PTRS 211

Pugat, Paul Nehemiah B.

PARAMETRIC AND NON PARAMETRIC TOOLS

A. Dependent T-Test
- A statistical test called the dependent t-test is used to compare the means of two related
groups, such as two measurements obtained from the same participant group. Its goal is to
establish the statistical significance of the difference between the two groups' means. This test,
which involves computing the t-value based on the mean and standard deviation of the
differences between the two groups, is frequently used in research contexts to compare the
efficacy of various treatments or interventions. (Howell, D. C. (2012). Statistical methods for
psychology (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.)

B. Wilcoxon Test
- When the data does not adhere to the assumptions of normality or equal variances, the
Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric statistical test that is employed to compare two
related or paired samples. Its goal is to establish whether the paired observations differ
significantly from one another. In the test, differences between the pairs are ranked, and the
sums of the ranks for positive and negative differences are compared. The Wilcoxon test is
frequently employed in a variety of sectors to assess the efficacy of interventions or to contrast
the performance of various systems or methodologies. (Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual
comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin, 1(6), 80-83.)

C. Independent T-Test
- A statistical test called the independent t-test is used to compare the means of two
independent or unpaired groups. Its goal is to establish whether the means of the two groups
differ statistically significantly from one another. To do the test, you would compute the means
and SDs of each group, compare the t-value to a critical number, or compute the p-value using
software. In order to compare the means of two groups, the independent t-test is frequently
used in scientific research, social sciences, and business. The test implies that the variances of
the two groups are equal and that the data is normally distributed, although there are other
tests available if these conditions are not met. (Howell, D. C. (2012). Statistical methods for
psychology (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.)

D. Mann Whitney
- A non-parametric statistical test called the Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare the
distributions of two independent or unpaired groups. Its goal is to establish whether the
medians of the two groups differ statistically significantly from one another. In order to perform
the test, all observations from both groups must be ranked, and the U-value—a statistic that
expresses how different the two groups are from one another in terms of the variability within
each group—must be calculated. When the data does not adhere to the assumptions of the
independent t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test is frequently used in scientific research, social
sciences, and business to compare the distributions of two groups. When the sample size is
small or the data are ordinal, it is helpful. (Mann, H. B., & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of
whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. The Annals of
Mathematical Statistics, 18(1), 50-60.)
E. ANOVA (1 way and 2 way)

- ANOVA, or analysis of variance, is a statistical test used to analyze the difference between means
in two or more groups. There are different types of ANOVA tests, including one-way ANOVA and
two-way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA is used when there is a single independent variable, and two-
way ANOVA is used when there are two independent variables. Both tests help to determine if
there are significant differences between the means of the groups being compared. (One-way
ANOVA and Two-way ANOVA by Laerd Statistics. Available at:
https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/one-way-anova-statistical-guide.php and
https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/two-way-anova-statistical-guide.php)

F. Friedman Test

- The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test used to compare three or more related
samples. It is often used as an alternative to the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) when the
assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances are not met. It is commonly used in
medical research to compare the effectiveness of different treatments or interventions.
(Montgomery, D. C. (n.d.). Design and analysis of experiments, 9th edition. Montgomery: Design
and Analysis of Experiments, 9th Edition - Student Companion Site. https://bcs.wiley.com/he-
bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=1119320933&bcsId=10790)

G. Kruskal Wallis

- The Kruskal-Wallis test is a non-parametric statistical test used to compare two or more
independent groups of samples that are not normally distributed or have unequal variances. This
test is used to determine whether the medians of two or more groups of samples are equal or not.
The null hypothesis is that the medians are equal among all groups, while the alternative
hypothesis is that at least one of the groups has a different median. (NIST/SEMATECH e-
Handbook of Statistical Methods: Kruskal-Wallis Test:
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda35h.htm)

H. Chi Squared

- The test involves comparing the observed frequencies of a categorical variable with the
frequencies that would be expected if the variable were distributed randomly. The chi-squared
test can be used for a variety of purposes, including testing the independence of two categorical
variables, comparing the distribution of a categorical variable to a hypothesized distribution, and
testing goodness of fit of a model. (Laerd Statistics: Chi-square test for independence:
https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/chi-square-test-for-association-using-spss-
statistics.php)