UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA

C. Munoz- Palma St. Cor. Antonio J. Villegas St.

One Mehan Gardens, Manila
College of Criminal Justice

IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF BODY-WORN CAMERAS: ASSESSING IMPLEMENTATION AND

UTILIZATION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES AT MORIONES POLICE STATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY

OF THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE

CRIM 327 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 RESEARCH METHODS WITH APPLIED STATISTICS

Submitted by:
Adarayan, Mico B.

Gerani, Darwin R.

Gonzales, Jovines L.

Kahulugan, Alexis C.

Loque, Andrew M.

Ramirez, Jhon Robert G.

Sumaway, Eljade P.

JUNE 2023

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 TABLES OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 – Introduction

Background of the study……………………………………………………...……….………..4

Objective of the study…………………………………………………...…………...………….6

Statement of the problem……………………………………….………………….…………...7

Hypotheses of the study………………………………………………………………………..8

Significance of the study……………………………...……………………………..…............9

Scope and delimitation………………………………….……………………………………..10

Chapter 2 – Review related literature review

Review of related literature and studies………………………………………….…….…….12

Synthesis………………………………………………………….…………….……...............19

Theoretical framework………………………………………………………………..………..21

Conceptual framework………………………………………………..…………..….………..23

Paradigm of the study………………………………………………………..……….………..26

Definition of terms……………………………………………………..……..………………...27

Chapter 3 – Research methodology

Research methodology………………………………………….……………………………..30

Research design………………………………………………………….………...………….30

Research locale………………………………………………………..……………...………..31

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Sample and sampling technique……………………………………………...………………32

Research instrument……………………………………………………………..…………….33

Data gathering procedure……………………………………………………..………………34

Statistical analysis…………………………………………………………….….…………….34

Ethical considerations………………………………………………………………....……….35

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..37

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

In today’s times the police are frequently accused of misconduct, illegal detention, and

police brutality in today's society, body-worn cameras have been developed and are now used

in any situation where it is critical to prevent antisocial behavior and crime or to defend staff

against claims of misconduct. Body-worn cameras are used to document interactions between

law enforcement and the public during enforcement, investigations, and other activities. They

enable the assessment of incidents by those in charge, promote accountability, and promote

polite and legal contacts between the public and the police by offering a contemporaneous,

objective record of these encounters. These days, it's usual to see cameras like this on doors, in

CCTV in businesses, and on public transportation. The job of the police has improved in

objectivity, efficacy, and fairness because of the use of body-worn cameras and sophisticated

artificial intelligence algorithms that monitor and assess communities.

The use of body-worn body cameras (BWC) has increased in popularity in recent years.

Many law enforcement agencies consider body-worn cameras to be an effective tool that can

improve the collection of evidence. They have also been shown to enhance the safety of officers

and members of the public and help to improve interactions between them. Body-worn cameras,

if used correctly, can provide prosecutors, defense attorneys, and law enforcement with

unalterable video and audio recordings of the commission of a crime, a police-citizen

interaction, or a use-of-force incident. Body worn camera also referred to as a body-worn video

(BWV), body-worn camera (BWC), or bodycam, is a wearable audio, video, or photographic

recording system that police use to capture events in which they are involved from the viewpoint

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of the officer wearing it. They are normally pinned to the officer's uniform and worn on the

body's torso. Police body cameras frequently resemble those worn by civilians, firefighters, or

members of the military, but they are made to specifically meet the needs of law enforcement.

Body worn cameras can improve security levels in public areas and protect officers, as well as

improve the public perception of police accountability. The Met Police has explained the

guidelines their officers use when working with these cameras, which also explains how they’re

useful in deterring crime. Another purpose of these cameras is to increase transparency during

arrests, stop-and-search incidents, or other situations where police interact with the public, like

responding to a domestic abuse report, searching a property, or stopping a car. And equipping

the police with these cameras has also resulted in a reduction in the use of force and fewer

complaints against officers, we can say that body worn cameras offer benefits for both the

wearer and the people they interact with. We are in a strong position to see the advantages of

body worn cameras over after the first ones were introduced, and not just for police forces. The

primary goals of body worn cameras are to increase security and transparency. These devices

can improve police and community safety while reducing the danger of theft and petty crime in

commercial and retail settings. They can also lower the risk of attack against security personnel.

These cameras can prevent antisocial behavior in school settings and increase staff and

students' feelings of safety there.

