ULTRASONIC STUDIES OF BINARY MIXTURES OF

LIQUIDS

PROJECT WORK
Submitted to ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
PHYSICS

By

V.DIVYA
(Reg. No: 20121403008)

P.G. & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

ARIGNAR ANNA GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE
VILLUPURAM – 605 602

MAY – 2023
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project work entitled, “ ULTRASONIC STUDIES OF

BINARY MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS ” is a bonafide record of the work done by

V.DIVYA (Reg. No: 20121403008) in the Post Graduate and Research Department of

Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram – 605 602 during the academic

year 2022 – 2023.

Guide
Dr. D.MANIKANDAN
Associate Professor ,
M.Sc., M.Phil., PGDCA., Ph.D.,
Head of the Department

Place : Villupuram
Date : 12/05/2023

Project work Viva Voce examination conducted on 12 / 05 / 2023 F.N.

Examiners:

1.

2.
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “ULTRASONIC STUDIES OF

BINARY MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS” submitted to Annamalai University for the award of

Master of Science in Physics is a record of original and independent research work done by

me during the period 2022-2023 under the guidance of Dr.D.MANIKANDAN, M.Sc.,

M.Phil., PGDCA, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Physics, Arignar Anna Government

Arts College, Villupuram-605 602 and it has not previously formed the basis for the award of

any other Degree/ Diploma/ Associateship/ Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate

in any University.

Place : Villupuram

Date : 12.05.2023 Signature of the Candidate

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express sincere thanks to my guide Dr.D.MANIKANDAN, M.Sc., M.Phil.,

PGDCA, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College,
Villupuram for his valuable guidance, constructive criticisms and continued encouragement
throughout the course of this investigation.

I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. K.SETTU, M.Sc., Ph.D., B.Ed., C.O.P.A., Head
of the Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram for
providing the necessary facilities during the course of my study.

My heartful thanks to Dr. R.SIVAKUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Principal,

Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram for giving this opportunity.

I express my heartfelt thanks to my parents. I wish to thank to all my classmates and

friends for their encouragement and valuable help during the completion of my Project work
and my studies.

I profusely, acknowledge my thanks to all the staff members of our department.

I extend my sincere thanks to the authorities of Arignar Anna Government Arts

College for permitting to carry out the investigation successfully.

V.DIVYA
 PREFACE

Ultrasonic plays a great role in the study of molecular interaction in different liquid

mixtures. The measurement of ultrasonic velocity and the adiabatic compressibility helps us

in finding the molecular characterisitic of respective liquids. Experimental techniques

employed in the present study for the measurement of ultrasonic velocity and the working

principle of ultrasonic interferometer have been discussed.

The Ultrasonic Velocity (v), Density (ρ), measurements

have been carried out for the binary mixtures of Acetone, Benzene, Toluene and Water at

306K. from the measured values of Ultrasonic velocity, Density and Acoustic parameters

such as Adiabatic compressibility (β), Acoustic impedance (Z), has been calculated. The

results have been analysed and interrupted in the terms of molecular interaction.

KEYWORDS : Ultrasonic interferometer, Adiabatic compressibility, Free volume binary

liquid mixtures, Acoustic impedance.

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLES PAGE

NO NO
I GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 The sing around method
2
1.2 The Pulse technique
3
1.3 The Optical diffraction method
4
1.4 The Interferometric method
5
1.5 Absorption of sound in fluids

II ULTRASONIC VELOCITY IN LIQUIDS

Introduction 8

2.1 Generation of Ultrasound 9

2.2 Piezoelectric generator 9

2.3 Ultrasonic Interferometer 11

2.4 Properties of Ultrasonic wave 12

2.5 Applications 13

2.6 Study of liquids 15

2.7 Experimental methods 17

2.8 Adiabatic compressibility 21

2.9 Acoustic Impedance 22

2.10 Reference 22
III INTRODUCTION

3.1 Result and discussion 26

3.2 Reference 32

IV SUMMARY 34
 CHAPTER – I

GENERAL INTRODUCTION:

Sound waves travels in a medium as compression and rarefactions. The velocity of

these waves depends only the nature of the medium. The measurement of the ultrasonic

velocity is very useful in the determination of the molecular interaction of binary and trinary

liquid mixtures. The velocity of ultrasonics in soils can also be found with suitable

arrangements. The measurement of the ultrasonic velocity is done by various methods. They

differ in the technique used and the degree of accuracy.

