Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.

1007/s12206-023-0428-3

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023

Original Article
DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3
Design and vibration parameter test of
low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool
Keywords:
· Vibration drilling
· Chip breaking mechanism
handle
· Friction drive
· Frequency conversion ratio Ting Chen, Jianming Zheng and Chao Cao

School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an
Correspondence to: 710048, China
Jianming Zheng
zjm@xaut.edu.cn
Abstract Vibration drilling technology has the advantages of reliable chip breaking,
Citation: smooth chip removal, small drilling force, and slight tool wear. However, most of the current
Chen, T., Zheng, J., Cao, C. (2023). vibration drilling devices are special machine tools, or the existing machine tools are trans-
Design and vibration parameter test of formed. The problems of high cost, poor universality, and difficult parameter adjustment limit
low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool
handle. Journal of Mechanical Science the further promotion of vibration drilling technology. Based on the principle of friction transmis-
and Technology 37 (5) (2023) 2527~2535. sion, this paper designs a low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool handle with adjustable am-
http://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3 plitude and connected with the machine tool by standard connection mode. The design princi-
ple of the frequency rotation ratio of the vibration drilling tool handle is obtained, the working
Received August 2nd, 2022 principle and amplitude adjustment mode of the tool handle are analyzed, and the theoretical
Revised December 7th, 2022 vibration curve of the tool handle is calculated by analyzing the chip-breaking mechanism of
Accepted January 17th, 2023 vibration drilling. The actual amplitude and axial output characteristics of the tool handle were
tested, thereby guiding the further application of vibration drilling.
† Recommended by Editor
Hyung Wook Park

1. Introduction
The hole is an essential structural element of parts and plays a vital role in cutting. According
to relevant statistics, parts with holes account for approximately 50 % to 80 % of the total, and
material removal accounts for about 1/3 of the total removal amount of cutting [1, 2]. About
70 % of high-speed steel is used to make hole machining tools yearly [3]. Traditional drilling
methods generally have difficulties in chip breaking and chip removal and low tool life. In re-
sponse to these problems, experts have developed numerous hole-making ways based on
different principles, such as EDM [4, 5], ECM [6], and spiral milling [7, 8]. Still, due to various
reasons, such as machining accuracy and machining efficiency, these approaches have not
been widely used. Drilling is still the most commonly used method of hole processing.
In 1954, Professor Junichiro Kumabe of Japan proposed the vibration drilling technology,
which can effectively solve the problems of chip breaking and chip removal during ordinary
drilling. It has quickly gained increasing attention in the industry. Vibration drilling applies regu-
lar and controllable vibration to the tool or workpiece by using the vibration excitation device.
The tool changes from the continuous cutting state during ordinary drilling to the pulsed cutting
state [9, 10]. The state of contact between the workpiece and the tool changes all the time, the
chip breaking and chip removal performance of the drilling process is improved [9], the axial
force is reduced [11, 12], the heat dissipation conditions are improved, the average tempera-
ture of the workpiece and the drill bit is reduced, and the tool life is prolonged [13, 14]. The ef-
fects of vibration drilling depend on the performance of the vibration excitation device to a large
extent; thus, the design and development of the vibration drilling device are of great signifi-
cance to the further promotion and application of the vibration drilling technology [15].
Since the vibration drilling technology was proposed, scholars from various countries have
© The Korean Society of Mechanical
Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH
developed various vibration drilling devices based on different principles. At present, the com-
Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023 mon vibration excitation devices mainly include the following: hydraulic excitation device, elec-

