Mathematics

Find the difference between Linear 4x + 5y > 20 The statement is

Equations and Linear Inequalities? 4(2) + 5(5) > 20 TRUE. Hence, (2,
8 + 25 > 20 5) is a solution of
Linear Equations Linear Inequalities 33 > 20 an Inequality.
2x = 4y -2 3x + 6y < 12
5y = 8x + 20 2y > 8x - 4 2. (-4, 6)
3x + 4y = 5 9x + 4y ≤ -15
y = 3x + 5 4x + 8y ≥ 12 4x + 5y > 20 The statement is
4(-4) + 5(6) > 20 FALSE. Hence, (-
What is Linear Inequality? 4, 6) is NOT a
-16 + 30 > 20 solution of an
Linear Inequality used; 14 > 20 Inequality.

< - less than 3. (-8, 12)

> - greater than
≤ - less than or equal to 4x + 5y > 20 The statement is
≥ - greater than or equal to 4(-8) + 5(12) > 20 TRUE. Hence, (-
8, 12) is a
What is the meaning of Linear -32 + 60 > 20
solution of an
Inequalities in Two Variables? 28 > 20 Inequality

! A linear inequality in two . While the graph of 4x + 5y =

variables can be written in one
of four (4) forms:
Clearly, there are many
Ax + By > C Ax + By ≥ C ordered pairs such that
Ax + By < C Ax + By ≤ C 4x + 5y is greater than
20
Where A, B and C are real numbers, a
≠ 0 and b ≠ 0.
20 is a straight line, the graph
! An ordered pair (x, y) is a of 4x + 5y > 20 is a half-plane.
solution of an inequality in two
variables, if a TRUE statement
results when the variables, in
the inequality are replaced by The graph of any linear
the coordinates of the ordered inequality in two variables
pair. is a HALF-PLANE.

What is the solutions of an Inequality? Consist of the points whose

coordinates satisfy the
Determine whether each ordered pair inequality,
is a solution of 4x + 5y > 20.
1. (2, 5)

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How to Graph Linear Inequality in Two How to solve problems involving Linear
Variables? Inequalities in Two Variables?

Steps: Less than (<)

. Less than
! Rewrite the inequality as an . Fewer than
equation and solve for the . Under
intercepts. . Smaller than
! Plot and draw the boundary . Below
line; solid line (—————) if the . Shorter than
inequality is either ≥ or ≤ and . Beneath
broken line (------) if the . Lower than
inequality is < or >. Greater than (>)
! Decide which half-plane . Greater than
contains the solution set. Pick a . More than
test point that is on side of the . Exceeds
boundary line. Use (0,0) if . Larger than
possible. Replace x and y in the . Above
inequality with the coordinates . Over
of that point. . Higher than
! If the resulting inequality s . Longer than
TRUE, shade the side that Less than or equal to (≤)
contains the test point. If the . At most
resulting inequality is FALSE . No more than
shade the other side of the . Not more than
boundary. . Not exceed
. Maximum value
Ex. Greater than or equal to (≥)
. At least
Graph 2x – y ≤ 4 . No less than
c Rewrite the inequality . Not less than
2x – y = 4 . Not under
c Solve and plot the intercepts . More than or equal to
2x – y = 4 2x – y = 4
2x – 0 = 4 2(0) – y = 4 STEPS in solving a problem:
2x = 4 0–y=4 ! Understand the problem.
x=2 y = -4 ! Plan and represent the given .
c Pick a Test point ! Carry out the plan.
2x – y ≤ 4 ! Check the result.
2(0) – (0) ≤ 4
0 ≤ 4 TRUE Ex.

1. What are the values of y in

y < 6 – 3x if x = -5
y < 6 – 3x

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y < 6 -3(-5) Write an inequality that shows the
y < 6 + 15 various ways he can schedule his time
y < 21 to achieve his goal.