The various experimental techniques are given below,

1. The sing around method

2. The pulse technique method

3. The optical diffraction method

4. Interferometric method

1.1. THE SING AROUND METHOD:

This method uses two transducers, one for transmitting and the other for

receving. The received signal is used to retrigger the transmitter making the system

periodic with frequency. There are two gates which improves the precision. The first gate

selects an echo that has made many round trip while a large transit time. The second gate

selects a single crystal cycle from the middle of the echo. So that the triggering signal has the

fastest possible rise time and therefore, the smallest possible because the measured repetition

period includes time delays in the electronic circuit. Changes in velocity can be measured to

within a few parts in ten.

1
1.2 THE PULSE TECHNIQUE METHOD

The most common and general method of ultrasonic measurement in solids and liquids

is that pulse technique. This was introduced by Pellam and Galt in 1946.

The pulse of sinusoidal voltage is applied to a Piezo electric transducer that is contact

with the sample. The transducer converts the electrical pulse into an acoustical pulse that is

transmitted into the medium. The voltage amplitude is maintained between a few volts and a

few hundred volts, the pulse width is between 1 and 10 micro second. Frequencies from 1

MHz and above are used.

In the single transducer pulse technique, the acoustic pulse is reflected back to The

transducer, which then serves as the receiver. For liquid medium metal or quartz reflector is

used. For solids the sample itself acts as the reflector. In either case the reflector face should

be accurately flat and parallel to the transducer face.

Each time a pulse returns to the transducer, part of its energy is converted as electrical

signal , the rest being reflected. As this process continue a series of echoes are detected each

of which has made one more round trip through the sample then its predecessor. The

attenuation and velocity of the sound are determined from the echo amplitude and transit time.

In a double transducer pulse technique, one transducer is used to convert the electrical

pulse to acoustical pulse and the other is used to receive the pulses are passing through the

medium. This is particularly useful in highly attenuating samples where a short path length is

needed and where there is difficulty is overcome by placing a quartz delay line between the

transducer and sample.

A trigger activates the pulsed oscillator and the sweep of the cathode ray tube. The

echo signal is amplified in a super heterodyne receiver, rectified and displayed on the cathode

ray tube. To facilitate measurement, a calibrator exponential curve is displayed

2
simultaneously with the echo pattern and is positioned by a calibrated time delay. This is

accomplished by activating the oscilloscope sweep.

A distinct advantage of the pulse technique is that the velocity and absorption can be

measured simultaneously. Accurate velocity measurement can be done only when the distance

between the transducer and the reflector is known exactly. The accuracy of this method is

between 1-5%.

When many echos are available an exponential curve can be fit to the echo peaks. The

difference in height (in decibles) divided by the separation in micro seconds given the

attenuation in decibels/micro seconds.

The pulse superposition methods is one of the specialized method which uses a signal

transmitter and receiver. The pulse repetition rate is adjusted so that the time between pulses

are is equal to round trip transmit time of the pulse in the specimen. Just as the first echo is

received the second pulse is being transmitted. Successive echos are superposed by adjusting

the repetition rate and the round trip transit times are found. When we apply two successive

pulses the oscilloscope display two echo wains and the repetition rate is adjusted for their

superposition.

1.3 THE OPTICAL DIFIRACTION METHOD:

The optical diffraction method resulted from the discoveries of made in 1932 by

Dela, Scars, Lucas and Biquard. They independently showed that a parallel beam of ultrasonic

waves in a transparent medium acts as a diffraction grating. The periodic vibration of

refractive indices produces a grating with a spacing equal to acoustic wave length(λ) and

moving with the velocity of sound. Since the speed of sound is negligible in comparison with

the speed of light the grating is considered be stationary.