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tromagnetic excitation device, ultrasonic vibration device, and jectory of the two cutting edges is a downward inclined har-
mechanical excitation device [16-18]. Among them, the me- monic curve, and the instantaneous cutting thickness is in the
chanical vibration method is currently the most commonly used process of dynamic change. To analyze the influence of drilling
vibration generation method. Due to its relatively mature tech- process parameters on chip breaking further, the axial dis-
nology and simple implementation, it is widely used in vibration placement of the two chip edges at the corresponding rotation
drilling equipment. This form usually adopts linkage mecha- angle is subtracted. The instantaneous cutting thickness during
nism, eccentric mechanism, slider mechanism, and cam vibration drilling [24] is:
mechanism. This type of device has a large excitation force, a
wide range of amplitude variation, and easy maintenance, but fr ωπ π
Δh = − 2 A sin( f )cos[ω f (θ + )] , (1)
most of the amplitudes are not adjustable. The low-frequency 2 2 2
vibration tool holder produced by MITIS in France superim-
poses a sinusoidal vibration on the feed direction of the tool where fr is the feed/mm·r-1; A is the amplitude/mm; ωf is the
during the drilling process, which causes the tool have low- frequency conversion ratio, ωf = 60f/n; f is the rotational fre-
frequency axial vibration [19], which can realize the step-less quency; n is the rotational speed; and θ is the rotation angle of
adjustment of the amplitude. According to the amplitude and the drill bit.
frequency of the tool holder vibration, a kinematic model is Eq. (1) shows that the instantaneous cutting thickness of the
established, reasonable parameters are set, and the problem vibration drilling is jointly affected by three parameters, namely,
of metal chip breaking is well solved to improve the processing feed rate, amplitude, and frequency speed ratio. The minimum
quality [20, 21]. PEX Company produced a pneumatic portable instantaneous cutting thickness during vibration drilling is:
hole-making unit that integrates a mechanical low-frequency
vibration module. This module breaks chips easily during proc-
fr ωπ
essing and improves the processing quality of materials. How- Δhmin = − 2 A sin( f ) . (2)
ever, the vibration parameters of the device cannot be adjusted, 2 2
and its versatility is not strong [22, 23]. Although many kinds of
vibration drilling equipment are in use in the industrial field, When ∆hmin＜0, the moving tracks of cutting edges interfere
most of them are special-purpose machine tools or the trans- with one another, and the drill bit and the workpiece are in in-
formation of ordinary machine tools. Problems, such as difficult termittent contact, which can achieve geometric chip breaking.
parameter adjustment, high cost, and poor versatility, restrict According to Eq. (2), the geometric chip breaking area diagram
the further promotion of vibration drilling technology. Therefore, is shown in Fig. 1. The boundary of the vibration drilling chip-
this paper develops a vibration drilling tool handle with adjust- breaking area is a periodic symmetrical curve, the period is 2,
able parameters and can be installed on various ordinary ma- and the symmetry axis is ωf = 2k-1 (k = 1, 2, 3, ···, n). When
chine tools through standard connection methods, which is of the frequency speed ratio is close to an odd number, the ampli-
great significance to the promotion and application of vibration tude required to achieve geometric chip breaking is smaller.
drilling technology. When it is close to an even number, the amplitude required to
achieve geometric chip breaking is larger. Regardless of how
large the amplitude is, geometric chip breaking cannot be
2. Chip breaking mechanism of vibration achieved when it is an even number. At the same time, with the
drilling increase in feed rate, the area of chip breaking gradually de-
After expanding the spatial displacement curve of the vibra- creases, and the boundary of chip breaking area gradually
tion drilling tool along the circumference, the axial motion tra- approaches the axis of symmetry. As mentioned above, to

Fig. 1. Chip-breaking area.

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

achieve a good chip breaking and chip removal effect in the

machining process, the frequency speed ratio should not be
close to an even number, and a good matching relationship
between the amplitude and the feed rate ratio is ensured.