Body-worn cameras have been viewed as one way to address these challenges and

improve law enforcement practice more generally. The technology, which can be mounted on

an officer’s eyeglasses or chest area, offers real-time information when used by officers on

patrol or other assignments that bring them into contact with members of the community.

Another benefit of body-worn cameras is their ability to provide law enforcement with a

surveillance tool to promote officer safety and efficiency and prevent crime. In this study we will

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find out if the use of Body worn Camera will help in the area of Moriones Outpost. A Body

Camera also called a (body worn camera) is a small camera which can be clipped onto a police

officer’s uniform or worn as a headset and turned on to record video and audio of law

enforcement encounters with the public. The video is often saved with time and date stamps

and GPS coordinates. Several body cameras offer real-time video streaming. The footage is

uploaded to externaldatabases maintained by police agencies. When the police turn on body-

worn cameras, they collect video or audio footage of people.

Objectives of the Study

1. To assess the current status of the implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras

in the area of responsibility (AOR) of the Moriones Police Station.

2. To examine the impact of body-worn cameras on accountability among police officers,

including adherence to policies and professional conduct.

3. To evaluate the impact of body-worn cameras on transparency in law enforcement

interactions, including trust-building and resolution of disputes or allegations of officer

misconduct.

4. To investigate the perceived impact of body-worn cameras on the safety and security of

both police officers and the public, including changes in the number of citizen complaints

and incidents of assault on officers.

5. To identify and analyze the challenges and limitations associated with the

implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras, including privacy concerns, data

management issues, and officer acceptance of the technology.

6. To explore prospects for the effective implementation and utilization of body-worn

cameras, including identifying successful practices, strategies, and recommendations for

improving their integration into law enforcement activities.

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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to assess the implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras by

police officers in Moriones Police Station.

Specifically, it seeks answer to the following sub-problems:

1. What is the current status of the implementation and use of body-worn cameras in the

area of responsibility (AOR) of the Moriones Police Station in terms of:

1. Law Enforcement Activities; and

2. Policies and Guidelines?

2. What is the impact of body-worn cameras on the following:

1. Accountability;

2. Transparency; and

3. Safety?

3. What are the potential challenges and limitations associated with the implementation

and use of body-worn cameras in terms of:

1. Privacy Concerns;

2. Data Management; and

3. Officer Acceptance?

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 4. What are the prospects for effectively implementing and utilizing body-worn cameras to

maximize their benefits?

Hypothesis of the Study

1. The implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras in the area of

responsibility (AOR) of the Moriones Police Station are at a significant level.

2. The use of body-worn cameras has a positive impact on accountability among

police officers, leading to increased adherence to policies and professional

conduct.

3. The use of body-worn cameras enhances transparency in law enforcement

interactions, resulting in improved trust-building and more effective resolution of

disputes or allegations of officer misconduct.

4. The presence of body-worn cameras contributes to a perceived increase in

safety and security for both police officers and the public, leading to a reduction

in citizen complaints and incidents of assault on officers.

5. The implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras in law enforcement

face challenges and limitations related to privacy concerns, data management

issues, and officer acceptance of the technology.

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 6. There are prospects for the effective implementation and utilization of body-worn

cameras, and identifying successful practices, strategies, and recommendations

can lead to improved integration into law enforcement activities.

Significance of the Study

The study aims to provide essential implications for who will benefit from it which is stated

as follows:

Law Enforcement Agencies: The findings of this study can directly benefit law enforcement

agencies, such as the Moriones Police Station, by providing insights and recommendations for

the effective implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras. This can help enhance their

operational practices, accountability measures, transparency efforts, and officer safety protocols.

Police Officers: The study can benefit police officers by evaluating the impact of body-worn

cameras on their behavior, adherence to policies, and perceived accountability. The findings can

inform training programs and guidelines that promote professionalism, ethical conduct, and

responsible use of the technology, contributing to their overall effectiveness and job satisfaction.

Community Members: The study's focus on transparency, safety, and public perception can

benefit community members by fostering increased trust and confidence in law enforcement. The

presence of body-worn cameras can potentially improve the quality of interactions between police

officers and the public, leading to better community relations and a sense of security.

Policy Makers and Legislators: The study's insights into the challenges, limitations, and

prospects of body-worn camera implementation can inform policy makers and legislators in

developing comprehensive guidelines and legislation regarding the use of this technology. It can

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contribute to the development of balanced policies that protect privacy rights, address data

management concerns, and maximize the benefits of body-worn cameras in law enforcement.