3
 When a parallel beam of monochromatic light wave of wavelength is incident at the

right angles in such a grating , the diffraction angle is given by the relation ɵ=n/λ Where n is

an integer.

A parallel beam of monochromatic light from the collimater is made to fall on such a

grating. The diffraction of light takes place and the light after diffraction is focused at the

focal plane of the objective of telescope. A number of parallel images of the slit having

different intensities are obtained.

For a given source, the distance of separation of a given lines from the zeroth order

line depends on the value of ɵ which increase with decrease in intensity of the zeroth order

line is seem to be proportional to the intensity of the sound wave.

The diffraction method may be used for measuring both velocity and absorption

coefficients. Absorption co-efficient are determined by measuring the optical intensity of the

zeroth order spectrum with a photo electric cell. Attenuation measurement is also carried with

progressive waves and provided that the absorption is not too high. A degree of accuracy

comparable with that of the pulse method is possible.

1.4 INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD :

The measurement of velocity is done by the determination of the acoustic wavelength.

The instrument consists of the following two parts.

1. The high frequency generator.

2. The measuring cell.

Ultrasonic waves of known frequency are produced by a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of

the measuring cell. These waves are reflected by a movable metallic plate kept parallel to the

quartz crystal. When the separation between the reflector and the crystal is exactly a whole

4
multiple of the acoustic resonance makes an electrical reaction on the generator become

maximum.

When the distance is increased by unscrewing the micrometer,readings are noted

when the anode current becomed maximum, The wavwlength of the ultrasonic wave if found

using the relation.

A= 2d/n metre

where d is the difference in micrometer reading for n maximum and n is the number of

maxima.

The velocity of the ultrasonic wave can then be readily calculated from the relation.

V=Fλ m/s

where

V is the velocity of ultrasonic waves (m/s)

F is the frequency of ultrasonic waves (Hz)

λ is the wave length of ultrasonic waves (meters)

1.5 ABSORPTION OF SOUND WAVES IN FLUIDS :

When sound waves travel in a medium there is a dissipation of acoustic energy. The

sources of dissipation are classified into two categories , one is the dissipation of energy in the

transmitting medium and the other is due to the conduction at the boundries of the medium

5
.The losses in the medium are viscous losses, heat conduction losses and losses associated

with the molecular exchange of energy.

1.Viscous absorption

The viscous losses result from the relative motion occurring between various portion

of the medium the attenuation constant is given by

α =2ω2η /3ρ0c2

where

α is the attenuation constant

η is the co-efficient of viscosity (Nsm-2)

ω is the angular velocity (rad/sec)

ρ is the density of the medium (kg/m3)

c is the velocity of sound in that medium (m/s)

2. MOLECULAR OR RELAXATION ABSORPTION:

Two types of relaxation phenomenon are known to produce excess sound absorption.

These phenomenon occur in pure substance.

1. A delay in exchange of external and internal degrees of freedom is possible if

the two fluctuation occurs in the sound wave. Slow structural changes are not

connected with temperature fluctuation. In case of relaxation process, connected with enough

transfer as in quasistatic process, energy supplied to the external degrees of freedom is

distributed between them and internal degrees freedom.

6
 2. At sufficiency high frequency this does not occur and the energy states in the

external degrees of freedom produces a higher temperature. In liquids only with structural

relaxation, a static pressure produces shortening distance pulse a rearrangement. If the time of

pressure application is short no arrangement occur. The absorption of energy from sound

wave in fluids in accordance with a lag on the condensation relative to the varying acoustic

pressure .

7
 CHAPTER- II

ULTRASONIC VELOCITY IN LIQUID

INTRODUCTION :

Ultrasonic interferometer is a simple device which yields accurate and consistent data,

from which one can determine the velocity of ultrasonic sound in a liquid medium.

Ultrasonic sound refers to around pressure with a frequency greater than the human

audible range (20 Hz to 20 KHz). When an ultrasonic wave propagates through a medium, the

molecules in that medium vibrates over very short distance in a direction parallel to the

longitudinal wave. During the vibration momentum is transferred among molecules. This

causes the wave to pass through the medium.

