CE144

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

WITH C++

UNIT-1
Principles of object-oriented
Programming
N. A. Shaikh
nishatshaikh.it@charusat.ac.in
 Topics to be covered
 Basic concept of object-oriented Programming
 Benefits of OOP
 Difference between object oriented language and
procedure oriented language

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

2
 Computer Programming
 An algorithm is a step-by-step process
 A computer program is a step-by-step set of instructions
for a computer

Programming Languages:
 Machine languages (Ex: 1110100010101)
 Assembly languages (Ex: ADD 1001010 , 1011010)
 High-Level languages (grosspay=basepay+overtimepay)

High-Level languages are mainly divided into,

1. Procedure oriented language(C)
2. Object oriented language(C++)
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
3
Computer Programming

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

4
 Procedure oriented Programming
 Conventional programming, using high level languages
such as COBOL, FORTRAN and C, is commonly known as
procedure oriented programming (POP).

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

5
 Procedure oriented Programming
Characteristics:

 Emphasis is on doing things.

 Large programs are divided into smaller programs known
as functions.
 Primary focus is on functions rather than data.
 Most of the functions share global data.
 Data move openly around the system from function to
function
 Functions transform data from one form to another.
 Employs top-down approach in program design.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

6
Need of Object-oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming was developed because
limitations were discovered in earlier approaches to
programming.
Limitation of Procedure-oriented Programming:
 Procedural codes are very difficult to maintain, if the
code grows
 Data is exposed to whole program, so no security for
data.
 Difficult to relate with real world objects.
 Difficult to create new data types.
 Importance is given to operations on data rather than
data.
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
7
Object-oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm
based on the concept of "objects", which can contain data
and code: data in the form of fields, and code, in the form
of procedures.
 A feature of objects is that an object's own procedures
can access and often modify the data fields of itself

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

8
Object-oriented Programming
Characteristics:
 Emphasis on data rather than procedure
 Programs are divided into entities known as objects.
 Does not allow data to flow freely around the system
 Functions that operate on data of an object are tied
together in data structures.
 Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external
functions.
 Objects communicate with each other through functions.
 New data and functions can be easily added whenever
necessary.
 Follows bottom up design in program design.
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
9
Basic Concept of Object-oriented Programming

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

10
 Objects
 Any entity that has state/characteristics and behavior is
known as an object.
 For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc.
 It can be physical and logical.
 An Object is an instance of a Class.
 When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when
it is instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated.
 When a program is executed the objects interact by
sending messages to one another.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

11
 Objects(Cont..)
 Each object contains data and code to manipulate the
data.
 Objects can interact without having to know details of
each other’s data or code.
 It is sufficient to know the type of message accepted and
type of response returned by the objects.
 There can be many objects of same class.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

12
 Classes
The building block of C++ that leads to Object-Oriented
programming is a Class.
 A Class is a user-defined data-type and behave like the
built-in types of a programming language which has data
members and member functions.
 A class is like a blueprint for an object.
 Data members are the data variables and member
functions are the functions used to manipulate these
variables and together these data members and member
functions define the properties and behavior of the
objects in a Class

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

13
 Classes(Cont..)
 For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be
many cars with different names and brand but all of them
will share some common properties like all of them will
have 4 wheels, Speed Limit, Mileage range etc. So here,
Car is the class and wheels, speed limits, mileage are their
properties.
 Class is a blue-print representing a group of objects which
shares some common properties and behaviors.
 For examples, Mango, Apple and orange members of class
fruit.
 The syntax used to create an object
Fruit Mango;
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
14
 Data Abstraction
 Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential
features without including the background details or
explanation/implementation.
 Consider a real life example of a man driving a car The
man only knows that pressing the accelerators will
increase the speed of the car or applying brakes will stop
the car but he does not know about how on pressing
accelerator the speed is actually increasing, he does not
know about the inner mechanism of the car or the
implementation of accelerator, brakes etc in the car This is
what abstraction is.
 Since the classes uses the concept of data abstraction,
they are known as Abstract Data Types (ADT).
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
15
 Encapsulation
 The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit
(called class) is known as encapsulation.
 The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only
those functions which are wrapped in the class can access
it.
 Encapsulation leads to data hiding(insulation of the data
from direct access by the program)
 In OOP we achieve encapsulation by making data
members as private and having public functions to access
these data members.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

16
 Inheritance
 Inheritance is the process by which
objects of one class acquired the
properties of objects of another classes.
 The class that inherits properties from
another class is called Sub class/Derived
Class/ child class.
 The class whose properties are inherited
by sub class is called Base Class/Super
class/ parent class
 The principal behind this sort of division
is that each derived class shares common
characteristics with the class from which
it is derived
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
17
 Inheritance(Cont..)
 In OOP, the concept of inheritance provides the idea of
reusability.
 This means that we can add additional features to an
existing class without modifying it. This is possible by
deriving a new class from the existing one. The new class
will have the combined feature of both the classes.
 Inheritance is basically used for reducing the overall code
size of the program.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