3. Design of low-frequency axial vibration

drilling tool handle
3.1 Scheme design of low-frequency axial vi-
bration drilling tool handle
This paper plans to design a low-frequency axial vibration
drilling tool handle that can be installed on milling and drilling
machines using standard connections. According to the speed Fig. 2. Principle of low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool shank (1. Taper
range of common machine tools, the tool handle's maximum shank; 2. Butterfly spring; 3. Transmission sleeve; 4. Friction disc; 5. Roller;
6. Friction wheel; 7. Eccentric shaft; 8. Eccentric sleeve; 9. Vibrating shaft;
design speed is 5000 r/min. To achieve geometric chip break-
10. Housing).
ing under different feed conditions, the amplitude of the tool
handle is designed to be adjustable. The mechanical vibration
excitation device uses an eccentric mechanism to achieve
3.3 Frequency speed ratio selection
vibration. The radial reciprocating vibration can be realized only
by rotating the eccentric shaft around the fixed axis. The use of When the friction wheel rotates around the main shaft, the
a double eccentric mechanism can realize the step-less ad- linear revolution speeds of the inner and outer sides are not the
justment of eccentricity. Through the motion conversion same. However, the width of the friction wheel is small, and the
mechanism, the rotation motion of the main shaft is converted speed on both sides can be approximately equal to the speed
into a compound motion of rotation and axial vibration. The at the center section. When the transmission is stable, the
rotational motion is transmitted through splines or similar struc- speed n1 of the friction wheel and eccentric shaft is:
tures between the main shaft and the vibrating part. The ec-
centric shaft is installed perpendicular to the main shaft and 2R
n1 = n. (3)
rotates with the main shaft. A friction wheel is installed at one d
end of the eccentric shaft to make contact with the fixed part.
This approach can drive the eccentric shaft to rotate around its The theoretical frequency speed ratio ωf0 of the tool handle
axis to enable the vibrating part to realize the combination of is:
rotation and axial vibration.
2R
ωf0 = , (4)
d
3.2 The principle of low-frequency axial vibra-
tion drilling tool handler
where R is the distance from the center section of the friction
The vibration drilling tool handle is designed according to the wheel to the axis of the spindle/mm, and d is the diameter of
scheme above. The tool handle (Fig. 2.) is mainly composed of the friction wheel/mm.
a tapered shank (1), butterfly spring (2), transmission sleeve The aforementioned analysis shows that the frequency
(3), and other parts. When working, the taper shank and the speed ratio cannot be an even number, and when the ampli-
wear-resistant transmission sleeve transmit the rotational tude is large, the frequency speed ratio should be selected as
movement of the spindle to the vibrating spindle (9) inside the a smaller value, hence, ωf0 = 1.8.
tool handle. Under the action of the spring preload, the rollers
(5) and friction wheels (6) at both ends of the eccentric shaft (7)
3.4 Amplitude adjustment principle
are in close contact with the friction disc (4) installed on the
shell, and the vibrating spindle rotates while driving the friction The tool handle adopts a double eccentric structure to
wheel to rotate around its axis. Due to the eccentricity between achieve amplitude adjustment. In turn, the centripetal ball bear-
the friction wheel and the mounting hole at the lower end of the ing, eccentric sleeve, and eccentric shaft are installed in the
vibrating spindle, the vibrating spindle will reciprocate along the mounting hole at the lower end of the main vibration shaft. The
axis so that the vibrating spindle can realize the compound friction wheels and rollers are installed on the two ends of the
movement of rotation and axial vibration. A transmission sleeve eccentric shaft and between the inner surface of the eccentric
connects the taper shank and the vibrating spindle. Thus, the sleeve, respectively. The eccentricity of the eccentric sleeve is
speed no of the vibrating spindle is the same as the speed n of e1, the eccentricity between the inner and outer surfaces of the
the machine tool main shaft. eccentric sleeve is e2, and the outer surface of the eccentric

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

Table 1. Corresponding relationship between the misalignment angle and

the amplitude.