8
2.1 GENERATION OF ULTRASOUND :

Ultrasound can be produced by different methods. The most common method including ,

1. Mechanical method - In this ultrasonic frequencies up to 100 KHz are produced.But

this method is rarely used to its limited frequency range.

2. Piezoelectric method - When crystals like quartz or tourmaline are stressed along

any pair of opposite faces, electric changes of opposite polarity are induced in the opposite

faces perpendicular to the stress. This is known as piezoelectric effect.

This is the most common method used for the production of ultrasound. Piezoelectric

effects are exhibited by certain crystals which lack center of symmetry. In a piezoelectric

crystal positive and negative electrical charges are separated. But

symmetrically distributed, so that the crystal over all electrically neutral, each of these

sides form on electric dipole and dipoles near each other end be aligned in region called

Weiss domains. The domains are usually randomly oriented but can be aligned during Poling ,

a process by which a strong electric field is applied approx. the material, usually at elevated

temperature.

2.2 PIEZOELECTRIC GENERATOR

A Slab of piezoelectric crystal is taken and using this a parallel plate capacitor is

made. Then with other electronic components an electronic oscillators designed to produce

electrical oscillations greater than 20 KHz. Generally one can generate ultrasonic waves of

order of MHz. Using piezoelectric generator quartz slabs are prepared because it posses rare

physical and chemical properties.

A tank circuit has a variable capacitor ‘C’ and an inductor ‘L’ which describes the

frequency of the electrical oscillations. When the circuit is closed current rushes

through the tank circuit and the capacitor is charged, after fully charged no current

9
passes through the same.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PIEZOELECRIC GENERATON

Then the capacitor starts discharging through the inductor and hence the electrical

energy in the form of electrical and magnetic field associated with the capacitor and the

inductor respectively. Thus we get electrical oscillations in the tank circuit with the help of

other electronic components including a transistor, electrical oscillations are produced

continuously. This is fed to the secondary circuit and the piezoelectric crystal vibrates as it is

continuously subjected to varying electric field, and it produce sound waves are generated.

When the frequency of oscillations is matched with the natural frequency of piezoelectric slab

then it will vibrate with maximum amplitude. The frequency generated is given as follows

material.

F = PE

Where ,

P is density of piezoelectric material

E is Young's modulus of piezoelectric

10
2.3 ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER :

In an ultrasonic interferometer, the ultrasonic waves are produced by the

piezoelectric method. In a fixed frequency variable path interferometer, the wavelength of the

sound in an experimental liquid medium is measured and from this one can calculate its

velocity through that medium.

The apparatus consist of an ultrasonic cell, which is a double walled brass cell with

chromium plated surfaces having a capacity of 10 m. The double wall allows water

circulation around the experimental medium to maintain at a known constant temperature.

The micrometer scale is marked in units of 0.01mm and has an overall length of 25mm.

Ultrasonic waves of known frequency are produced by the crystal which is fixedat the

bottom of the cell. There is a movable metallic plate parallel to the quartz plate,which

reflects the waves. The waves interfere with their reflections, and if the separation

between the plate is exactly an integer multiple of half liquid medium. Under acoustic

resonance occurs. The resonant waves are maximum in amplitude causing corresponding

maximum in the anode current of the piezoelectric generator.

11
The ultrasonic interferometer consist of mainly two parts:

❖ 1.THE HIGH FREQUENCY GENERATOR:

The high frequency generator is designed to excite the quartz crystal fixed at

the bottom of the measuring cell at it resonance frequency to generate ultrasonic waves in

experimental liquid filled in the 'Measuring cell'. A micrometer is provided to observe the

changes in current and to control for the purpose of sensitivity regulation and initial

adjustment of the micrometer are provided on the panel of the high frequency generator.

❖ 2.THE MEASURING CELL:

The measuring cell is specially designed double walled cell for maintaining

the temperatures of liquid constant during the experiment. A fine micrometer screw has been

provided at the top, which can lower or raise the reflector plate in the liquid in the cell

through a known distance.

In ultrasonic interferometer dual frequency, frequency sector knob should be positioned

at desired frequency and the corresponding cell should be connected to the generator. One is

marked with "ADJ' to adjust the position of the needle on the ammeter and the knob marked

GAIN' is used to increase the sensitivity of the instrument for greater reflection if desired.