18
 Polymorphism
 Polymorphism, a Greek term, means the ability to take
more than one form.
 For example, consider the operation of addition. For two
numbers, the operation will generate a sum. If the
operands are strings, then the operation would produce a
third string by concatenation.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

19
 Static Binding
 Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the
code to be executed in response to the call.
 Early Binding (compile-time time polymorphism): As the
name indicates, compiler (or linker) directly associate an
address to the function call.
 It replaces the call with a machine language instruction
that tells the mainframe to leap to the address of the
function.
 By default early binding happens in C++. Late binding is
achieved with the help of virtual keyword

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

20
 Dynamic Binding
 Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a
given procedure call is not known until the time of the call
at run time
 Late Binding (Run time polymorphism): In this, the
compiler adds code that identifies the kind of object at
runtime then matches the call with the right function
definition. This can be achieved by declaring a virtual
function.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

21
 Message Passing
 In OOP, objects communicate with each other using
messages.
 When objects communicate, information is passed back
and forth between the objects.
 A message for an object is a request for execution of a
procedure and therefore will invoke a function in the
receiving object that generates the desired results.
 A message generally consists of the object name, method
name and actual data that is to be sent to another object.
 Object has a life cycle. They can be created and destroyed.
 Communication with an object is feasible as long as it is
alive.
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
22
 Benefits of OOP
 Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code
and extend the use of existing classes.
 We can build programs from the standard working
modules that communicate with one another, rather than
having to start writing the code from scratch. This leads to
saving of development time and higher productivity.
 The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to
build secure programs that cannot be invaded by code in
other parts of the program.
 It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-
exist without any interference.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

23
 Benefits of OOP(Cont..)
 It is possible to map objects in the problem domain to
those in the program.
 It is easy to partition the work in a project based on
objects.
 The data-centered design approach enables us to capture
more details of a model in implementable form.
 Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from
small to large systems.
 Message passing techniques for communication between
objects makes the interface descriptions with external
systems much simpler.
 Software complexity can be easily managed.
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
24
POP VS OOP
Procedure Oriented Object Oriented Programming
Programming
Divided Into In POP, program is divided into In OOP, program is divided into parts
small parts called functions. called objects.
Importance In POP, Importance is not given In OOP, Importance is given to the
to data but to functions as well data rather than procedures or
as sequence of actions to be functions because it works
done. as a real world.

Approach POP follows Top Down OOP follows Bottom Up approach.

approach.
Access Specifiers POP does not have any access OOP has access specifiers named
specifier. Public, Private, Protected, etc.
Data Moving In POP, Data can move freely In OOP, objects can move and
from function to function in communicate with each other through
the system. member functions.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

25
POP VS OOP
Procedure Oriented Object Oriented Programming
Programming
Expansion To add new data and function OOP provides an easy way to add new
in POP is not so easy. data and function.
Data Access In POP, Most function uses In OOP, data can not move easily from
Global data for sharing that function to function,it can be kept
can be accessed freely from public or private so we can control the
function to function in the access of data.
system.
Data Hiding POP does not have any proper OOP provides Data Hiding so
way for hiding data so it provides more security.
is less secure.
Overloading In POP, Overloading is not In OOP, overloading is possible in the
possible. form of Function Overloading and
Operator Overloading.
Examples Example of POP are : C, VB, Example of OOP are : C++, JAVA,
FORTRAN, Pascal. VB.NET, C#.NET.

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

26
Object-based VS Object-Oriented Programming Languages

Object Based Languages

 Object based languages supports the usage of object and
encapsulation.
 They does not support inheritance or, polymorphism or, both.
 They supports built-in objects.
 JavaScript, VB are the examples of object based languages.
Object Oriented Languages
 Object Oriented Languages supports all the features of Oops
including
 inheritance and polymorphism.
 They does not supports built-in objects
 C#, Java, VB. Net are the examples of object oriented
languages.
Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
27
Object-based VS Object-Oriented Programming Languages

Object-Oriented = Object based features

+
inheritance
+
polymorphism

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

28
Application of OOP
 Real-time systems
 Simulation and modeling
 Object-oriented databases
 Hypertext, hypermedia and expertext
 Al and expert systems
 Neural networks and parallel programming
 Decision support and office automation systems
 CIM/CAM/CAD systems

Unit 1: Principles of object-oriented Programming Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh

29
End of Unit-1