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RESGEVT 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 937 (2020) 012022 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/937/1/012022
Performance analysis of solar updraft tower using Ansys fluent

G Anilkumar1*, G R Krishna2, G V Brahmendra Kumar3 and K
Palanisamy4
1,2
School of Renewable Energy, JNT University, Kakinada, 533003, India
3,4
Centre for Smart Grid Technologies, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore,
632014, India.
Email: brahmendrakumar.g@gmail.com, kpalanisamy@vit.ac.in
*Corresponding author: gorantlaanilkumar@gmail.com
Abstract. The solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable energy power plant design
concept for generating electricity by utilizing convective air flow due to low
temperature heat absorption from incoming solar radiation. A parametric study on
the performance power output of the SUT at various canopy angles and different
insolation levels were carried out to investigate the relationship between them with
respect to key parameters i.e. in terms of updraft tower velocity, temperature,
pressure and height to choose turbine position for maximum air velocity absorption
and energy conversion using Ansys-fluent software version 15 for analysis. The
results obtained were analyzed comparatively to draw conclusions. The results
identified using simulation software mentioned above were validated with earlier
results and identified significant improvement in the power generated at various
collector angles, when compared with the earlier works on SUT.
1. Introduction
Allocation Solar Updraft Tower (SUT) utilizes three basic governing principles i.e. greenhouse
effect, convection and wind power generation to convert incoming solar radiation into electricity [1]. As
direct and diffuse solar radiation strikes the surface of glass roof or canopy, reflection, refraction,
transmission and absorption take place depending on the incidence angle and optical characteristics of the
canopy which can be measured in terms of physical parameters like refractive index, thickness and
extinction coefficient [2]. Apart of the transmitted radiation through canopy was absorbed while another
part gets reflected back towards the canopy and undergoes further reflection[3-6]. This leads to multiple
reflections in-between canopy and surface of the ground so that enhanced energy absorption takes place at
the surface of the ground due to transmittance-absorptance product of the ground resulting in production of
hot air beneath the canopy. The buoyant air rises up in plant chimney by natural convection and initiates
forced convection by allowing more amount of air to flow with in the vicinity of canopy [7-12]. Through
mixed convection, the lower part of canopy gets heated up due to presence of warm air while a part of
energy is absorbed by the cooler part of the ground surface in addition to radiation exchange between warm
ground surface and canopy [13-20]. Further, due to natural and forced convection, heat exchange occurs
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
over canopy surface with adjacent ambient air. While the air parcels flow upward from canopy to chimney,
its temperature increases and velocity remains constant due to increase in height of the canopy [21,22].
Finally, air parcels get cooled at the terminal walls of the chimney where heat energy is converted into
kinetic energy [23-30]. The difference in pressure across the chimney base and its outlet can be known by
measuring density difference of respective air parcels which in turn depend on associated inlet and outlet
temperatures across the chimney. The requisite pressure difference required to drive the turbine can be
regulated by minimizing chimney’s entrance, exit and friction losses. As the air passes through the turbine,
the kinetic energy associated with it drives the turbine blades which in turn drive the generator [30-35].
2. Methodology
The objective of this work is to develop a simplified design model of solar updraft tower power
plant to investigate the effects of the canopy angle engulfment and turbine location on fluid flow.
Decreasing the overall tower height would decrease the overall construction cost and improve the
appearance of the chimney which leads to decreased power output and reduced efficiency of the system.
This indicates that there is a scope for optimization. Thus, in search of optimizing the same, the goal of this
work is to conduct parametric study and identify maximum power output by varying canopy orientation
with respect to ground at various insolation levels using simplified two-dimensional simulation model based
on Ansys fluent version 15 software [2].
3. Solar updraft tower design
The experimental prototype of SUT design can be carried out in four different phases such as
geometry phase, meshing phase, solution setup phase and modelling phase which are presented here as
follows.
3.1 Phase-I: Geometry Selection
Ansys fluent 15 software pack with full version was used for modelling SUT design with prototype
dimensions as shown in table 1. The corresponding geometry can be modelled by opening fluent in Ansys
15 workbench wherein by selecting, geometry → 2D analysis model → XY plane → optional selection of
angles and parameters can be further selected for modification. Using this procedure, SUT design based on
the opted parametric dimensions displayed in table 1 can be simulated. After attaining the desired tower
structure, one can save the same by procedural clicking of options in menu bar → concept → sketches →
surface → generate → save the SUT design in a folder.
Table 1. Dimensions of SUT prototype.
Parameters Dimensions
Height of the tower 2m
Length of the base 3.2 m
Diameter of the tower 0.4 m
Angle of canopy 0,5,10 degrees
Height of the inlet 0.127,0.15,0.17 m
2
3.2. Phase-II: Meshing
After completing the geometry, select the mesh option in the Ansys workbench. Meshing is a
process that involves dimension setup, refinement, face mapping of the desired structure (SUT) usually
achieved by fragmenting the desired component into similar individual panel components to study the
uniform distribution effect of applied load on the entire structural composition. Since each element has its
own stiffness while loading, the stress developed on the entire structure can be calculated by summing up
all individual stiffness’s of the components to attain global stiffness matrix.
The mesh of each part in SUT is generated separately as its components can be split into three
different zones i.e. canopy zone, transition section between canopy and tower zone. A secondary refinement
of the mesh can be considered when panel size is too wide or sensitive to obtain better quality of the mesh.
As an example, a strong pressure gradient will exist at the transition zone i.e. between canopy and tower
zone where secondary refinement is recommended due to its sensitiveness in the computational domain.
Finally, skewness ratio is examined to check desired mesh quality. Here the system geometry considered
for examination consists of tower with height 2 meters (m) and 0.4 m diameter having a base length of 3.2
m and provision to vary not only the orientation of canopy angle between 0◦-10◦ but also the height of the
inlet between 0.127 m to 0.17 m.
3.3 Phase-III: Solution Setup
Once the geometry and meshing were done for desired SUT structure, general settings for the
solution setup has to be applied by opting Ansys workbench 15 → click on Solution setup → launch fluent
with double precision. The general setting applied for examination is showed in table 2.
Table 2. Solution setup general settings.
Type Pressure based