Research Community: The study's findings can contribute to the existing body of knowledge on

body-worn cameras and their impact on law enforcement practices. It can provide a basis for

future research and scholarly discussions in the fields of criminology, law enforcement

technology, and police studies.

Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study encompasses the implementation and utilization of body-worn

cameras in law enforcement, with a focus on police officers and their perspectives. The study will

primarily investigate the status, impact, challenges, and prospects of body-worn cameras, as well

as factors influencing their effective use. It will be conducted at Moriones Police Station in Manila

City.

The findings and conclusions may not be generalizable to all law enforcement agencies

or geographical areas, as the research will be limited to a specific context. Moreover, the study

relies on self-reported data from police officers, which may be subject to bias or social desirability.

Further, the research is constrained by the timeframe covering a period of five (5 months) and

available resources, which may limit the depth and breadth of data collection and analysis. Lastly,

the study does not directly involve the perspectives of community members or other stakeholders,

focusing primarily on the experiences and perceptions of police officers.

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 Despite these limitations, the study aims to provide valuable insights into the

implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras, contributing to the existing knowledge base

and informing future practices. The findings can help law enforcement agencies and policymakers

understand the benefits, challenges, and potential improvements related to body-worn cameras,

ultimately enhancing the effectiveness and accountability of policing efforts.

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 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Related Literature and Studies

Law Enforcement Activity

Law enforcement activities Chapman, B. (2018, November 14). Titled Body-Worn

Cameras: What the Evidence Tells Us. Body-worn cameras have been suggested as a solution

to these problems and a way to enhance law enforcement procedures more generally. The device

provides real-time information when utilized by officers on patrol or other responsibilities that put

them into touch with members of the community. It can be mounted on an officer's eyewear or

chest area. The capacity of body-worn cameras to give law enforcement a surveillance tool to

improve officer safety and effectiveness and prevent crime is another advantage.

According to People's Journal (2021). Modern body-worn cameras to record PNP anti-

crime operations, help build public trust and confidence Philippine National Police (PNP) this year

will start using top-of-the-line Body-Worn Cameras (BWC) to record their day-to-day operations

against criminals and terrorists and erase doubts about the conduct of their ‘frontliners’ in the war

on drugs, criminality, corruption and terror, officials told the Journal Group. Mamang Pulis As

approved by PNP chief, General Debold M. Sinas, policemen who will be issued the modern

BWCs are now undergoing training to enable them to properly take care of the modern tool. The

PNP chief said that once the end-users complete their training, they will be required to wear the

BWC system specially in the conduct of anti-narcotics raids, operations against known terrorists

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and rogues in uniform and even regular anti-criminality checkpoints in Metro Manila and other

urban parts of the country.

According to Tulfo, (2023) body-worn cameras shall meet the following minimum standard

requirement: 720p or higher video resolution; built-in frame rate, audio, date and time-stamping,

and GPS; eight hours continuous battery life; capability to store eight hours continuous audio-

video footage; and with a night mode built-in. In filing the measure, Tulfo said that law enforcement

officers are mandated to wear and activate body-worn cameras to capture and record the entire

conduct of the operation during its execution. He added that body-worn cameras shall record in

full all the activities incidental to the conduct of the operation and that it shall not be deactivated

until the operation has concluded and the law enforcement officers leave the venue of the activity.

Accountability

Anon. (2019). Titled Body-Worn Cameras. Body-worn cameras (BWCs) can provide

additional documentation of police-public contacts, arrests, and critical incidents, enhance officer

accountability, review probable cause for arrest, officer and suspect interaction, evidence for

investigative and prosecutorial purposes, and provide additional information for officer training.

They can also provide supplemental documentation of crime and accident scenes. This document

is intended to provide agencies with items for consideration when developing their policies related

to when and how officers should use body-worn cameras (BWCs) so that they may record their

contacts with the public in accordance with legal requirements.

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 According to Filibert Patrick Tad-awan, et, al (2022) Law enforcement agencies have

explored and implemented the use of body worn cameras as a tool to help hold police officers

accountable and make the operations of the Philippines National Police more transparent. To

rebuild trust within the community, this qualitative study was conducted to determine the

consequences specifically the advantages and disadvantages of body-worn cameras during

police operations as perceived by police officers. The study was conducted in Baguio City among

the 15 members of the Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) who are responsible for enforcing arrest

warrants arrest, search warrants, and the members of the drug operatives who have experienced

using body-worn cameras in all the conduct of their police operations for almost a year since its

implementation in August 2021.

