(( Integration ))

1  cos 4 x 1 cos 4 x
 cos 2 x.dx   dx   dx  
2
Sol of H.W- dx
2 2 2
x 1  sin 4 x  x sin 4 x
   C   C
2 2 4  2 8

 Solving Initial Value Problems with Indefinite Integrals

The problem of finding a function y of x when we know its derivative
dy
dx
 f (x) and its value yo at a particular point xo is called initial value problem.
dy
So, if  f (x)  dy  f ( x).dx
dx

and  dy   f ( x).dx

 y  F ( x)  C where F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)

In this case yo  F ( xo )  C  C  yo  F ( xo ) and y  F ( x)   yo  F ( xo ) 
dy
Note: An equation like  f (x) , that has a derivative in it, is called
dx
Differential Equation (D.E.).
A more complicated differential equation might involve y as well as x:
dy
 2xy 2 first order D.E.
dx

d 2 y dy
2
  5 y3  3 second order D.E.
dx dx

d 3 y dy
3
  y5  x2 third order D.E.
dx dx
Example 1: The velocity v(t) of a body falling from rest in a vacuum near the
surface of the earth satisfies
dv 2
Differential equation:  9.8 (the acceleration is 9.8 m/sec )
dt

Initial condition: v=0 when t=0 (the velocity is zero at start)

Find v as a function of t.
Sol.: We find the general D.E. by integrating both sides of it with respect to t:
 (( Integration ))
dv
a  9.8 (D.E.)
dt
dv
 dt dt   9.8 dt (integral equation)

v  C1  9.8t  C2

v  9.8t  C2  C1

v  9.8t  C (where C  C2  C1 ) (general solution)

To find C use the boundary conditions: v=0 when t=0.
0  9.8 * 0  C  C  0
v  9.8t  0  v  9.8t
Example 2: Solve the following initial value problem for y as a function of x:
d2y
Differential equation: 2  6 x  2
dx
dy
Initial conditions (or boundary conditions):  0 and y=10 when x=1
dx

d2y
Sol.: D. E.  6x  2
dx2
Integrate both sides:
d2y dy 6 x 2
 dx2 dx   (6 x  2)dx 
dx

2
 2 x  C1  3x 2  2 x  C1

dy
We apply the first initial condition to find C1 [  0 when x=1]
dx

0  3(1) 2  2(1)  C1  C1  1

dy
This completes the formula for :
dx
dy
 3x 2  2 x  1 also integrate both sides:
dx

 dxdx   3x 
dy 2
 2 x  1 dx  y  x 3  x 2  x  C2

We apply the second initial condition to find C2 [y=10 when x=1]

10  (1)3  (1) 2  (1)  C2  C2  11

This completes the formula for y as a function of x.

 (( Integration ))
y  x 3  x 2  x  11

Example 3: Evaluate the general solution of the following differential

equations:
dy
1.  x2 y
dx
Sol.: Separate the variables:
1 dy
 x2 Integrate both sides.
y dx

1 dy
 y dx
dx   x 2 dx

y x3 x3 x 3 C1
  C1  2 y   C1  y 
12 3 3 6 2
2
 x3  C1
 y    C where C
6  2

dy x 1
2. 
dx y 1

Sol.: y  1.dy  x  1.dx

 y  1.dy   x  1.dx

( y  1)3 2 ( x  1)3 2
  C1
32 32

3
( y  1)3 2  ( x  1)3 2  C1 
2

y  ( x  1) 3 2  C 
23
 1 where C
3
2
C1

dy
3.  1  x  y  xy
dx
dy dy dy
Sol.:  1  x  y (1  x)   (1  x)(1  y )   1  x. 1  y
dx dx dx
dy dy 2
1 y
 1  x .dx   1 y 
 1  x .dx  2 1 y 
3
(1  x) 3 2  C1

2 2
1 C  1  C
1  y   (1  x) 3 2  1   y   (1  x) 3 2  C   1 where C  1
3 2 3  2
 (( Integration ))
Homework:
I. Evaluate the following integrals:
x x 2 3
 9r 2 dr dy
1.    .dx 2.  3. 2
 2 3 1 r3 y (1  y ) 2

x.dx
4.  (1  x 2 2
)
5.  (1  y)1 2 dy 6.  sec2 ( x  2)dx

8.  sec2  dx
x 8 sin t
7.  tan x sec2 x.dx
4
9.  5  4 cost
dt

cos x
10.  2  sin x
dx 11.  3 cos2 x sin x.dx 12.  (1  sin 2t )3 2 cos2t.dt

sin x
13.  x
dx 14.  tan 2 x sec2 x.dx 15.  csc2 2 cot 2 .d

18 tan 2 x sec2
16.  (2  tan 3 x)2 dx 17.  1  sin 2 ( x  1) . sin( x  1) cos(x  1) dx

II. Solve the following initial value problems:

Differential equation Initial conditions

dy
1. 3 x y=4 when x=9
dx
dy
2.   sin x y=0 when x=0
dx
dy 1
3.  sec x tan x y=1 when x=0
dx 2
d2y 2 dy
4.   1 and y=1 when x=1
dx2 x 3 dx
d3y d2y dy
5. 6  8 ,  0 and y=5 when x=0
dx3 2
d x dx

III. A particle moves along a coordinate line with acceleration

d 2s ds
(a   15 t  3 t ), subject to conditions that  4 and s=0 when t=1.
dt 2 dt
ds
Find (a) the velocity ( v  ) in terms of t.
dt

(b) the position (s) in terms of t.

IV. The standard equation for free fall near the surface of every planet
 (( Integration ))
1 2
s (t )  gt  vot  so
2
Where s(t) is the body's position on the line of fall, g is the planet
(constant) acceleration of gravity, vo is the body's initial velocity and so is
the body's initial position.
Derive this equation by solving the following initial value problem:
d 2s
Differential equation: g;
dt 2
ds
Initial conditions:  vo and s  s0 when t=0.
dt
V. Show that:
cos 2 x dx 1  cos3x
1.  (cos x  sin x) 2 dx  x  C 2.  1  cos3x  C
2 3 sin 3x

tan 6 x dt t t
3.  tan x.sec x.dx 
5 2
C 4.   2(tan  sec )  C
6 t 2 2
1  sin
2
VI. Evaluate the indefinite integrals:
1.  sec 2 x. tan 2 x.dx 2.  sec2 ( x 2  2).2 x.dx

 tan x .sec2 x.dx 4.  sin4 x. cos x.dx

3
3.