The ammeter is used to notice the number of maximum deflections while micrometer is

moved up and down liquid.

2.4 PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

➢ Ultrasonic waves are having frequency higher than 20 KHz and hence they ale

highly energetic and their wavelength is small.

➢ Due to their small wavelength, the diffraction is negligible. Hence, they can

transmitted over a long distances without any appreciable loss of energy.

12
 ➢ They are able to drill and cut thin metals.

➢ At room temperature, ultrasonic welding is possible.

➢ When they are passing through a medium, they are partially reflected and this property

is used in Non-Destructive wave is absorbed by a medium, it generates heat.

➢ They mix molten metals of widely different densities to produce alloys of uniform

composition.

➢ Using ultrasonic wave, Acoustic grating can be formed in a liquid.

➢ They undergo reflection and refraction.They produce heating effect, mechanical

effect and chemical effect.

➢ They produce biological effect. Animals such as frogs and rats are killed when

subjected to ultrasonic waves.

➢ Produce stationary wave pattern in liquids of suitable dimensions and behave as

an acoustical grating.

2.5 APPLICATION

Ultrasonic is used in many applications such as Homogenizing, Disintegration,

Sonochemistry , Degassing or Cleaning.

❖ 1.ULTRASONIC HOMOGENIZING:

Ultrasonic processors are used as homogenizers, to reduce small particles in liquid to

improve uniformity and stability. These particles can be either solids

or liquids. Ultrasonic homogenizing is very efficient for the reduction of soft and hard

particles. Laboratory ultrasonic device can be used for volumes from 1.5 ml to 2 1.

Ultrasonic industrial device are used for the process development and production

batches from 0.5 to 2000lare flow ratesfrom 0.1 to 20 m^3 per hour.

13
 ❖ 2. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFYING:

A wide range of intermediate and consumer products, such as cosmetics and skin

lotions, pharmaceutical ointments, varnishes, paints and lubrications and fuels are

based wholly or in part of emulsions. Emulsions are dispersions of two are more

immiscible liquids.

❖ 3.ULTRASONIC WET-MILLING AND GRINDING:

Ultrasonic an efficient means for the wet milling and micro-grinding of particles in

particular further manufacturing of superfine size slurries, ultrasonic has many advantages,

when compared with common size reduction equipment, such as colloid mills (e.g. ball mills,

bead mills)

❖ 4. CELL DISINTEGRATION:

Ultrasonic treatment can disintegrate fibrous, cellulosic material into fine particles and

breaks the walls of the cell structure. such that cell wall material is being broken into

small debris.

❖ 5.TRANS ESTERIFICATION:

Ultrasonic increases the chemical reaction speed and yield of the transesterification of

vegetable oils and animal fats into biodiesel.

❖ 6. LEAK DETECTION:

Ultrasound is being used in bottling and filling machines to check cans and

14
bottles for leaks. The instantaneous release of carbon di oxide the decisive effect of

ultrasonic leakage test of containers.

❖ 7.CABLE AND STRAIN:

Ultrasonic cleaning is an environmentally friendly alternative for the cleaning of

continuous materials, such as wire and cable, tape or tubes.

2.6 STUDY OF LIQUIDS :

• Benzene

• Toluene

• Acetone

BENZENE :

Benzene is a widely used industrial chemical. Benzene is found in Crude oil and ia a

major part of gasoline. It’s used to make plastic, resins, synthetic fibre, rubber lubricants,

dyes, detergents, drugs and pesticides.

PROPERIES OF BENZENE :

• Benzene belongs to the family of aromatic hydrocarbons which are non-polar

molecules and are usually colourless liquids or solids with a characteristic

aroma.

• Benzene being non-polar is immiscible with water but is steadily miscible with

organic solvents.

• Upon combustion of benzene sooty flame is produced.

• Benzene is highly volatile.

15
ACETONE:

Acetone is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2 CO.it is the simplest and

smallest ketone. It is a colourless, highly volatile and Hammable liquid with a characteristic

pungent odor. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important organic solvent in

industry, home, and laboratory.