Bowling, B., & Iyer, S. (2019). Tilted Automated policing: the case of body-worn. This

paper examines the impact of body-worn video (BWV) cameras on police craft skills such as close

observation, note-taking, investigative analysis, report-writing and preparation of evidence for the

courts. It explains how the technology functions and explores its surveillant, investigative,

probative and regulatory applications. The evidence shows that BWV cameras and analytics such

as facial recognition are revolutionizing policing tasks, exemplifying the automation of policing

and exploring the implications of this for transparency, accountability, fairness and police

discretion.

Data Management

According to Diana Miranda (2021), Body-worn cameras ‘on the move’: exploring the

contextual, technical and ethical challenges in policing practice. This paper explores the use of

body-worn cameras (BWC) in the UK and their challenges in two British police forces. The study

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focuses on how these cameras move with officers' movements and are used in different settings.

The study finds that practical and techno-social challenges are often interlinked, raising ethical

issues for data management and storage. The operational perspective of frontline officers is

crucial for designing and implementing policeman-proof technologies.

Privacy Concerns

According to JAIRO BOLLEDO (2021) PNP raises privacy concerns on use of body

cameras. The Philippine National Police (PNP) is still finalizing protocols for using body cameras

during operations due to privacy concerns. The use of body cameras was proposed to ensure

transparency in policemen's operations, but privacy concerns could pose problems when

captured in court. The PNP Directorate for Operations is working on finalizing these procedures

to protect the privacy of its officers.

According to Marion Koelle, Katrin Wolf, Susanne Boll (2018). Privacy notices aim to make

users aware of personal data gathered and processed by a system. Body-worn cameras currently

lack suitable design strategies for privacy notices that announce themselves and their actions to

secondary and incidental users, such as bystanders, when they are being used in public.

Hypothesizing that the commonly used status LED is not optimal for this use case, due to being

not sufficiently understandable, noticeable, secure and trustworthy, we explore design

requirements of privacy notices for body-worn cameras. Following a two-step approach, we

contribute incentives for design alternatives to status LEDs: Starting from 8 design sessions with

experts, we discuss 8 physical design artifacts, as well as design strategies and key motives.

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Safety

According to Rose Ann Bacani, et, al (2019 A body camera, also known as a body worn

camera, is a tiny camera that can be worn as a headset or fastened into a police officer's uniform

to record audio and video of interactions between law enforcement and the general public. GPS

coordinates, as well as time and date stamps, are frequently preserved with the video. Real-time

video streaming is a feature of some body cameras. The video is uploaded to third-party suppliers'

or police agencies' external databases. The police record audio or video of people when their

body-worn cameras are activated. To use as evidence or safety.

According to Rose Ann Bacani, et, al (2019 A body camera, also known as a body worn

camera, is a tiny camera that can be worn as a headset or fastened into a police officer's uniform

to record audio and video of interactions between law enforcement and the general public. GPS

coordinates, as well as time and date stamps, are frequently preserved with the video. Real-time

video streaming is a feature of some body cameras. The video is uploaded to third-party suppliers'

or police agencies' external databases. The police record audio or video of people when their

body-worn cameras are activated. To use as evidence or safety

According to Michelle Sydes, Shannon Dodd, and Emma Antrobus (2020) Exploring

correctional officers’ feelings of safety with body-worn cameras Amid rising rates of prison

violence, corrective service agencies worldwide are increasingly championing body-worn

cameras as a tool with the potential of making the prison environment safer. Little is known,

however, whether this technology makes correctional officers feel safer while carrying out their

duties in an environment with higher rates of violence than most other occupations. Using survey

data and interviews with correctional officers in Queensland, Australia, this study shows that for

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many correctional officers, body-worn cameras do not improve feelings of safety or have a

civilizing effect on prisoner behavior. Most correctional officers do believe, however, that the

presence of body-worn cameras reduces the threat of false allegations and thereby improves their

“professional” safety. This study also considers whether officers’ perceptions of physical or

professional safety vary by officer characteristics, body-worn camera usage, and prison type.

Transparency

According to Christopher Lloyd Caliwan, (2021). The Philippine National Police (PNP) has

announced the use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) by police officers to ensure transparency and

legitimacy of law enforcement operations. The cameras capture real-time events and are

recorded in a central database, and footage taken through the BWCs cannot be erased easily.