Misalignment angle/° 0 30 60 98 180

Amplitude/mm 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

sleeve is coaxial with the mounting hole. During the working

process, the relative position between the eccentric shaft and
the eccentric sleeve is fixed and rotates as a whole. At this time,
the distance between the axis of the friction wheel and the axis
of the mounting hole at the lower end of the vibrating spindle is
the amplitude A, e1, e2. The amplitude A of the tool handle and Fig. 3. Spring mass system model of the vibration drilling tool handle.
the eccentricity e1 of the eccentric shaft and the eccentricity e2
of the eccentric sleeve satisfy Eq. (5):

A = e12 + e22 − 2e1e2 cos α , (5)

where e1 is the eccentricity of the eccentric shaft/mm; e2 is the

eccentricity of the eccentric sleeve/mm, e1 = e2 = 0.1 mm; and
α is the misalignment angle between the eccentric shaft and
the eccentric sleeve/°.
The amplitude can be adjusted by modifying the relative an-
gle between the eccentric shaft and the eccentric sleeve. In
order to adapt to different processing requirements, five ampli-
tudes are designed for the vibration drilling tool handle. The
corresponding relationship between the misalignment angle Fig. 4. Amplitude frequency response curve.
and the amplitude is shown in Table 1.
nR
f = . (8)
4. Analysis and calculation of main parame- 30d
ters
When the maximum speed is 5000 r/min, the maximum vi-
4.1 Calculation of the stiffness and preload of bration frequency of the tool handle is 150 Hz.
the butterfly spring According to the relevant knowledge of vibration mechanics,
Neglecting friction, the vibration drilling tool handle can be the ratio of the operating frequency to the natural frequency
simplified into a single degree-of-freedom spring-mass system has a greater impact on the actual output amplitude of the sys-
(Fig. 3). tem. When damping is ignored, the amplitude amplification
According to this dynamic model, the differential equation of factor of the system can be expressed in Eq. (9) as:
motion of the vibrating spindle is:
1
β= , (9)
2
d x 1− λ2
m + K (δ + x) − Fn = F(t) , (6)
dt 2
where λ is the ratio of operating frequency to the natural fre-
where K is the stiffness coefficient of the butterfly spring/N/mm; quency, λ = f/fn.
m is the spring mass of the system/Kg; x is the displacement of The amplitude-frequency response curve of the system
the system/mm; Fn is the external force on the system/N; F(t) is shown in Fig. 4 is drawn according to Eq. (9). When the fre-
the contact force between friction wheel and friction disc/N; δ Is quency ratio λ is small, the response amplitude of the system is
the spring preload/mm; and t is time/s. close to the static displacement. When approaching 1, the
The undamped natural frequency of the system is: response amplitude of the system increases sharply, and the
system resonates. When it is large, the direction of the excita-
1 K tion force changes rapidly, and the mass has no time to re-
fn = . (7)
2π m spond because of its inertia, thereby resulting in large ampli-
tude attenuation.
From Fig. 2 and Eq. (4), the vibration frequency of the tool To prevent the tool handle from resonating and to ensure the
handle is: stability of the tool handle's amplitude, λ < 0.5 (i.e., f < fn/2),

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

combined with Eqs. (7) and (8), the spring stiffness coefficient where Q is the positive pressure between the friction wheel
K in the tool handle should satisfy: and the friction disk, and l is the contact length between the
friction wheel and the friction disk.
4π 2 nmax 2 R 2 m The half contact width between the friction wheel and the fric-
K> . (10)
225d 2 tion disc is:

The measured mass of the system is 1.413 kg. By substitut- 4Qr 12

ing nmax = 5000 r/min, R = 31.5 mm, m = 1.413 kg, and d = a=( ) , (16)
π lE *
35 mm into Eqs. (10) and (7), we obtain that the spring stiff-
ness should satisfy K > 5015.4 N/mm, and the first-order natu- where r is the radius of the friction wheel.
ral frequency of the tool handle is fn = 300 Hz. If the elastic modulus of the friction wheel and the friction disc
m is the mass of the vibrating main shaft and eccentric shaft are E1 and E2, respectively, and the Poisson's ratio is v1 and v2,
system according to the actual measurement result, m = respectively, then the relative elastic modulus E* is:
1.413 Kg;
The law of axial movement of vibrating tool handle is: 1 − v12 1 − v22
E* = + . (17)
E1 E2
x(t ) = A sin(ωt ) . (11)