Velocity formulation Absolute
Type Steady
2D space Planar
Gravitational acceleration -9.8 m/s²
3.4 Phase-IV: Modeling
After completing the above three phases successfully, the presumptions required for the SUT
modeling has to be carried out by choosing requisite options and setting desired options such as Energy
equation → ON, K-Epsilon model with standard mode with buoyancy effect [6], select air as material
(boussinesq) [7], Operating conditions → 300K, insertion of boundary conditions like insolation (heat flux)
values at different parts, setting solution initialization as standard initialization. Finally, clicking on ‘Run
calculations’ by insertion of desired value for number of iterations to be carried out.
4. Results and Discussion
By following the above-mentioned procedure, simulation results can be obtained where contour
maps and graphs pertaining to different parameters under consideration can be observed for desired SUT
power plant structure. Here it is intended to analyze the variations in basic physical parameters such as
temperature, pressure and velocity by varying the canopy angles and insolation levels to explore their
interdependence for extracting maximum power output. The following observations were noticed [8] while
carrying out parametric study on the original design of the simulation prototype.
3
4.1 Contour maps at 0º canopy angle and 600 Wm-2

Figure 1a, 1b and 1c represents contour maps of variation in pressure, temperature and air velocity
at 0º canopy angle and 600 Wm-2 while table 3 displays variations in pressure, temperature and velocity
with respect to variation in height at 0◦ canopy angle at 600 Wm-2 insolation. From figure 1a, it can be
observed that the pressure is least at center of the tower and increases with increase in the height of the
tower. Pressure varies from inlet to the outlet of the tower which creates an updraft and leads to mass flow
in the tower wherever pressure difference occurs. From figure 1b, it can be noticed that, as the heat flux
emanate from the base, the temperature below the canopy is identified to be more than the outside
temperature and the temperature at inlet of the tower is identified to be maximum whereas with the increase
in height of the tower, there is a decrease in the value of temperature. From figure 1c, it is clearly evident
that air velocity remains constant throughout the tower but there is a change in velocity at middle and
bottom of the tower with maximum velocity at a height of 0.3 m, indicating suitability for turbine placement
position to attain maximum turbine efficiency.
Figure 1a. Pressure contour maps of SUT at 0◦ canopy angle and 600 Wm-2.
Figure 1b. Temperature contour maps of SUT at 0◦ canopy angle and 600 Wm-2.
4
Figure 1c. Air velocity contour maps of SUT 0◦ canopy angle and 600 Wm-2.
Table 3. Parametric values for constant insolation at 0º canopy value (without slope).
Height (m) Pressure (Pa) Temperature (K) Velocity (ms-1)