The BWC System, in support of the S.M.A.R.T. Policing initiative of the PNP, will allow the PNP

Command Center to monitor the actual police operations of all units nationwide. PNP personnel

will use BWCs in anti-Illegal drug operations, service of search warrant and warrant of arrest,

hostage rescue operations, high-risk checkpoint/chokepoint operations, security operations

during the implementation of decision/orders of the court, and quasi-judicial or administrative

bodies, and security coverage during major events. The PNP has acquired an initial 2,696 BWCs

for the use of personnel in city police stations nationwide.

According to, Michael J. Kyle, David R. White (2018) The impact of law enforcement officer

perceptions of organizational justice on their attitudes regarding body-worn cameras Civil unrest

has led to the demand for police officers to be equipped with body-worn video cameras (BWCs).

As a result, agencies across the US are rapidly acquiring these devices. While BWCs are widely

believed to document police/citizen encounters, increase law enforcement transparency, and

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improve officer and citizen behavior, little research has been conducted on their actual impact. A

survey of 201 law enforcement officers from four Midwestern and Southern region agencies and

those attending regional continuing education venues examined the relationship between

organizational justice and officer attitudes regarding BWCs. Analysis with structural equation

modeling revealed that officer perceptions of organizational justice are a significant factor in their

attitudes towards BWCs.

According to Filane Mikee Cervantes, (2023). Use of body cams to improve police

transparency House Bill 8352, filed by Deputy Speaker and Las Pinas Representative Camille

Villar, aims to improve police transparency and accountability by requiring law enforcement

officers to wear body-worn cameras and dashboard cameras during search and arrest operations.

This would provide objective evidence of law enforcement actions, be valuable in investigations,

and hold officers accountable for their actions. The bill seeks to formalize a body-work camera

and dash cam policy for all law enforcement officers authorized to conduct searches and arrests,

promoting transparency and speedy investigations in disputes. It also aims to prevent excessive

use of force in law enforcement duties. All law enforcement agencies authorized to conduct

searches and arrests must wear body cameras and record events during the process.

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Synthesis

The studies and literature reviewed present an insight into the various dimensions of body-

worn cameras in law enforcement. They highlight the current status of body-worn cameras in

foreign and local contexts, as well as the impact on accountability, transparency, safety, and the

challenges faced in implementation.

In terms of law enforcement activity, Chapman (2018) emphasizes the utility of body-worn

cameras in providing real-time information, which can improve safety and effectiveness. Local

literature like People's Journal (2021) and Tulfo (2023) indicate that the Philippine National Police

is adopting these cameras to build public trust and establish minimum standard requirements for

their usage.

For accountability, studies such as Anon (2019) and Filibert Patrick Tad-awan et al. (2022)

suggest that body-worn cameras can enhance officer accountability by providing documentation

of police-public interactions. Bowling & Iyer (2019) also explore the cameras' impact on police

craft skills and indicate that they can revolutionize policing tasks.

Regarding transparency, Christopher Lloyd Caliwan (2021) demonstrates that the

Philippine National Police uses body-worn cameras to ensure transparency in law enforcement

operations. Foreign study by Michael J. Kyle and David R. White (2018) highlights that officer

perceptions of organizational justice are significant in shaping attitudes towards body-worn

cameras.

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 On safety, Rose Ann Bacani et al. (2019) points out that body cameras help in recording

interactions, which can be used as evidence or for safety. Michelle Sydes et al. (2020) explore

how body-worn cameras influence correctional officers’ perceptions of safety and find mixed

results regarding their effect on physical safety but a positive impact on professional safety.

For privacy concerns, local literature by JAIRO BOLLEDO (2021) reports that the Philippine

National Police is still finalizing protocols due to privacy concerns. Marion Koelle et al. (2018)

explores the design requirements of privacy notices for body-worn cameras, indicating the need

for design strategies to ensure privacy.

In terms of data management, Diana Miranda (2021) examines the practical and techno-

social challenges related to data management and storage. It emphasizes the operational

perspectives of officers as critical in developing effective technologies for data management.

The researchers would like to understand the implications of implementing and utilizing

body-worn cameras in Moriones Police Station, focusing on law enforcement activities,

accountability, transparency, safety, privacy concerns, data management, and officer

acceptance.