(-∞, 21) Set Notation 30x + 28y ≥ 840

2. What are the values of x in (40,30)

3x + 1 ≤ 7y if y = -2? 30(40) + 28(30) ≥ 840
1200 + 840 ≥ 840
3x + 1 ≤ 7y 2040 ≥ 840 TRUE
3x + 1 ≤ 7(-2)
3x + 1 ≤ -14 (28,0)
3x ≤ -14 – 1 30(28) + 28(0) ≥ 840
3x ≤ -15 840 + 0 ≥ 840
x ≤ -5 840 ≥ 840 TRUE
(-∞, -5) Set Notation
What is a System of Linear Inequalities
3. Find the range of values of y in Two Variables?
in the equation y = 2x - 3 for -1 < y ≤
1. . A solution to a system of linear
inequalities in two variables
consists of an ordered pair that
y = 2x - 3 y = 2x - 3 satisfies both inequalities.
y = 2(-1) -3 y = 2(1) – 3 3𝑥 + 𝑦 < 4
y = -2 -3 y=2–3 !
𝑦 ≤ −4𝑥 + 3
y = -5 y=1 1. (1,4)
-5 < y ≤ -1 3x + y < 4 y ≤ -4x + 3
3(1) + (4) < 4 (4) ≤ -4(1) + 3
3+4<4 4 ≤ -4 + 3
The inequality symbol 7<4 4 ≤ -1
should match the ones in FALSE FALSE
the given range, and the
order must be correct.
. Since both inequalities are
FALSE, the ordered pair (1,4) is
Ex. 2
a NOT SOLUTION of the
system.
Alex, a working student, has two part
time-jobs, one paying Php 30 per hour
2. (-4,6)
and another is paying Php 28 per hour.
3x + y < 4 y ≤ -4x + 3
He must earn at least Php 840 per
3(-4) + (6) < 4 (6) ≤ -4(-4) + 3
week to pay his expenses while
-12 + 6 < 4 6 ≤ 16 + 3
attending college night classes.
-6 < 4 6 ≤ 19
TRUE TRUE

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. Since both inequalities are ! The intersection (overlap) of
TRUE, the ordered pair (-4,6) is the shaded regions represent
a SOLUTION of the system. the set of solutions of the
system.
How to Graph Systems of Linear ! Any point in this region has
Inequalities in two variables? coordinates that satisfy both
inequalities
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 < 12 ! Some ordered paired satisfying
!
𝑦 ≤ 5𝑥 + 4 the system of inequalities are:
(2,-8), (0,-4),(-2,-14)
Intercept Method
Rewrite the inequality as an equation How to solve problems involving Linear
4x + 2y = 12 Inequalities in Two Variables?
Solve and Plot the Intercepts
4x + 2(0) = 12 4(0) + 2y = 12 Ex.
4x = 12 2y = 12
x=3 y=6 Arthur needs to buy fruits. A
x intercept is 3 y intercept is 6 mango costs Php 20 each while a
Test Point (0,0) guava costs Php 15 each. He can spend
4x + 2y < 12 no more than Php 180. The total
4(0) + 2(0) < 12 number of is not exceed to 8.
0 + 0 < 12
0 < 12 1. Write a system of inequalities that
TRUE shows the various ways he can buy the
fruits.
Slope Intercept Method
y = 5x = 4 20x + 15y ≤ 180
m=5 x+y≤8
b=4
Test Point (0,0) 20𝑥 + 15𝑦 ≤ 180
y ≤ 5x + 4 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ. !
𝑥+𝑦 ≤8
(0) ≤ 5(0) + 4
0≤0+4 20x + 15y = 180 20x + 15y = 180
0≤4 20x + 15(0) = 180 20(0) + 15y = 180
TRUE 20x = 180 15y = 180
x=9 y = 12
Test Point (0,0)
20(0) + 15(0) ≤ 180
0 ≤ 180
TRUE
x+y=8
x+y=8
x + (0) = 8
(0) + y = 8
x=8
y=8
Test Point (0,0)

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x+y≤8 MAPPING DIAGRAM
(0) + (0) ≤ 8 x y
0≤8
TRUE
1 1
2 3
3 5
4 7
5 9

GRAPH

What is a relation?

