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    Sonet/Sdh: 20.1 Review Questions

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    1. SONET uses synchronous optical networking to transmit digital signals over optical fiber. It combines multiple optical signals into higher rate signals and transmits them synchronously. 2. SONET uses overhead bytes in the frame to identify the location of the payload and synchronize timing across the entire network. It can carry different services like ATM cells and DS-1 signals using virtual tributaries of different rates. 3. A SONET regenerator receives an optical signal, regenerates it, and replaces some overhead information to transmit the signal further across the network, encapsulating and multiplexing signals as they move from their optical source to destination.

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    Sonet/Sdh: 20.1 Review Questions

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    1. SONET uses synchronous optical networking to transmit digital signals over optical fiber. It combines multiple optical signals into higher rate signals and transmits them synchronously. 2. SONET uses overhead bytes in the frame to identify the location of the payload and synchronize timing across the entire network. It can carry different services like ATM cells and DS-1 signals using virtual tributaries of different rates. 3. A SONET regenerator receives an optical signal, regenerates it, and replaces some overhead information to transmit the signal further across the network, encapsulating and multiplexing signals as they move from their optical source to destination.

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    1. SONET uses synchronous optical networking to transmit digital signals over optical fiber. It combines multiple optical signals into higher rate signals and transmits them synchronously. 2. SONET uses overhead bytes in the frame to identify the location of the payload and synchronize timing across the entire network. It can carry different services like ATM cells and DS-1 signals using virtual tributaries of different rates. 3. A SONET regenerator receives an optical signal, regenerates it, and replaces some overhead information to transmit the signal further across the network, encapsulating and multiplexing signals as they move from their optical source to destination.

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    26 views4 pages

    Sonet/Sdh: 20.1 Review Questions

    Uploaded by

    Oso Pol
    1. SONET uses synchronous optical networking to transmit digital signals over optical fiber. It combines multiple optical signals into higher rate signals and transmits them synchronously. 2. SONET uses overhead bytes in the frame to identify the location of the payload and synchronize timing across the entire network. It can carry different services like ATM cells and DS-1 signals using virtual tributaries of different rates. 3. A SONET regenerator receives an optical signal, regenerates it, and replaces some overhead information to transmit the signal further across the network, encapsulating and multiplexing signals as they move from their optical source to destination.

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    CHAPTER 20

    SONET/SDH

    20.1 REVIEW QUESTIONS


    1. An STS multiplexer combines several optical signals to make an STS signal, while
    an add/drop multiplexer adds STS signals from different paths and removes STS
    signals from a path.
    3. The pointers in the line overhead identify the location of the payload in the frame.
    5. ATM cells can be carried in an STS-n payload.
    7. A single clock handles the timing of transmission and equipment across the entire
    network. This network wide synchronization adds a level of predictability to the
    system.
    9. A SONET regenerator takes a received optical signal and regenerates it. The
    SONET regenerator also replaces some of the existing overhead information with
    new information.
    11. The photonic layer includes physical specifications for the optical fiber channel,
    the receiver and multiplexing functions as well as specifications regarding the
    method of encoding. The section layer handles framing, scrambling and error con-
    trol. The line layer is responsible for moving the signal across a physical line. The
    path layer ensures the movement of a signal from its optical source to its optical
    destination. This includes changing the signal from electronic form to optical form
    and vice versa, multiplexing/demultiplexing and encapsulating.
    13. The photonic layer corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model and the sec-
    tion, line and path layers correspond to the data link layer.
    15. An STS-1 frame contains 6480 bits (810 octets) and is organized in a matrix of
    nine rows with 90 octets in each row.
    17. To carry data from a DS-1 service, SONET uses virtual tributaries (VTs). VT1.5
    accommodates the DS-1 service.

    71
    72 CHAPTER 20 SONET/SDH

    20.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS


    19. d 21. b 23. a 25. b 27. c 29. a 31. a 33. b 35. d 37. b
    39. b

    20.3 EXERCISES
    41. STS-9 = 9 × STS-1 = 9 × (8000 frames/sec. x 6480 bits/frame) = 466.450 Mbps
    STS-12 = 12 × STS-1 = 622.080 Mbps
    STS-18 = 18 × STS-1 = 933.120 Mbps
    STS-24 = 24 × STS-1 = 1,244.160 Mbps
    STS-36 = 36 × STS-1 = 1,866.230 Mbps
    STS-48 = 48 × STS-1 = 2,488.320 Mbps
    STS-96 = 96 × STS-1 = 4,976.640 Mbps
    STS-192 = 192 × STS-1 = 9,953.280 Mbps
    43. Section overhead = 9 octets, line overhead = 18 octets, path overhead = 9 octets
    810 octets – 36 octets = 774 octets
    data rate for STS-1 = 8000 frames/sec. × 774 octets/frame × 8 bits/octets = 49.536
    Mbps
    45. Data rate for STS-3 = 3 × STS-1 = 148.608 Mbps
    data rate for STS-9 = 9 × STS-1 = 445.824 Mbps
    data rate for STS-12 = 12 × STS-1 = 594.432 Mbps
    data rate for STS-18 = 18 × STS-1 = 891.648 Mbps
    data rate for STS-24 = 24 × STS-1 = 1,188.864 Mbps
    data rate for STS-36 = 36 × STS-1 = 1,783.296 Mbps
    data rate for STS-48 = 48 × STS-1 = 2,377.728 Mbps
    data rate for STS-96 = 96 × STS-1 = 4,755.456 Mbps
    data rate for STS-192 = 192 × STS-1 = 9,510.912 Mbps
    47. Duration of frame in STS-1: 125 ms
    49. 30 VT1.5s in STS-1 frames
    51. 15 VT3s in STS-1 frame
    53. VT3 = 3.456 Mbps
    55. 2 VT6 = 13.824 Mbps
    57. STS-1
    59. See Figure 20.1
    SECTION 20.3 EXERCISES 73

    Figure 20.1 Exercise 59

    Path
    Line Line Line
    Section Section
    Add/drop Add/drop
    multiplexer multiplexer

    Regenerator Regenerator Regenerator


    STS STS
    MUX DE
    MUX

    Regenerator

    Regenerator
    Line

    Line
    STS STS
    MUX MUX
    74 CHAPTER 20 SONET/SDH

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