In summary, the studies and literature reviewed contribute to understanding the

various aspects and implications of body-worn cameras in law enforcement activities. They

provide a basis for analyzing the current status, impact, challenges, and prospects of

implementing and utilizing body-worn cameras at Moriones Police Station. This research can

benefit from these studies by analyzing similar themes and contrasting the findings to understand

the particular context of Moriones Police Station. Through this, the study can offer

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recommendations for optimizing the benefits of body-worn cameras while addressing challenges

and limitations.

Theoretical Foundation

The theoretical framework for this study is based on the Diffusion of Innovations theory,

developed by Everett Rogers. The Diffusion of Innovations theory provides a valuable lens

through which to understand the implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras in law

enforcement agencies. This theory explores the process by which new ideas, practices, or

technologies are adopted and spread within a social system.

According to the Diffusion of Innovations theory, the adoption and diffusion of an

innovation, such as body-worn cameras, is influenced by several key factors. These factors

include the characteristics of the innovation itself, the communication channels through which

information about the innovation is disseminated, the social system in which it is introduced, and

the attributes of the individuals who are potential adopters.

In the context of body-worn cameras, the characteristics of the innovation play a crucial

role in their adoption. These characteristics include factors such as the perceived advantages of

using body-worn cameras in enhancing accountability and transparency, the compatibility of

body-worn cameras with existing policing practices, and the complexity or simplicity of using the

technology.

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 The communication channels through which information about body-worn cameras is

shared within the police organization also influence their adoption. Effective communication

strategies, such as training programs, policy guidelines, and sharing success stories or best

practices, can facilitate the diffusion of body-worn cameras among police officers.

The social system in which body-worn cameras are implemented also shapes their

adoption. Factors such as organizational culture, leadership support, and the availability of

resources and infrastructure can either facilitate or hinder the successful implementation and

utilization of body-worn cameras.

Finally, the individual attributes of police officers, such as their attitudes, beliefs, prior

experiences, and perceived risks or benefits, play a significant role in their willingness to adopt

body-worn cameras. Understanding these individual factors can help identify strategies to

promote acceptance and overcome potential barriers.

By applying the Diffusion of Innovations theory, this study aims to explore the factors

influencing the implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras among police officers. It

seeks to provide insights into the adoption process, identify barriers and facilitators, and offer

recommendations for improving the successful integration of body-worn cameras into law

enforcement practices.

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Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for this study revolves around the key concepts of body-worn

cameras, implementation and utilization, police practices and behaviors, accountability,

transparency, officer and public safety, challenges and limitations, and prospects. These concepts

provide a foundation for understanding the dynamics and implications of incorporating body-worn

cameras into law enforcement practices.

At the core of this framework is the concept of body-worn cameras, which are the

technological devices worn by police officers to capture audio and video recordings of their

interactions with the public. The implementation and utilization of these devices involve the

process of introducing and integrating them into law enforcement practices, as well as the actual

use of the cameras by police officers during their interactions with the public.

Within this framework, police practices and behaviors are central, as the study seeks to

examine how the presence of body-worn cameras influences the actions, behaviors, and

decision-making processes of police officers. The concept of accountability comes into play,

focusing on how body-worn cameras contribute to holding police officers accountable for their

actions and adherence to policies and guidelines.

Transparency is another important concept in this framework, as it relates to the openness

and visibility of police-citizen interactions through the use of body-worn cameras. The aim is to

enhance trust and public confidence in law enforcement by promoting a greater understanding of

police activities.

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 Furthermore, the framework recognizes the significance of officer and public safety, as the

study explores how body-worn cameras can potentially enhance the safety and security of both

police officers and members of the public during encounters and incidents.

The framework also acknowledges the challenges and limitations associated with the

implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras, such as privacy concerns, data

management issues, and officer acceptance. These factors highlight the complexities and

potential barriers that need to be addressed for the successful integration of body-worn cameras

into law enforcement practices.

Lastly, the framework considers the prospects of effective implementation and utilization

of body-worn cameras, envisioning future possibilities and benefits that can be derived from their

use, including improved policing practices and increased public trust.

By adopting this conceptual framework, the study aims to explore the multifaceted aspects

of body-worn camera implementation and utilization in law enforcement, investigating their

impact, identifying challenges, and exploring potential prospects. It provides a comprehensive

structure for organizing the research objectives, variables, and data analysis, enabling a holistic

understanding of the implications of this study's findings within a broader conceptual framework.