! A set of ordered pairs

{(1,1), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7), (5,9)}
! The set of all first coordinates
is the domain (x), of the
relation. The set of all second
coordinates is the range (y) of
the relation. What are the kinds of Relations?
x y
Domain (x): {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} INPUT
Range (y): {1,3,5,7,9} OUTPUT 1 1
2 3
What are the Representations of 3 5
Relation? 4 7
5 9
. Aside from ordered pair, a
RELATION can also be one-to-one
represented in three different relation
ways: x y

Ex. {(1,1), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7), (5,9)}

1 1
TABLE OF VALUES 3
x y 5
1 1 3 7
2 3 9
3 5
4 7 one-to-many
5 9 relation

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x y ! We can also say that “y is a
function of x” y = f(x)
1 1 ! The notation f(x) does not mean
3
of f multiplied by x
5
7 3 ! In other words, f(x) denotes the
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y-value (range) that the
function f pairs with x-value
many-to-one (domain). Thus, f(1) the value of
relation y at x=1

one-to-one: {(1,1),(2,3),(3,5),(4,7), (5,9)} 1. How many liters of water are

one-to-many: {(1,1),(1,3),(3,5),(3,7),3,9)} wasted when the faucet runs
many-to-one:{(1,1),(3,1),(5,1),(7,3),(9,3)} for 5 minutes.
Find f(5)
What are the function? 2. Find the value of y that
correspond to the value of x=12.
! A rule that pairs each element Find f(12)
in one set, called the domain, 3. y is 300 when x is 20.
with exactly one element from f(20) = 300
as second set, called range.
Ex. 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 ; − 2𝑥 − 3
{(1,1),(2,3),(3,5),(4,7), (5,9)}
FUNCTION Find f(0) Find f(8)
f(x) = 8x2–2x-3
{(1,1),(2,3),(1,5),(4,7), (5,9)} f(x) = 8x2–2x-3
f(8) = 8(8)2–2(8)-3
MERE RELATION f(0) = 8(0)2–2(0)-3
f(8) = 8(64)-16-3
f(0) = 0-0-3
f(8) = 512-16-3
f(0) = -3
f(8) = 494
<
Find 𝑓(− ;)
Not all RELATION is f(x) = 8x2–2x-3
a FUNCTION. < < <
f(− ;) = 8(− ;)2-2(− ;)-3
< <
f(− ;) = 8(=)+1-3
<
f(− ;) = 2+1-3
<
What is a Function Notation? f(− ;) = 0

How to identify the Domain and Range

of function by using graph?
DOMAIN RANGE
! The domain of the functions the
Set of all Set of all
set of all possible x-values (the
inputs outputs
independent variable) and the

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range is the set of all possible f(x) = -2 + 4
values of y (the dependent DOMAIN: {x|x E R}
variable). RANGE: {y|y R R}

f(x) = x2 + 2
DOMAIN: {x|x E R}
RANGE: {y|y ≥ 2}

F(x) = √𝑥
DOMAIN: {x|x ≥ 0}
RANGE: {y|y ≥ 0}

1. f(x) = √𝑥 + 5
{ Observe that the graph x+5≥0
extends infinitely in both x ≥ -5
directions. This means that the
values of x can be the set of DOMAIN: {x|x ≥ -5}
real numbers. Similarly, the set RANGE: {y|y ≥ 0}
of all possible values of y is the
set of all real numbers. 2. f(x) = √2𝑥 − 7
2x – 7 ≥ 0
DOMAIN: {x|x E R} 2x ≥ 7
RANGE: {y|y E R} x≥;
@

@
DOMAIN: {x|x ≥ ;}
RANGE: {y|y ≥ 0}

What is a Linear Function?

A linear function is a function that

can be written in the form f(x) = mx
+ b,
DOMAIN: {x|x E R} ! Where m and f(x) are not both
RANGE: {y|y ≥ 0} equal to zero.
! Where m tells us the slope of
a line and b tells us where the
graph crosses the y-axis.

A function whose graph is a

straight line. Its equation can be
written in the form y = mx + b, where
x and y are used for the independent
DOMAIN: {x|x E R} and dependent variables, respectively,
RANGE: {y|y ≤ 4} m ≠ 0.

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a. f(x) means "the value of f at Rewriting into If – then statement
y=f(x)
x." it does not mean "f times x."
b. letters other than f such as 1. Eating vegetables make you grow
g(x) or healthy. p q
G and H or g and h can also be
h(x)
used.
If you eat vegetable, then you will grow
healthy.