0.5 -0.08 303.3 0.105
1 -0.045 302.5 0.101
1.5 -0.02 302 0.098
2 0 301.7 0.096
4.2 Pressure contour maps obtained at 5 º canopy angle with varying Insolation
Figure 2a. Pressure contour maps of SUT plant at 600 Wm-2 at 5º canopy value.
5
Figure 2b. Pressure contour maps of SUT plant at 800 Wm-2 at 5º canopy value.
Figure 2c. Pressure contour maps of SUT plant at 1000 Wm-2 at 5º canopy value.
Table 4. Pressure values for different insolation at 5º canopy angle.
Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

0.5 -0.52 -0.26 -0.22
1 -0.28 -0.19 -0.18
1.5 -0.14 -0.13 -0.11
2 -0.06 -0.04 0.2
Figure 2a, 2b and 2c represents contour maps of variation in pressure at 5º canopy angle with
respect to varying insolation at 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2 while table 4 displays variations in
pressure with respect to variation in height of the tower at 5◦ canopy angle at different insolation levels of
6
600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2. From figure 2a, it can be observed that the pressure at the inlet of the
tower is low and gradually increase at the outlet of the tower. Thus, pressure difference is created in the
tower. From the figure 2b it can be noticed that at 800 Wm-2, pressure at the inlet of the tower is low and
gradually increase at the outlet of the tower there by creating pressure difference in the tower. From figure
2c, it is clearly evident that the pressure at the inlet of the tower is low and gradually increases towards the
outlet of the tower. Thus, pressure difference is created in the tower.
4.3. Temperature contours obtained for different insolation values
Figure 3a, 3b and 3c represents contour maps of variation in temperature at 5º canopy angle with
respect to varying insolation at 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2 while table 5 displays variations in
temperature with respect to variation in height of the tower at 5◦ canopy angle at different insolation levels
of 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2. From figure 3a, it can be observed that at 600 Wm-2 insolation,
change in temperature is low with maximum temperature at the base due to absorption and reflection of
solar radiation beneath the canopy. From figure 3b i.e. at 800 Wm-2 insolation, no significant change with
respect to figure 3a except that tower temperature slightly increases when compared to temperature beneath
the canopy. From figure 3c i.e. at 1000 Wm-2, it is clearly evident that temperature inside the tower is more
than the canopy temperature.
Figure 3a. Temperature contour maps of SUT plant at 600 Wm-2 at 5º canopy value angle.
7
Figure 3b. Temperature contour maps of SUT plant at 800 Wm-2 at 5º canopy angle.
Figure 3c. Temperature contour maps of SUT plant at 1000Wm-2 at 5º canopy angle.
Table 5. Temperature values for different insolation levels at 5º canopy value.
Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

0.5 309.5 313 315.8
1 307 311.5 314.4
1.5 304 310.5 313.6
2 303.5 310 313.2
4.4. Velocity contours obtained for different insolation values
8
Figure 4a. Velocity contour maps of SUT plant at 600 Wm-2 at 5º canopy angle.
Figure 4b. Velocity contour maps of SUT plant at 800Wm-2 at 5º canopy angle
9
Figure 4c. Velocity contour maps of SUT plant at 1000 Wm-2 at 5º canopy angle.
Table 6. Velocity values for different insolation levels at 5º canopy value.
Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