This study adopts an input-process-output paradigm to investigate the implementation and

utilization of body-worn cameras in law enforcement. The input includes existing literature,

24
theoretical frameworks, data collection tools, and ethical guidelines. The process involves

conducting a quantitative descriptive research design, analyzing data using statistical techniques,

and utilizing the Diffusion of Innovations theory as a framework for interpretation. The output

comprises findings on the status, impact, challenges, and prospects of body-worn cameras, along

with recommendations and contributions to the knowledge base.

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Paradigm of the Study

Input
The study aims to assess the implementation and
utilization of body-worn cameras by police officers
in Moriones Police Station.

Specifically, it seeks answer to the following sub-

problems: Process
Interview & survey questioner
Collection of data
1. What is the current status of the
Analysis and interpretation of data
implementation and use of body-worn
cameras in the area of responsibility Presentation of findings and
(AOR) of the Moriones Police Station in results.
terms of:
1. Law Enforcement Activities; and
2. Policies and Guidelines?
2. What is the impact of body-worn cameras
on the following:
1. Accountability;
2. Transparency; and
3. Safety? Output
3. What are the potential challenges and
limitations associated with the
implementation and use of body-worn Impact of and Challenges of Body-
cameras in terms of: Worn Cameras: Assessing
Implementation and Utilization in
1. Privacy Concerns; Law Enforcement Activities at
Moriones Police Station
2. Data Management; and
3. Officer Acceptance?
4. What are the prospects for effectively
implementing and utilizing body-worn
cameras to maximize their benefits?

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Figure 1. shows the input, process, and output of research project, the researchers used

interview and survey questionnaire to analyze and evaluate the collected data, using subject

instrument as the data gathered required the researchers to involve with respondents. The input

is conveying the current status of the implementation and use of body-worn cameras in the area

of responsibility of Moriones Police Station, impacts of body-worn camera and potential

challenges and limitations associated with the implementation and use of body-worn cameras. In

process include the way of gathering data while output shows the result of project objectives.

Definition of Terms

Accountability: The extent to which police officers are responsible and answerable for their

actions and decisions while on duty, including the use of body-worn cameras. It involves holding

officers liable for their behavior, ensuring compliance with policies, and fostering a culture of

responsibility.

Body-worn Cameras: Refers to small portable video recording devices that are worn or attached

to the clothing or equipment of police officers. These cameras are designed to capture audiovisual

recordings of law enforcement activities from the perspective of the officer wearing them. Body-

worn cameras typically consist of a camera lens, microphone, and storage capability to capture

and store video and audio data. The purpose of body-worn cameras is to provide an objective

and visual record of interactions between police officers and members of the public, which can be

used for documentation, evidence, accountability, and transparency purposes.

Challenges and Limitations: The difficulties, obstacles, or drawbacks encountered in the

implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras. This includes any constraints,

shortcomings, or issues that affect the effectiveness or efficiency of the technology.

27
Data Management: The process of organizing, storing, protecting, and handling the recorded

data captured by body-worn cameras. It includes procedures for data storage, retrieval, retention,

and compliance with relevant data protection regulations.

Impact: The effect or influence that the implementation and use of body-worn cameras have on

various aspects within law enforcement. This refers to the consequences, outcomes, or changes

resulting from the introduction and utilization of the technology.

Law Enforcement Activities: The range of tasks, duties, and operations performed by police

officers as part of their official responsibilities. This includes activities such as patrols,

investigations, arrests, traffic enforcement, community policing, and other law enforcement

functions.

Officer Acceptance: The level of approval, willingness, or positive disposition exhibited by police

officers towards the implementation and use of body-worn cameras. It reflects their attitudes,

beliefs, and comfort level with the technology and its integration into their work.

Policies and Guidelines: Official rules, regulations, procedures, and standards set by the

Moriones Police Station or relevant authorities that govern the deployment, usage, and operation

of body-worn cameras. These policies and guidelines provide instructions and protocols for

officers on when and how to use the cameras.

Privacy Concerns: Refers to the worries, apprehensions, or reservations regarding the potential

infringement of personal privacy rights and confidentiality associated with the use of body-worn

cameras. It addresses concerns related to the recording, storage, and access to audiovisual data.

Prospects: The potential or likelihood of achieving positive outcomes or benefits from the

effective implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras. It explores the possibilities,

opportunities, and future outlook for the technology in enhancing law enforcement practices and

outcomes.

28
Safety: Refers to the condition of being protected from harm or danger. In the context of the

study, it focuses on the perception of safety and security for both police officers and the public

during law enforcement activities, considering the presence and use of body-worn cameras.