Substituting Eq. (11) into Eq. (6), the differential equation of The maximum stress σmax at the center point is:
motion of the spring mass system can be expressed as:
1
（A + δ ）
2Q 1 ⎡ 2 FN + 2 K ⎤2
− mAω sin(ωt ) + K (δ + A sin(ωt )) − Fn = F(t) .
2
(12) σ max = = ⎢ ⎥ . (18)
lπ a 2 ⎣ lπ dE *
⎦

The derivation of Eq. (12) shows that when ωt is 0.5 π, the

The friction disc and the friction wheel are in long-term con-
contact force F(t) between the friction wheel and the friction
tact. To ensure the reliability of the transmission, the materials
disc is the minimum:
of the friction wheel and the friction disc are selected from the
GCr15-bearing steel. GCr15-bearing steel has high hardness,
F (t ) min = − Fn − mAω 2 + K δ + KA . (13)
uniform internal structure distribution, strong wear resistance,
fatigue resistance, elastic modulus E = 217 GPa, and Pois-
To ensure the reliability of friction transmission, the friction
son's ratio ν = 0.3. The butterfly spring of the tool handle is k =
disc and the friction wheel should always be in close contact,
5015.4 N/mm. Under the assumption that the maximum drilling
and the minimum contact force F(t)min > 0, that is, the spring
axial force FN = 3000 N, the calculation shows that the maxi-
preload δ should meet:
mum center stress is σmax = 482.5 MPa, which is less than the
allowable stress of GCr15 ([σ] = 1000 Mpa [26]).
⎛ mAω 2 + FN ⎞
δ＞⎜ ⎟− A. (14)
⎝ K ⎠
5. Performance test of low-frequency axial
Assuming the drilling force, FN is 3000 N, and amplitude A is vibration drilling tool handle
0.2 mm, the preload of butterfly spring δ is 0.41 mm.
5.1 Measurement conditions and principle
FN is the axial drilling force, and ω is the angular vibration
frequency. To test the performance of the tool handle, an amplitude
measurement system that is composed of a displacement sen-
sor (1), an LMS data acquisition instrument (3), a transmitter
4.2 Contact stress analysis of friction wheel
(4), and a computer (5), is built (Fig. 5). The low-frequency
and friction disc
axial vibration drilling tool handle (2) is installed on the machin-
During the working process of the tool handle, the friction ing center's spindle, the lower end of the tool handle clamps a
wheel and the friction disc are in close contact under the action ground round bar, and the displacement sensor is placed on
of the spring preload and the axial drilling force. The contact the machine workbench. When the distance between the end
extrusion between the friction disc and the friction wheel can be face of the round rod and the eddy current displacement sen-
approximately expressed by Hertz contact theory [25] when sor changes, the impedance value of the internal coil of the
friction is ignored. According to Hertz contact theory, the posi- sensor also changes. The transmitter converts the impedance
tive pressure distribution σ on the friction wheel is: value change into the voltage value and directly outputs the
displacement change into the visual data after being processed
2Q 2 1
by the LMS data acquisition instrument.
σ ( x) = (a − y 2 ) 2 , −a ≤ y ≤ a , (15)
lπ a 2
Axial force must be collected during the experiment. An axial

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Table 2. Actual amplitude of tool handle.