0.5 0.19 0.5 0.58
1 0.16 0.51 0.62
1.5 0.25 0.56 0.65
2 0.21 0.55 0.68
Figure 4a, 4b and 4c represents contour maps of variation in velocity profile at 5º canopy angle
with respect to varying insolation at 600Wm-2, 800Wm-2 and 1000Wm-2 while table 6 displays variations in
velocity with respect to variation in height of the tower at 5◦ canopy angle at different insolation levels of
600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2. From figure 4a, a maximum velocity at the center of the tower can
be observed that at 600 Wm-2 and 800 Wm-2 insolation levels, indicating suitability of turbine placement
for attaining maximum efficiency whereas at 1000 Wm-2, maximum velocity at the inlet periphery of the
collector can be clearly noticed from figure 4c, indicating desirable placement of turbine to extract
maximum efficiency with an option to place more than one turbine.
4.5 Contour maps obtained at 10º canopy angle
Figure 5a. Pressure contour maps of SUT plant at 600Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
10
Figure 5b. Pressure contour maps of SUT plant at 800 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
.
Figure 5c. Pressure contour maps of SUT plant at 1000 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
Table 7. Pressure values for different insolation levels at 10º canopy value.
Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

0.5 -0.41 -0.34 -0.28
1 -0.26 -0.24 -0.21
1.5 -0.15 -0.12 -0.1
2 -0.04 -0.03 0.02
Figure 5a, 5b and 5c represents contour maps of variation in pressure profile at 10º canopy angle
with respect to variation in insolation at 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2 while table 7 displays
variations in pressure with respect to variation in height of the tower at 10◦ canopy angle at different
insolation levels of 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2. At 600 Wm-2, it can be observed that the pressure
at inlet of the tower is high and gradually decreases at the outlet of the tower from figure 5a thereby allowing
air flow within the tower due to pressure difference. By examining the figure 5b and figure 5c i.e. at 800
Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2 insolation levels, pressure at the inlet of the tower is observed to be low and increases
gradually at the outlet of the tower leading to occurrence of pressure difference within the tower.
11
4.6 Temperature contours obtained for different insolation values
Figure 6a. Temperature Contour maps of SUT plant at 600 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
Figure 6b. Temperature Contour maps of SUT plant at 800 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
Figure 6c. Temperature Contour maps of SUT plant at 1000 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
12
Table 8. Temperature values for different insolation levels at 10º canopy value.
Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

0.5 309 317.1 327.5
1 307 311.8 317
1.5 306 311.6 313.3
2 305 311.2 312.1
Figure 6a, 6b and 6c represents contour maps of variation in temperature profile of SUT at 10º
canopy angle with respect to variation in insolation at 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2 while table 8
displays variations in temperature with respect to variation in height of the tower at 10◦ canopy angle at
different insolation levels of 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2. At 600 Wm-2 insolation i.e. from figure
6a, it can be observed that the temperature at the base is high due absorption of incoming radiation and
reflection from base beneath the canopy whereas at 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2 insolation, no significant
change with respect to figure 6a, except that the inside temperature of tower is slightly more than
temperature corresponding to area underneath canopy.
4.7 Velocity contours obtained for different insolation values
Figure 7a. Velocity contour maps of SUT plant at 600 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
Figure 7b. Velocity contour maps of SUT plant at 800 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
13
Figure 7c. Velocity contour maps of SUT plant at 1000 Wm-2 at 10º canopy angle.
Table 9. Velocity values for different insolation levels at 10º canopy value.
Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

