Reviewer (Gen Science)

Chemistry
- Is the science that describes matter – its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the
energy changes that accompany those processes.
- Central science
- All living matter contains compounds with carbons combined with hydrogen and other
elements.
Organic Chemistry - is the study of carbon containing compounds
Inorganic Chemistry - study of all other compounds, including simpler carbon containing
compounds
Solute- substance that is being dissolved
Solvent - substance that does the dissolving
Soluble - the ability of the substance to be dissolved
Water is a universal solvent because of its polarity and small molecular size.
- The arrangement of oxygen (-) and hydrogen (+) atoms side to side, that allows it to
attract many different molecules
Saturated Solution - solution that cannot hold anymore solute at a room temperature
Dilute Solution- small amount of solute dissolved in a solution
Concentrated Solution - large amount of solute dissolved in a solution
Supersaturated Solution - solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is
capable of being dissolved at a given temperature
Miscible liquids - liquids that mix with each other
Immiscible liquids - liquids that does not mix with each other
Ethanol can dissolve in water because of their polarity.
- Forms a hydrogen bond
How can you form a supersaturated solution?
- By heating a saturated solution, adding more solute, and cooling it gently
Physical Change- change in properties such as texture, shape, or state
Chemical Change - formation of a new substance after atoms are rearranged in a chemical
reaction.
The chemicals after a chemical change have properties different to the chemicals before the
change.
Different Laws in Chemistry
1. Law of Multiple Proportion (John Dalton’s) - wherein two elements combine to form
more than one compound, the ratio of the mass of the second element is small, whose
number is a fixed amount of the first element.
2. Law of Definite Proportions - a given chemical compound always contains the same
element in the exact same proportions by mass.
3. Law of Conservation of Mass - the mass in an isolated system can neither be created nor
be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.
4. Law of Conservation of energy - energy is neither created nor destroyed
𝐾1 + 𝑉1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑉2
To get the mass number of an atom, add the protons and the number of neutrons.
Diffusion - particles spread from an area of higher concentration to low concentration
Water displacement method- allows us to measure the volume of an object
Increase the rate of chemical reactions = increase temperature and concentration
Sodium chloride dissociates when placed in water, because the positive portion of water
molecules attracts the negative chloride ions, and the negative component of water molecules
attracts the positive sodium ions.
Intermolecular force of attraction between oppositely charged particles in ionic compounds give
rise to ionic bonds.
Matter can exist in all three states; one example is water. This is done through:
● Evaporation
● Condensation
● Freezing
● Melinting Process
Aside from this, we also have sublimation, which occurs when the solid is converted to gas by
the addition of heat.
Classification of Matter
1. Pure Substances - define composition and distinct properties - it can be element/
substance
- Other elements are derived from their latin name
2. Compound - elements that react with each other to form a substance - a pure substance
containing two or more kinds of atoms chemically combined in a definite proportion by
mass.
3. Mixture - composed of two or more substances combined physically in variable
proportions.
- They can be separated through: melting, evaporation, distillation, separatory
funnel
Two Classification of Mixtures

1. Homogeneous Mixture - relatively uniform in composition; every portion of the mixture
is like every other portion of the solution
- Well-mixed and behave like a single - substance
2. Heterogenous mixture - mixtures have visually distinguishable components
Law of Motion (Isaac Newton)

1. Law of Inertia
- An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at
constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
2. Law of Acceleration
- The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of
force applied.
- Mass is directly proportional to acceleration force = mass x acceleration
3. Law of Interaction
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Gravitational Potential Energy = mgh

- Higher mass, higher Height
2
- Gravitational acceleration = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
- Higher height, higher gravitational force
Atomic Number - number of protons
- The number of protons signifies the number of electrons
Electronic Configuration - the position in the periodic table
Valence Electrons - the outermost shell that shows the outermost electrons
- 1st energy level - 2 atoms/ electrons can be accommodate
- 2nd energy level - 6 atoms/ electrons can be accommodated
All elements want to be Noble gasses.
- Every element wants to achieve stability which is possible only when they have fulfilled
the outermost shell. That's why the element wants to have a noble gas configuration. In
the fulfilled outermost shell they neither accept nor donate electrons and are almost
unreactive and highly stable.
- All elements want to be a Noble gas, because they have a completely full outermost shell,
making them stable and less likely to interact with other elements. That is why other
elements 'mimic' noble gasses. They want to obtain a stable configuration.
Mutation - change in the genes of DNA
Immunity - usually used for viruses and diseases
Mass number - sum of the number of protons and electrons
Virus - can only live through a host (hence cannot reproduce, can only cell division)
- Simpler than bacteria
- Composed of RNA
- Not a complete cell
Formula in Physics
Potential Energy = mgh
1 2
Kinetic Energy = 2
𝑚𝑣
Atomic bomb - splitting of atoms/ fission
Nucleus - concentrated in the middle, hence making it more dense, converting this to energy
Eukaryotic - with true nucleus
Prokaryotic - only has ribosome
Ideal Gas Laws
𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑇2
= 𝑇2
Directly Indirectly
Proportional Proportional
Tyndall Effect - scattering of light when you point it to a substance
- The phenomenon of scattering of a beam of light by colloidal particles, when passed
through a colloidal solution.
The greater the mass and volume, the greater the density is.
Atmosphere - heavily influences the weathering of rocks, because of the changing of climate
Punnett Square
- a table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals
with known genotypes are given.
- If both parents have homogenous dominant trait, there will be no recessive gene
Unit of force - newton
Force is mass times acceleration (m)(a)
Metal atoms - lose electrons
Non-metal atoms - gain electrons
Most electronegative element is Fluorine.
High altitude - boiling point of water decreases (since it is cold, the boiling point decreases)
Oil is less dense than water.

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Reviewer (Gen Science)

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Chemistry

Two Classification of Mixtures

Law of Motion (Isaac Newton)

Gravitational Potential Energy = mgh

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