Theoretical amplitude/mm 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Measured amplitude/mm 0.045 0.095 0.141 0.195
Amplitude error 10 % 5% 6% 2.5 %

Fig. 5. Tool handle amplitude measurement system (1. Eddy current dis-
placement sensor; 2. Low-frequency axial vibration drilling tool handle; 3.
LMS data acquisition instrument; 4. Transmitter; 5. Computer).
(a) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.05 mm

(b) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.10 mm

Fig. 6. Drilling axial force measurement system (1. Dynamometer; 2. Data

line; 3. Charge amplifier; 4. Data acquisition instrument; 5. Computer).

force measurement system is built according to Fig. 6. Kistler

9271 piezoelectric crystal force measuring instrument 1 is used
as the force measuring instrument in the experiment. The
maximum axial force and torque measurement range is 0-20
kN, 0-100 N·m, and the detection accuracy is ±0.1 %. The (c) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.05 mm
dynamometer is fixed on the base by bolts, and the upper end
is provided with a threaded hole to install the fixture. The elec-
trical signals collected by the force measuring instrument dur-
ing the experiment are transmitted to charge amplifier 3
through data line 2. The charge amplifier is mainly used to
amplify the weak electrical signals collected by the piezoelec-
tric force measuring instrument. The Beijing Spectrum WS-
5921U data acquisition instrument 4 and the supporting data
acquisition software are used to process the data output from (d) Vibration curve with theoretical amplitude of 0.10 mm
the charge amplifier. This instrument has 16 data acquisition
Fig. 7. Vibration curve of tool handle under different gears.
channels and is connected to computer 5 with a standard USB
interface.
sine.
By sorting out the vibration curves under each gear, the ac-
5.2 Amplitude measurement and analysis of low-
tual amplitude of each gear is shown in Table 2.
frequency axial vibration drilling tool handle
The amplitude of the different gears of the tool handle is
5.3 Analysis of axial output characteristics
measured under the condition of speed n = 200 r/min. The
actual vibration curve of the tool handle when the theoretical When the rotation speed n = 100 r/min, the vibration curve of
amplitude is 0.05 mm, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mm is shown in Fig. the tool handle is shown in Fig. 8, and the vibration frequency f
7. Fig. 6 displays that due to factors, such as shaft clearance = 2.879 Hz can be obtained. By dividing the current rotation
and part machining errors, the actual output curve of the tool speed, the actual frequency speed ratio of the tool handle ωf =
handle has been affected to a certain extent but still has a good 1.73. According to Eq. (2), A/fr > 0.61 can achieve geometric

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

(a) Axial force waveform

Fig. 8. Vibration curve of the tool handle.

(b) Axial force frequency domain

Fig. 10. Axial force frequency domain analysis results.

(a) Axial vibration time domain

force fluctuates greatly, and noise is high, but the overall curve
is still a periodic change. Affected by machine tool vibration
and other factors, the frequency domain analysis results show
that the frequency domain composition of the signal is more
complicated than when idling. The main frequency is 17.34 Hz,
which is the same as the frequency when idling.
In summary, the axial output of the vibratory drilling tool han-
dle is relatively stable, and the frequency during drilling is the
same as that during idling, indicating that the internal transmis-
(b) Axial vibration frequency domain sion of the tool handle is stable and reliable with no slip during
Fig. 9. Axial output characteristics of the tool handle.
the drilling process.

chip breaking. 6. Conclusion

To analyze the axial output characteristics of the vibratory 1) A vibration drilling tool handle was developed based on
drilling tool handle further, the vibration signal during idling and the principle of friction transmission. The designed tool handle
the axial force signal during the drilling process were inter- can be installed on all ordinary machine tools through standard
cepted at the speed of n = 600 r/min [27], and the frequency connection methods without the need to modify the machine
spectrum was analyzed. tool. The self-contained drive is convenient to use, and the
The idling result of the tool handle is shown in Fig. 9. The amplitude can be adjusted in the range of 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15,
frequency domain diagram shows that the signal frequency and 0.02, thereby further popularizing the vibration drilling
composition is relatively simple when idling, and the main fre- technology.
quency is 17.26 Hz. 2) The structure of the vibration drilling tool handle is de-
Under the influence of axial vibration, the waveforms of axial signed. The axial vibration curve of the tool handle is harmonic.
force and torque also change periodically, and the frequency of The double eccentric structure is adopted to realize the ampli-
change is consistent with the frequency of drill bit vibration. tude adjustment. Five levels of amplitude are set. When the
Therefore, the tool handle's actual vibration frequency during design speed is 5000 r/min, the minimum stiffness coefficient of
drilling can be determined by analyzing the axial force wave- the butterfly spring is 5015.4 N/mm, and the preload is
form. Fig. 10 shows the waveform of the axial force captured 0.41 mm. According to Hertz contact theory, the contact stress
during the stable stage of vibration drilling and the spectrum between the friction wheel and the friction disc is calculated.
analysis results. Fig. 9 illustrates that the waveform of the axial The maximum contact stress is 482.5 MPa, which is less than