PROPERTIES:

• Acetone ia a highly miscible liquid. It readily dissolves in sunstances like

water, ethanol, ether etc.

• It’s freezing point is -94.7 ℃ . It’s boiling point is 56.05 ℃.

• It’s molecular formula is CH3COCH3.

• It’s IUPAC name is propane-2-one

• Acetone can dissolve many fats and multiple resins as well as sunstances like

cellulose acetate , nitro cellulose and other cellulose ethers.

TOLUENE:

Toluene is a naturally occurring compound. It is primarily derived from petroleum or

petrochemical processes.It is a very common component in substances like gasoline, glues

and other products. It is a liquid that is colourless, water insoluble and smells similar to paint

thinners.

PROPERTIES OF TOLUENE :

• The chemical formula of toluene is C6H5CH3 . The boiling point of

toluene is 111 ℃.

• The melting point of toluene is -95℃

• The density of toluene is 0.87 g/mol.

• The molecular weight of toluene is 92.141 g/mol.

16
 • Toluene is more reactive than benzene toward electrophiles.

2.7 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:

The ultrasonic velocity was found using multi frequency ultrasonic interferometer.

PRINCIPLE:

The principle used in the measurement of velocity is based on the accurate determination of

wave length in the medium. Ultrasonic waves of known frequency are produced by a crystal

field at the bottom of the cell. These waves are reflected by a movable metallic plate kept

parallel to the quartz crystal. If the separation between these two plates is exactly a whole

multiple of the wavelength. Standing waves are formed in the medium. This acoustic

resonance give rise to an electrical reaction on the generator driving the quartz crystal and the

anode current of the generator becomes maximum. The metallic plate is made to move up or

down and when the separation is a multiple of λ/2, the anode current becomes maximum.

From the knowledge of wave length (λ=2d/n) the velocity Can be calculated using the

relation

V= λ x f

Where,

λ is the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave (m)

Fis the frequency of ultrasonic frequency (Hz)

Wave length = 2d/n (m)

Where ,

d is the difference between 'n' maximas (m)

n is the number of maximas

17
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

The. ultrasonic interferometer consists of the following two parts ,

1. The high frequency generator

2. The measuring cell

➢ THE HIGH FREQUENCY GENERATOR:

This is designed to excite the quartz crystal. Fixed at the bottom of the measuring cell for

generating ultrasonic waves, A micro-ammeter is provided to observe the change in the anode

current. Two controls, one for sensitivity regulation and the other for initial adjustment, are

provided on the panel of the high frequency generator.

➢ THE MEASURING CELL:

This is a specially designed double walled cell. Two side tubes are provided for maintaining

the temperature of the liquid constant during the experiment. A fine micrometer screw has

been provided at the top. By screwing and unscrewing it, the reflector plate can be made to

raise or lower through a known distance. It Contains the liquid whose velocity is to be found.

A quartz crystal was also provided at the bottom of this cell.

ADJUSTMENTS OF ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER:

1. The cell is inserted into the square base socket and clamped with the help of the screw.

2. The measuring cell is filled with the experimental liquid. After filling it the micrometer is

inserted into it and screwed.

3. The high frequency generator is connected to the cell through a co-axial cable provided

with the instrument.

18
4. The temperature of the room is noted. The temperature can be changed by sending hot

water through the chutes provided in the double wall construction.

The initial adjustments are made with two knobs one marked Adj' for adjustment ofthe

position of the needle, and the other marked 'Gain' for increasing the sensitivity for greater

deflection if desired.

MEASUREMENT:

The measuring cell is connected to the output terminal of the high frequency generator. The

cell is filled with the experimental liquid before switching on the generator. The micrometer is

slowly moved till the anode current on the micro ammeter shows a maximum. The position of

the micro meter for n maximas are noted and the difference 'd' is found. The wave length is

calculated using the relations

(λ = 2d/n)

Now the velocity can be calculated using the formula ,

V= fλ (m/s)

Where

Fis the frequency of the ultrasonic wave (Hz)

λ is the corresponding wavelength (m)

weight the empty specific gravity (W0) and weight the specific gravity bottle with water (W1)

and weight the specific gravity bottle with solution (W2)

calculate the Density by using formula

ρ= W2 -WO

WI- WO

19
 Acoustic parameters as Adiabatic compressibility (B), Intermolecular Free length (L),

Acoustic impedance (Z) were determined using the following relations.

