Chapter I

FLOWER (Mirabilis,Thunbergia,Begonia) EXTRACTS AS A NATURAL
STAINING AGENT ON EPIDERMAL CELLS OF ONION (Allium Cepa)
CHAPTER I
INTODUCTION
Background of the Study
Staining is the application of dyes to specimen to
impart color to cells (Talaro et al., 2002 as cited by Towet
2022). Dyes that are natural or synthetic usually used to
give color to non-food materials such as animal and plant
tissues to make them visible and distinct (Triol
et.al.,2022). Synthetic dye for tissue staining such as
safranin-O and methylene blue (MB) have negative effect to
the human (Wagiyanti and Noor, 2017). Most dyes in current
use are chemically synthesized, and expensive, they are also
hazardous to human health (Bhuyan and Saikia, 2004 as cited
by Braide et. al., 2011). The alternative solution is by
using natural dyes which are eco-friendly, non-toxic, non-
carcinogenic and biodegradable. Plants are highly potential
source of natural dyes, they are present in parts of the
plant like root, bark leaf, fruits, seeds and flowers
(Wagiyanti and Noor 2017).

To lessen the use of hazardous synthetic stain/dye the
researchers are motivated to study the staining efficacy of
different flower extracts on epidermal cells of Allium cepa.
Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the
staining efficacy of different flower extracts on the
epidermal cells of onion (Allium cepa).
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following
objectives:
1. To determine the staining efficacy of the different
flower extracts on epidermal cells of Allium cepa in 10x and
40x magnification
1.1. T1- Four o’clock (Mirabilis jalapa)
1.2. T2- Bush clockvine (Thenbergia erecta)
1.3. T3- Dragon wing (Begonia x hybrida)
1.4. T4- Negative Control
1.5. T5- Positive Control
2. To find out the significant difference on the staining
efficacy of the different flower extracts on epidermal cells
of Allium cepa in 10X and 40X magnification.
Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference on the staining
efficacy of the different flower extracts on epidermal cells
of Allium cepa in 10X and 40X magnification.
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study may be useful for the
following:
People and the Community
The outcome of the study may contribute knowledge to
the people and the community, to give importance to the
flowers which could possess the staining potential.
Science Teachers
The result of the study may serve as baseline
information that may be used as a reference in discovering
the potential of flower extract as staining agent.
Future Researchers
The findings of the study may provide the additional
information about the staining efficacy of flower extracts.
This may serve as a reference to the future researchers.
Scope and Limitation of the Study

The concern and focus of this study was limited to the
flower extracts to be used as staining agent in the
epidermal cell of onion (Allium cepa).
Definition of Terms
To give clarity and precision to the study, the
following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.
Allium cepa.
It refers to a vegetable with a strong smell and
flavor, made up of several layers surrounding each other
tightly in a round shape, usually brown or red and the
outside white inside (dictionary.cambridge.org).
In this study, it refers to the outer skin of the
onion.
Efficacy
It refers to the capacity for producing a desired
result or effect (www.dictionary.com).
In this study, it refers to the result of the stain on
epidermal cells of Allium cepa as very clear, clear and not
clear.
Epidermal Cell
An epidermal cell is a cell that is part of the outer
layer of an organism
(https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-are-epidermal-
cells/).
In this study, it refers to the outer skin of onion
bulb.
Extracts
It refers to withdraw such as a juice by a physical or
chemical process (meriamwebsterdictionary.com).
In this study, it refers to the juice from pounding a
flower by using mortar and pestle.
Staining Agent
It refers to the reagent or dye in order to color the
whole or parts and to give the distinctiveness, contrast of
tissues (www.dictionary.com).
In this study, it refers to the juice extracted from
the flowers that give color to the parts of the epidermal
cell of onion (Allium cepa).

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FLOWER (Mirabilis,Thunbergia,Begonia) EXTRACTS AS A NATURAL

STAINING AGENT ON EPIDERMAL CELLS OF ONION (Allium Cepa)

Background of the Study

Staining is the application of dyes to specimen to

impart color to cells (Talaro et al., 2002 as cited by Towet

2022). Dyes that are natural or synthetic usually used to

give color to non-food materials such as animal and plant

tissues to make them visible and distinct (Triol

et.al.,2022). Synthetic dye for tissue staining such as

safranin-O and methylene blue (MB) have negative effect to

the human (Wagiyanti and Noor, 2017). Most dyes in current

use are chemically synthesized, and expensive, they are also

hazardous to human health (Bhuyan and Saikia, 2004 as cited

by Braide et. al., 2011). The alternative solution is by

using natural dyes which are eco-friendly, non-toxic, non-

carcinogenic and biodegradable. Plants are highly potential

source of natural dyes, they are present in parts of the

plant like root, bark leaf, fruits, seeds and flowers

(Wagiyanti and Noor 2017).

researchers are motivated to study the staining efficacy of

different flower extracts on epidermal cells of Allium cepa.

Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to determine the

staining efficacy of different flower extracts on the

epidermal cells of onion (Allium cepa).

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following

1. To determine the staining efficacy of the different

flower extracts on epidermal cells of Allium cepa in 10x and

1.1. T1- Four o’clock (Mirabilis jalapa)

1.2. T2- Bush clockvine (Thenbergia erecta)

1.3. T3- Dragon wing (Begonia x hybrida)

1.4. T4- Negative Control

1.5. T5- Positive Control

2. To find out the significant difference on the staining

efficacy of the different flower extracts on epidermal cells

of Allium cepa in 10X and 40X magnification.

Hypothesis of the Study

efficacy of the different flower extracts on epidermal cells

of Allium cepa in 10X and 40X magnification.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study may be useful for the

People and the Community

The outcome of the study may contribute knowledge to

the people and the community, to give importance to the

flowers which could possess the staining potential.

The result of the study may serve as baseline

information that may be used as a reference in discovering

the potential of flower extract as staining agent.

The findings of the study may provide the additional

information about the staining efficacy of flower extracts.

This may serve as a reference to the future researchers.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

flower extracts to be used as staining agent in the

epidermal cell of onion (Allium cepa).

To give clarity and precision to the study, the

following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

It refers to a vegetable with a strong smell and

flavor, made up of several layers surrounding each other

tightly in a round shape, usually brown or red and the