EXERCISE 6 + Solutions

EXERCISES
1. Four arms of a Wheatstone bridge are as follows: AB = 100 Ω, BC = 10 Ω, CD = 4 Ω,

DA = 50 Ω. A galvanometer with internal resistance of 20 Ω is connected between BD,
while a battery of 10-V dc is connected between AC. Find the current through the
galvanometer. Find the value of the resistance to be put on the arm DA so that the
bridge is balanced.
Solution
To find out current through the galvanometer, it is required to find out Thevenin equivalent voltage
across nodes BD and also the Thevenin equivalent resistance between terminals BD. To find out
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage across BD, the galvanometer is open circuited, and the circuit then
looks like the figure given below. At this condition, voltage drop across the arm BC is given by
2. The four arms of a Wheatstone bridge are as follows: AB =100 Ω, BC = 1000 Ω, CD
= 4000 Ω, DA = 400 Ω. A galvanometer with internal resistance of 100 Ω and
sensitivity of 10 mm/μA is connected between AC, while a battery of 4 V dc is
connected between BD. Calculate the current through the galvanometer and its
deflection if the resistance of arm DA is changed from 400 Ω to 401 Ω.
To find out current through the galvanometer, it is required to find out the Thevenin equivalent
voltage across nodes AC and also the Thevenin equivalent resistance between terminals AC.
To find out Thevenin equivalent voltage across AC, the galvanometer is open circuited.
At this condition, voltage drop across the arm AB is given by
3. In the Wheatstone bridge the values of resistances of various arms are P=1000Ω, Q = 100Ω,
R = 2,005 Ω and S = 200 Ω. The battery has an emf of 5 V and negligible internal resistance.
The galvanometer has a current sensitivity of 10 mm/𝜇A and an internal resistance of 100
Ω. Calculate the deflection of galvanometer and the sensitivity of the bridge in terms of
deflection per unit change in resistance.
4. In an AC bridge shown below the supply voltage is 20V at 50Hz. Arm AB is 0.25
𝝁𝑭 pure capacitance; arm BD is 400 Ω pure resistance and arm AC has a 120 Ω
resistance in parallel with a 0.15 𝝁𝑭 capacitor. Find resistance and inductance or
capacitance of the arm CD considering it as a series circuit.
Solution
Impedance of the arm AB is
1 1
̅̅̅
𝑍1 = = = 1273Ω
2Π𝑓𝐶1 2Π ∗ 500 ∗ 0.25 ∗ 10−6
Since it is purely capacitive, in complex notation, ̅̅̅

𝑍1 = 1273∠ − 90°Ω
Impedance of arm BD is Z3 = 400 Ω. Since it is purely resistive, in complex notation
̅̅̅
𝑍3 = 400∠0°Ω
Impedance of arm AC containing 120 Ω resistance in parallel with a 0.15 µF capacitor is
𝑅2 120
̅̅̅2 =
𝑍 =
1 + 𝑗2ΠfC2 𝑅2 1 + 𝑗(2Π ∗ 500 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 120)
120
̅̅̅
𝑍2 =
1 + 𝑗(0.056)
To simplify this complex number expression, we need to rationalize the denominator,
which means getting rid of the imaginary unit in the denominator. We can do this by
multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the
denominator. The complex conjugate of 1 + 𝑗(0.056) is 1 − 𝑗(0.056).
120 ∗ (1 − 𝑗(0.056)) 120 ∗ (1 − 𝑗(0.056)) 120 − 𝑗6.72

̅̅̅2 =
𝑍 = =
(1 + 𝑗(0.056)) ∗ (1 − 𝑗(0.056)) (1 − 0.0562 ) 0.997
̅̅̅
𝑍2 = 120.36 − 𝑗6.72Ω
Changing this rectangular form to polar form
𝑟 = √(120.36)2 + (6.72)2 = 120.55
6.72
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 3.2°
120.36
̅̅̅
𝑍2 = 120.36 − 𝑗6.72Ω = 120.55∠ − 3.2°Ω
For balance
̅̅̅
𝑍1 𝑍̅̅̅4 = ̅̅̅
𝑍2 𝑍̅̅̅3
𝑍2 𝑍3 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
∴ impedance of the arm CD required for balance is ̅̅̅
𝑍4 = ̅̅̅
𝑍 1
120.55 ∗ 400
̅̅̅4 =
𝑍 ∠(−3.2° + 0° + 90° = 37.65∠86.8°Ω
1273
The positive angle of the impedance indicates that the branch consists of a series combination of
resistance and inductance.
Resistance of the unknown branch
𝑅4 = 37.65 ∗ cos 86.8° = 2.1 Ω
Inductive reactance of the unknown branch
𝑋4 = 37.65 ∗ sin 86.8° = 37.59Ω
Inductance of the unknown branch
37.59
𝐿4 = 𝐻 = 11.97𝑚𝐻
2Π ∗ 500
5. A Maxwell’s inductance-capacitance bridge shown in Figure 1 is used to measure an
unknown inductive impedance. The bridge constants at a bridge balance are: Pure
resistance arms = 2.5kΩ and 50 kΩ. In between these two resistors, the third arm has
a capacitor of value 0.012 μF in parallel with a resistor of value 235 kΩ. Find the
series equivalent of the unknown impedance.
Figure 1
𝐿1 = 𝐶4 𝑅2 𝑅3 = 0.012 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 103 ∗ 50 ∗ 103 = 1.5𝐻
And
𝑅3 103
50 ∗ 103
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 ∗ = 2.5 ∗ 10 ∗ = 0.53𝑘Ω
𝑅4 232 ∗ 103

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EXERCISES

1. Four arms of a Wheatstone bridge are as follows: AB = 100 Ω, BC = 10 Ω, CD = 4 Ω,

Since it is purely capacitive, in complex notation, ̅̅̅

Impedance of arm BD is Z3 = 400 Ω. Since it is purely resistive, in complex notation

120 ∗ (1 − 𝑗(0.056)) 120 ∗ (1 − 𝑗(0.056)) 120 − 𝑗6.72

Changing this rectangular form to polar form

𝑟 = √(120.36)2 + (6.72)2 = 120.55

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