Where

Adiabatic compressibility B= 1
v2 p

Intermolecular Free length Lf = KTβ

Acoustic impedance Z = vρ

Where ,

KT is temperature independent constant whose value is 4.29 x 109 in MKS

System .

Ρ is Density in Kg/m3 and M is molecular weight.

MEASUREMENT OF THE DENSITY:

The density measurement were made by dilatometer. It was placed in a high

precision water bath for temperature control. The dilatometer was calibrated initially using

distilled water. The reliability of the dilatometer was checked for liquid like Benzene ,

Acetone , Toluene at known temperatures in controlled environment .

ULTRASONIC VELOCITY MEASURESMENT:

The velocity of ultrasonic waves in the liquid mixture was measured using an

ultrasonic interferometer operating at a frequency of 2 MHz. The temperature around this

device was maintained within 0.01 K in eletronically controlled thermostatic water bath. The

measuring cell is a specially designed double walled vessel with provision of temperature

constancy. The high frequency generator excites a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the

measuring cell, at its resonant frequency. The capacity of the measuring cell is 12 cc. A fine

20
micrometer screw, with a least count of 0.001 mm at the top of the cell, can raise (or) drop the

reflector plate in the liquid through a known distance. The measuring cell is connected to the

output terminals of the high frequency generator through a shielded cable. Ultrasonic waves

normal to quartz crystal, or reflected from the reflector plate. Stationary waves are formed in

the region between reflector plate and the quartz crystal. The micrometer was slowly moving

till a number of maximum readings (n) of the anode current went through. The total distance

(d) moved by the micrometer was noted. The wavelength of the ultrasonic waves in the liquid

is λ=2d/n. The velocity of ultrasonic waves in the liquid V = γ x λ , where f is the generator

frequency.

2.8 ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY:

The adiabatic compressibility is the fractional decrease of volume per unit

increase of pressure, when no heat flows in or out. It also determine the orientation of the

solvent molecules around the liquid molecules. The structural arrangement of the molecule

affecting the adiabatic compressibility has been calculated from sound velocity (V) and the

density(p) of the medium using the Newton- Laplace equation. (β) = l/ρv2

2.9 IMPEDANCE ACOUSTIC:

Acoustic impedance is important in the determination of acoustic transmission

and reflexion of two materials having different acoustic impedance, design of ultrasonic

transducers. I is also useful in the design of ultrasonic tranducers and for assessing absorption

of sound in a medium . The specific acoustic impedance is given by

Z = Vρ

21
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14 .LemmonEW, Melinden MO & Friend D.G.Thermophysical properties of fluid systems.

Linstrom PJ & Mallard W G, NIST Chemistry web book; NIS Standard Reference Number

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22
20. Savaroglu G & Aral E, Fluid Phase Equilib, 215 (2004) 253.

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23
 TABULATION :

DENSITY, VELOCITY, ADAIBATIC COMPRESSIBILITY, ACCOUSTIC

IMPEDANCE OF PURE LIQUIDS

ADIABATIC ACOUSTIC
LIQUIDS DENSITY VELOCITY COMPRESSIBILITY IMPEDANCE
Kg/m3 m/s X 10 -10 Nm2 X 103 m/s

WATER 999 1502 4.4326 1500

TOLUENE 867 1396 5.9184 1210

ACETONE 784 1198 8.8873 9392

BENZENE 876 1273 4.4239 1103

24
 GRAPH
1600
1400
1200
VELOCITYm/s

1000
800
600
400
200
0
4.432 5.918 8.887 4.423
ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY Nm2

The graph above illustrates the relation between adiabatic compressibility in X-axis and
velocity in Y-axis

25
 CHAPTER – III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The ultrasonic velocity in various liquids were determined using ultrasonic interferometer.
Toluene mixed with Acetone, Acetone mixed with Benzene, and Benzene mixed with
Toluene. The samples were prepared with various volume fractions. The density, velocity,
adiabatic compressibility and acoustic impedance were determined and tabulated.