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the allowable value of the material. ing Processes, 68 (2021)115-127.

3) The performance test of the vibratory drilling tool handle [13] R. Hussein, A. Sadek, M. A. Elbestawi and M. H. Attia, Low-
was carried out. Influenced by the machining accuracy of the frequency vibration-assisted drilling of hybrid CFRP/Ti6Al4V
parts and the bearing clearance, the vibration waveform of the stacked material, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 98 (2018) 2801-
vibrating spindle has been affected to a certain extent, but the 2817.
overall sine is still maintained. The actual amplitude is close to [14] T. Paulsen, O. Pecat, A. Wagner and E. Brinksmeier, Modifi-
the theoretical amplitude, the maximum amplitude error is 10 %, cation of oscillation modes in low frequency vibration drilling,
the actual frequency speed ratio of the tool handle is 1.73, the Procedia Manufacturing, 14 (2017) 1-7.
critical value of chip breaking is 0.61, the axial output charac- [15] Y. Zhang et al., Review of ultrasonic vibration assisted drilling,
teristic is good, and no slip is observed. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 53 (19) (2017) 33-44 (In
Chinese).
[16] U. Heisel, J. Wallaschek, R. Eisseler and C. Potthast, Ultra-
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ing hole exit of QFRP based on thermal-mechanical coupling, cal Transmission, 44 (7) (2020) 95-101 (In Chinese).
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technol- [26] W. Li et al., Reliability evaluation on very high cycle fatigue
ogy, 110 (2020) 1113-1124. property of GCr15 bearing steel, International Journal of Fa-
[9] B. Vakili Azghandi et al., An experimental study on cutting tigue, 32 (7) (2010) 1096-1107.
forces in ultrasonic assisted drilling, Procedia CIRP, 46 (2016) [27] S. Hou et al., Nonlinear study on low-frequency vibration
563-566. drilling of Ti6Al4V plate, Journal of Vibration, Measurement
[10] L. Ren et al., Design of axial vibration device for deep hole and Diagnosis, 41 (2) (2021) 370-376 (In Chinese).
processing, Tool Technology, 52 (2) (2018) 103-106 (In Chi-
nese).
Chen Ting is currently studying for a
[11] L. Zheng et al., Drilling machinability ofengineering ceramics
doctorate degree at the Xi'an University
under low-frequency axial vibration processing by sintering braz-
of Technology, Xi’an, China. Her re-
ing composite diamond trepanning bit, Ceram Int., 45 (9) (2019)
search interests include vibration drilling
11905-11911.
and monitoring of tapping process.
[12] F. Zou, J. Dang, Q. An and M. Chen, Mechanism and feasibil-
ity study of low frequency vibration assisted drilling of a newly
developed CFRP/Al co-cured material, Journal of Manufactur-

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 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 37 (5) 2023 DOI 10.1007/s12206-023-0428-3

Zheng Jianming is a Professor and Cao Chao is a master’s degree candidate

doctoral supervisor of Xi'an University of of Xi'an University of Technology, Xi’an,
Technology, Xi’an, China. His research China. His research direction is vibration
interests include vibration drilling, deep drilling.
hole cutting, and fault diagnosis.

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