0.5 0.102 0.12 0.14
1 0.140 0.26 0.34
1.5 0.136 0.28 0.38
2 0.130 0.08 0.36
Figure 7a, 7b and 7c represents contour maps of variation in velocity profile (blue color in the
legend) of SUT at 10º canopy angle with respect to variation in insolation at 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000
Wm-2 while table 9 displays variations in velocity with respect to variation in height of the tower at 10◦
canopy angle at different insolation levels of 600 Wm-2, 800 Wm-2 and 1000 Wm-2.
At 600 Wm-2 insolation level i.e. from figure 7a maximum velocity at the center of the tower can
be observed, indicating the suitability of turbine placement for maximum efficiency. From figure 7b, at 800
Wm-2 maximum velocity inside the tower can be examined in addition to distribution of velocity profile
across the tower due to enhanced recirculation of air inside the tower. Although velocity remains constant,
velocity maximum can be noticed at the inlet of the collector thereby indicating suitability of turbine
placement beneath the canopy for attaining maximum efficiency of SUT while a constant velocity profile
with a maximum velocity at the inlet of the collector. Here it should be noticed that power generated by the
turbine may decrease due to recirculation of air.
5. Conclusion
Simulation was conducted using the Ansys fluent software, which solved the energy equation using
the Boussinesq approximation. The standard k−epsilon turbulence model was used together incorporating
the solar ray tracing model for a more accurate result.
The inlet and outlet ambient temperature was assumed at 300 K. All walls were considered as
adiabatic except for the solar collector and the soil cover beneath the solar collector. The solar collector
modeling parameters were defined as non-slip, convective heat transfer and radiation. And as for the soil
layer, it was assumed as a thermal storage with a heat absorption coefficient of 0.8. The numerical model
was also validated using previous numerical results obtained from IIT Dhanbad and Marian College of
engineering Thiruvananthapuram.
14
The parametric study was conducted for the angle of inclination of the slope collector, with fixed
height of the solar tower configuration with either a fixed entrance or a fixed exit and different solar
radiation for the optimized geometry. The objective of varying these angles and insolation is to determine
the most suitable position for installation of the power generation turbine. It was important to have a high
velocity at the upstream of the turbine. The power generation turbine utilized the updraft velocity, which
means the greater the velocity, the faster the turbine can turn to generate more power.
Figure 8a. Air velocity vs Height at 5º canopy angle.
Figure 8b. Air velocity vs Height at 10◦ canopy angle.
15
Figure 9a. Temperature vs Height at 5º canopy angle.
Figure 9b. Temperature vs Height at 10◦ canopy angle.
16
Figure 10a. Pressure vs Height at 5º canopy angle.
Figure 10b. Pressure vs Height at 10◦ canopy angle.
Figures 8a, 9a and 10a represents the parametric relationships of air velocity, temperature and
pressure with respect to variation in height at 5◦ canopy angle while figures 8b, 9b and 10b represents the
parametric relationships of air velocity, temperature and pressure with respect to variation in height at 10◦
canopy angle. From these figures, one can clearly notice that, it is possible to determine the most suitable
position for installation of the power generation turbine by deploying site specific design consideration
values in Ansys fluent software to extract maximum efficiency from SUT. This simulation was carried out
to analyze the performance of the SUT using a two-dimensional steady state and energy equation. The air
flow inside the updraft tower was assumed as to be planar where it was simulated with k-epsilon model
17
using Ansys Fluent software. The above results are validated and selection of canopy angle depending on
the latitude and longitude of a specific location can yield desired results in successful implementation of
SUT power plant.
Acknowledgments: The authors express their gratitude to the JNT University, Kakinada, and Smart Grid
Research Lab, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India for their entire support towards this research
work.
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Performance analysis of solar updraft tower using Ansys fluent

3. Solar updraft tower design

3.1 Phase-I: Geometry Selection

Table 1. Dimensions of SUT prototype.

3.2. Phase-II: Meshing

3.3 Phase-III: Solution Setup

Table 2. Solution setup general settings.

Type Pressure based

3.4 Phase-IV: Modeling

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Contour maps at 0º canopy angle and 600 Wm-2

Height (m) Pressure (Pa) Temperature (K) Velocity (ms-1)

Table 4. Pressure values for different insolation at 5º canopy angle.

Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

Table 5. Temperature values for different insolation levels at 5º canopy value.

Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

4.4. Velocity contours obtained for different insolation values

Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

4.6 Temperature contours obtained for different insolation values

Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

4.7 Velocity contours obtained for different insolation values

Height (m) 600 Wm-2 800 Wm-2 1000 Wm-2

Figure 8a. Air velocity vs Height at 5º canopy angle.

Figure 8b. Air velocity vs Height at 10◦ canopy angle.

Figure 9a. Temperature vs Height at 5º canopy angle.

Figure 9b. Temperature vs Height at 10◦ canopy angle.

Figure 10a. Pressure vs Height at 5º canopy angle.

Figure 10b. Pressure vs Height at 10◦ canopy angle.

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