TABLE 3.1 shows the readings for liquid mixture BENZENE-TOLUENE

DENSITY, VELOCITY, ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY AND ACOUSTIC

IMPEDANCE OF LIQUID MIXTURE

LIQUID RATIO ADIABATIC ACOUSTIC

BENZENE- DENSITY VELOCITY COMPRESSIBILITY IMPEDANCE
TOLUENE Kg/m3 m/s X 10 -10 Nm2 X 103 m/s
VOLUME
FRACTION

1:0 876 1273 4.4239 1103

0:1 867 1396 5.9184 1210

2.5:7.5 0.7195 1181 4.430 849.72

5:5 0.5994 1312 4.920 786.41

7.5:2.5 0.7629 1245 4.670 900.01

26
 Fig 1 shows that as the concentration increases the velocity decreases with
increases and Fig 2 shows that the adiabatic compressibility increases with
decreases.

VELOCITY-CHART
1450

1396
1400

1350
1312

1300
1273
VELOCITY

1245
1250

1200 1181

1150

1100

1050
01:00 00:01 2.5:7.5 05:05 7.5:2.5
VOLUME FRACTION RATIOS

FIG 1

BENZENE-TOLUENE

27
 ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY-CHART
7

5.918
6

4.92
5 4.67
ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY

4.423 4.43

0
01:00 00:01 2.5:7.5 05:05 7.5:2.5
VOLUME FRACTION RATIOS

FIG 2

BENZENE-TOLUENE

28
 TABLE 3.2 shows the reading for liquid mixture TOLUENE-ACETONE

DENSITY, VELOCITY, ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY AND ACOUSTIC

IMPEDANCE OF LIQUID MIXTURE

LIQUID RATIO ADIABATIC ACOUSTIC

TOLUENE- DENSITY VELOCITY COMPRESSIBILITY IMPEDANCE
ACETONE Kg/m3 m/s X 10 -10 Nm2 X 103 m/s
VOLUME
FRACTION

1:0 867 1396 5.918 1210

0:1 784 1198 8.887 9392

2.5:7.5 0.7998 1281 7.619 1024

5:5 0.7460 1313 7.775 979

7.5:2.5 0.8263 1214 8.211 1003

29
 FIG 3 shows that as the concentration increases the velocity decreases with
increases and FIG 4 shows that the adiabatic compressibility increases with
decreases.

VELOCITY-CHART
1450

1396
1400

1350
1313

1300 1281
VELOCITY

1250
1214
1198
1200

1150

1100

1050
00:01 01:00 2.5:7.5 05:05 7.5:2.5
RATIOS

FIG 3

TOLUENE-ACETONE

30
 ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY-CHART
10
8.887
9
8.215
7.619 7.775
8
ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY

7
5.918
6

0
00:01 01:00 2.5:7.5 05:05 7.5:2.5
RATIOS

FIG 4

TOLUENE-ACETONE

31
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32
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33
SUMMARY :

The ultrasonic interferometer can be used to determine the ultrasonic velocities of various

liquids and is very useful in determining the molecular interactions between the liquid

mixtures.

Ultrasonic velocity in benzene, toluene, acetone, mixture of acetone and toluene, toluene

and benzene, benzene and acetone were measured by the ultrasonic interferometer (2Mhz).

The densities of the respective liquids and their mixtures were found using specific gravity

bottle with the measured ultrasonic velocity and density, values of adiabatic compressibility

were also determined.

The ultrasonic velocity in the individual liquids are almost equal. The ultrasonic

velocity of benzene-toluene mixture were determined. This results in as the concentration

increases, the velocity decreases with increases and adiabatic compressibility increases with

decreases.

The ultrasonic velocity in toluene-acetone is also determined. This results in as the

concentration increases, the velocity increases with decreases and adiabatic compressibility

increase with decreases.

34