (Figs.11.29.4 a and b). The arrangement of reinforcement is shown in
Figs.11.29.4a and b.
COMBINED FOOTING
Consider the combined footing. The footing carries upward base pressure and
supported on two columns in the longitudinal direction. The distribution of load is
like the below fig.
Assuming column C1 and C2 carrying P1 and P2 load respectively
The CG of combined load P1+P2 from centre of C1 is

Point G should be should be the CG of the footing.

In longitudinal direction, footing can be designed as a beam with width B and

max. BM and SF can be calculated from the loading diagram. In transverse
direction, it can be designed as cantilever projecting from centre of column.
Salient Points.
The critical section for BM should be checked at face of the column and near the
mid span,(1-1,2-2,3-3,4-4 and 5-5)
The critical section for one way shear is at a distance d from the face of the
column(6-6, 7-7)
The heavier column should be checked for punching shear at a distance d/2 from
the face of the column.
 PROBLEM
• Design a combined footing for two columns 500 mm X 500 mm each, 5 m
apart carrying a load of 1600 kN.SBC= 200 kN/m2. Use M25 and Fe415
steel. Width is restricted to 2.4 m.
• Solution:
• Column size= 500 mm X 500 mm
• P1=P2=1600 kN
• l=5m
• q0=200kN/m2
• Area of footing:
• Total load on column=2*1600=3200kN
• Self wt. of the footing=10% of 3200=320kN
• Total Load W=3320 kN
• Area of footing required=Total load/SBC=3320/200=17.6 m2
• Width available= 2.4 m, Length of footing=17.6/2.4=7.33 m
Taking a length of 7.5 m, Area provided=7.5*2.4=18 m2
Factored upward pressure=1.5*3200/(7.5*2.4)=266.7 kN/m2
Design in longitudinal direction:
Upward soil pressure per unit length=266.7*2.4=640 kN
1.Calculation of maximum BM and SF:
SF DISTRIBUTION:
SF at C1==-640*1.25=-800 kN
SF to the right of C1=-800+1.5*1600=1600 kN
SF at C2==640*1.25=800 kN
SF to the right of C2=800-1.5*1600=-1600 kN
BM Distribution:
BM at C1==-640*1.25*1.25/2=500 kNm
BM at mid span= (640*3.75*3.75/2)-2400*2.5=-1500kNm
For zero moment point=Mx=640*x*x/2-2400*(x-1.25)=0
x2-7.5x+9.375=0
X=1.585 m
ii) Depth of footing:
1. From BM consideration:

1. From one-way shear consideration:

Assuming 0.2% steel,c=0.32N/mm2

dreq=1023 mm
Take overall depth D=1100 mm, d=1100-60=1040mm
3. From Two way shear: Critical section for two way shear d/2 from the face of
the column.
Area of resistance for punching=4*(500+1040)*1040=6406400 mm2
Shear Force=Vu=2400-266.7*(.5+1.04)2= 1768 kN
Nominal shear stress=v =1768*1000/6406400=0.28 N/mm2
Shear resistance= ks. c =1*0.25*sqrt(fck)=1.25 N/mm2 > v
Longitudinal Reinforcement: -ve moment

Ast = 4052 mm2

Provide 21 number 16 mm dia. bars as top reinforcement,
Spacing=2400/21=110 mm c/c
For top transverse reinforcement=.12*2400*1100/100=3168 mm2
No of 16 mm dia. Bars will be 16,
5 bars can be curtailed from point of contra flexure:
For +ve moment reinforcement:
bars can be curtailed from point of contra flexure:
Ast=1338mm2< minimum
Provide the minimum 16 nos. 16 mm dia at bottom for a distance C1 to C2.
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:
In transverse direction , footing is designed as a cantilever supported on
columns. Transverse reinforcement is to provided under each column within a
band having a width equal to the width of the column plus two times
effective depth of foundation.
Band width under C1and C2=0.5+1.04+1.0( on outer side this is length
available)=2.54 m
Upward pressure =1.5*1600/(2.4)=1000 kN/m
BM on the face of the column=1000*0.95*0.95/2=451.25 kNm
For this bending moment Ast will be less than the minimum.
Ast min=0.12*2540*1100/100=3353 mm2
Spacing of 16 mm diameter bars=2540/(3353/201)=152 mm
Provide 16 mm dia. Bars 150 mm c/c for a distance of 2.54 m under each
column and on rest 16 mm dia. Bars 300mm c/c.
DETAILING