What is a conditional statement? 2. A number ends in 7 is an odd number.

p q
! A conditional statement is a If the number ends in 7, then it is odd.
compound statement of the
form "if p then q" where p and 3. Good weather makes a picnic more
q are statements. enjoyable. p q

If the weather is good, then it makes a

! The first statement, p is called
picnic more enjoyable.
the hypothesis and usually
begins with if, while the second 4. You get paid when you work.
statement, q, which usually q p
begins with then is called the If you work, then you get paid.
conclusion.
5. a + b = a implies that b = 0.
Conditional statement: p q
If_________,then ________ If a + b = a, then b = 0
(p) (q)
Conditional Statement
! Hypothesis is a tentative
assumption made in order to { If-then statement is also called a
draw out and test its logical or conditional statement which is
formed by joining two statements
empirical consequences.
p and q using the words if and
! Conclusion is the necessary
then. The p statement is called
consequence of one or more hypothesis and the q statement is
propositions takes as premises. the conclusion.

Writing a Statement in an If – then Every conditional statement has three (3)

form related statements and these are the
converse, inverse and contrapositive of
To write a statement in an if-then form; the conditional.

! Identify the hypothesis and the Conditional

conclusion from the given p q If p, then q
Statement
statement, Converse q p If q, then p
! then write the hypothesis after if If not p, then
and the conclusion after then. Inverse ~p ~q
not q
If not q, then
Contrapositive ~q p~
not p
The word if is not part
of the Hypothesis and
the word then is not
part of the conclusion
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Converse ! You are a native Kapampangan, if
and only if" you are born in
The converse of a conditional statement Pampanga.
is formed by interchanging the hypothesis
and the conclusion. For instance, the Conditional Statement (if p, then q):
converse of p q is q p (if q, then p).
It may also be true or false. If you are a lawyer, then you passed the
bar exam.
Conditional Statement (if p, then q):
Converse (if q, then p):
If you live in Davao, then you live in
Mindanao. If you passed the bar exam, then you are
a lawyer.
Converse (if q, then p):
Biconditional Statement
If you live in Mindanao, then you live in
Davao. ! You are a lawyer if and only if you
passed the bar exam.

In this case the Inverse

conditional statement
is true, but the The inverse of a conditional statement is
converse is false. formed by negating both the hypothesis.
~ ~
For instance, the inverse of p q is
p q (if not p, then not q)
Conditional Statement (if p, then q):
Conditional Statement (if p, then q):
If you are a native Kapampangan, then
you are born in Pampanga. If you live in Davao, then you live in
Mindanao.
Converse (if q, then p):
Inverse (if not p, then not q)
If you are born in Pampanga, then you are
a native Kapampangan. If you do not live in Davao, then you do
not live in Mindanao.

Contrapositive
In this case, both the
conditional and the
The contrapositive of a conditional
converse are true.
statement is formed by interchanging the
hypothesis and conclusion and negating
both. For instance, the contrapositive of
p q is ~q ~p (if not q, then not p).
Biconditional Statement
Conditional Statement (if p, then q):
! the two statements can be
combined using "if and only if” If you live in Davao, then you live in
Mindanao.

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Contrapositive (if not q, then not p) DIRECT PROOF
INDIRECT
PROOF
If you do not live in Mindanao, then you
Informal Formal
do not live in Davao.

Inductive Reasoning
Two-column Form Proof by
Paragraph Contradiction
c it is the process of gathering
Form
specific information , usually
through observation and Flowchart Form
measurement, and then making a
conjecture based on the gathered
information.

Deductive Reasoning

c It is the process of showing that

certain statements follow logically
from agreed assumptions and
proven facts.

Laws of Deductive Reasoning;

Law of Detachment

! If p q is a true conditional
statement and p is true, then q is
true.

Law of Syllogism

! If p q and q r are true

conditional statements, then p r
is true.

Writing Direct and Indirect Proof

Proof

! It is a logical argument in which

each statement that you make is
backed up by a statement that is
accepted as true.

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