brilliant philosopher named Democritus, and he proposed the Greek word

atomos, which means uncuttable. And so as he explained, all matter was

eventually reducible to discrete, small particles or atomos.

Democritus was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered

today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.

Matter - is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Solid - has fixed volume and fixed shape.

Liquid - doesn't have shape but has a define volume.

Gas - has no definite shape or volume, most of it are invisible

Pure substance - a sample of matter that has definite chemical and physical properties.
- Elements, Compounds, Atoms, Molecules.

Intermolecular forces- are the attractive forces that exist between molecules.

Intramolecular forces- chemical bonds that hold the atoms together in a compound.

Physical Properties- observed physically about the substance at its natural state.

Intensive Properties - do not depend on the amount of matter that the substance has.
-color taste, boiling point, freezing point, density, hardness, luster.

Physical Changes - process in which only the phase of the substance changes, not its
density.

Extensive Properties- physical properties that depend on the quanity of matter.

-mass, volume, length, shape, energy, enthalphy.

Chemical Property - observed when the substances chemically changes into an entirely
new substance during a chemical change.

Plasma - an electrically conducting medium in which there are roughly equal numbers of
positively and negatively charged particles, produced when the atoms in a gas become
ionized. ... It is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from the solid,
liquid, and gaseous states.

Atom - is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element. Every solid,
liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.
Elements - pure substance that cannot be seperated into simpler substance by physical
or chemical means.

-November 2018, 118 elements but 98 are only known.

-80 of the 98 are stable elements, the rest are the radio active.

Hydrogen - most abundant elements in the universe

Iron - most abundant element by mass in the composition of the earth.

Oxygen - most common element in the layered that is the earth's crust.

Compounds - pure substance composed of two or more different elements joined by

chemical bonds.
-Made of elements in specific ratio that is always the same.
-Has chemical formula.
-Can only be seperated by chemical means, not physically.

-Governed by the law of definite proportion proposed by Joseph Proust in 1799

Chemical formula - is used as a quick way to show the composition of compounds.

Indicators - are substances whose colors are affected by acids and bases.

Mixtures - A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
-Substances held together by physical forces not chemical.
-No chemical change takes place
-Each item returns is properties in the mixture.
-They can be separated physically.
-solution, colloid, suspension.

Homogeneous mixture - is the mixture that appears as one uniform phase of matter.

Heterogeneous mixture - is the mixture that is not uniformly mixed.

SOLID

Density - defined as a substance's mass per unit volume, is an important physical

property for characterizing a material or chemical system.

Crystalline Solids - is a solid material whose constituents are arranged in a highly ordered
microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. (solid)

Metallic Solids - is defined as consisting of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of

mobile electrons.

Amorphous Solids - is one in which the particles are not arranged in a regular or
repeating pattern. It forms when a molten cools too quickly to allow enough time to
crystals form. (cotton candy)

FLUIDS

Temperature - it is the measure of the average kinetic energy og the particles in a sample
of matter.

Fluidity - is the ability to flow.

Viscosity - is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. It corresponds to

the informal concept of "thickness".

Surface Tension - is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given
amount.

Capillary Action - is defined as the movement of water within the spaces of a porous
material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension.

GAS

Volume - the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed
within a container, especially when great.

Pressure - gas molecules are in continuous motiom and frequently strike the walls of its
container.
Vaporization - conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous
phase (boiling.)

Sublimation - is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state,
without passing through the liquid state.

Condensation - is the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid
water. It generally occurs in the atmosphere when warm air rises, cools and looses its
capacity to hold water vapor. As a result, excess water vapor condenses to form cloud
droplets.

Deposition - is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a
landform or landmass. Wind, ice, water, and gravity transport previously weathered
surface material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited,
building up layers of sediment.

Melting - change of a solid into a liquid when heat is applied. In a pure crystalline solid,
this process occurs at a fixed temperature called the melting point.

Freezing - is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is
lowered below its freezing point.

Microscopic - so small as to be visible only with a microscope

Macroscopic -visible to the naked eye; not microscopic.
Quantum mechanics - is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of
the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles.

Quantum theory - it tells us that both light and matter consists of tiny particles which
have wavelike properties associated with them. Light is composed of particles called
photons, and matter is composed of particles called electrons, protons, neutrons.

Erwin Schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom, which treats
electrons as matter waves. ... Electrons have an intrinsic property called spin, and an
electron can have one of two possible spin values: spin-up or spin-down. Any two
electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spins.

Quantum number - describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum

system. These are used to describe an electron in an orbit or atomic orbital.

Principal quantum number (n) - describes the energy of an electron and the most
probable distance of the electron from the nucleus. In other words, it refers to the
size of the orbital and the energy level an electron is placed in.

Bohr Model - is a system consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting

electrons—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by
electrostatic forces in place of gravity.

Ion - is a particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of the electron
is considered negative by convention.

Nucleus - the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming
the basis for its activity and growth. Membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's
chromosomes. Pores in the nuclear membrane allow for the passage of molecules in and
out of the nucleus.
Orbital - it is usually illustrated as electron clouds. It is a region around the nucleus of atom
with the greatest probability of finding electrons. Is a mathematical function describing the
location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function can be used to
calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the
atom's nucleus.

Electron configuration - Is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or

molecular orbitals.
Principal Energy Level - refers to the shell or orbital in which the electron is located relative
to the atom's nucleus. This level is denoted by the principal quantum number n.
Ground state - lowest allowable energy state of an atom.

Excited state - when an atom gains energy.

Sublevel - is an energy level defined by quantum theory. It refer to energies associated

with electrons or nucleus.

S sublevel - all orbitals are spherical, and their size increases with increasing principal
quantum number. Made up of a singular orbital holding a maximum of 2 electrons

P sublevel - the three - orbitals dumbbell shaped and are oriented along the three
perpendicular x,y, & z axes.

D sublevel - four of the five - orbitals have the same shape but in different planes. The
dz^2 orbital has its own unique shape. Made up of a 5 different orbitals and the sublevel
holds a maximum of 10 electrons.

F sublevel - made up of a 7 different orbitals and holds a maximum of 14 electrons.

Erwin Scrodinger - was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian-Irish physicist who developed a
number of fundamental results in quantum theory: the ---- equation provides a way to
calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time.

Werner Karl Heisenberg - was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key
pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough
paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during
the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially
elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. ----
was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics".

John Dalton - was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. He is best known
for introducing the atomic theory into chemistry, and for his research into colour
blindness, sometimes referred to as Daltonism in his honour.

Joseph John Thomson - was a British physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics,
credited with the discovery of the electron, the first subatomic particle to be
discovered.

Ernest Rutherford - was a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father
of nuclear physics.[3] Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest
experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).[3]

Neils Bohr (1913) - a Danish physicist working in Rutherford's laboratoty, proposed a

quantum model for the hydrogen atom that seemed to answer this question.

Atomic number - is the number of protons.

Atomic mass - is the average number of protons + neutrons of all the isotopes of an
atom.

Mass number - is the number of protons + neutrons of a specific isotope of an atom.