Status: The current condition or state of the implementation and use of body-worn cameras in

the area of responsibility (AOR) of the Moriones Police Station. It refers to the extent to which

body-worn cameras have been deployed and integrated into law enforcement activities and

officers' familiarity with the policies and guidelines related to body-worn camera usage.

Transparency: The degree of openness, visibility, and accessibility in law enforcement

interactions and processes. It pertains to the clarity and visibility of actions taken by police officers

while using body-worn cameras, promoting trust, and allowing for public scrutiny.

29
 Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter should provide a clear overview of the methodology used to

conduct the study and explain how it relates to the research question or hypothesis. The

introduction should also outline any limitations or potential biases that may have affected

the results.

Research Design

The research design chosen for this study is a quantitative descriptive design. This design

is well-suited for achieving the study's objective of comprehensively describing and analyzing the

implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras within the area of responsibility (AOR) of

the Moriones Police Station. By employing a quantitative approach, the study aims to gather

numerical data that can be analyzed using statistical methods to provide objective insights and

measurable findings.

The quantitative descriptive design is justified as it enables systematic data collection and

analysis, facilitating the examination of various factors related to body-worn camera usage. It

allows the researchers to gather information on officers' familiarity with policies, changes in

behavior, perceived accountability, transparency, safety concerns, privacy implications, data

management experiences, and acceptance of the technology. This design supports the

generation of reliable and generalizable findings, as it focuses on obtaining objective

measurements and statistical patterns. The use of a standardized research instrument, such as

30
a survey questionnaire, promotes consistency in data collection and facilitates comparisons

across participants.

Research Locale

Setting

The study will be conducted in Moriones-Tondo Police Station 2, which is specifically

located at 987-G Dagupan Ext, Tondo, Manila, 1012 Metro Manila. The researchers chose this

place for the implementation of the study because it will give the researchers the needed

information for the impacts and challenges of Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) in assessing

implementation and utilization in law enforcement activities. The researchers will gather

respondents from police officers assigned within Moriones-Tondo Police Station 2. These

selected respondents will participate in our prepared survey questionnaire. The study will be

conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2023-2024.

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Sample and Sampling Technique

The study utilizes a purposive sampling technique to select police officers as the sample

population. This intentional selection of participants is justified by their direct involvement and

expertise in the implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras. By focusing on police

officers, the study aims to capture their unique perspectives, experiences, and perceptions related

to using body-worn cameras in their law enforcement activities. Purposive sampling ensures that

the study gathers comprehensive insights from individuals who have firsthand knowledge and

experience with body-worn cameras. The selected police officers can provide valuable

information regarding the practical aspects, challenges, benefits, and limitations of using this

technology within the specific context of the Moriones Police Station's area of responsibility. Their

expertise and perspectives contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the issues surrounding

body-worn camera implementation and utilization.

By targeting police officers as the sample population, the study aims to generate findings

that are specific to their experiences and can inform the development of strategies, policies, and

guidelines for effective implementation and utilization of body-worn cameras in law enforcement

activities. The purposive sampling approach ensures that the study's focus remains on those

individuals who are directly involved in using the technology, providing valuable insights and

enhancing the relevance and applicability of the study's findings.

32
Research Instrument

The research instrument to be used in this study will be an originally developed survey

questionnaire. The survey questionnaire will consist of two main parts.

The first part of the questionnaire will focus on gathering the profile of the respondents.

This section will include questions that aim to collect demographic information about the police

officers, such as their gender, age, rank, position, years of service, training received, unit

assignment, and shift assignment. The purpose of this part is to establish the background

characteristics of the respondents and provide context for the analysis of their responses.

The second part of the questionnaire will contain questions that assess the status, impact,

challenges, limitations, and prospects related to the implementation and utilization of body-worn

cameras. This section will utilize a 4-point Likert scale, asking respondents to indicate their level

of agreement with each statement. The Likert scale will enable the measurement of the

respondents' perceptions, attitudes, and opinions on various aspects of body-worn camera usage.

This part will cover topics such as the current status of implementation, the impact on

accountability and transparency, challenges and limitations faced, and the potential prospects for

the effective utilization of body-worn cameras.

The survey questionnaire will undergo standard procedures to ensure its validity and

reliability. These procedures will include pilot testing with a small sample, expert review for content

validity, and necessary refinements based on feedback.

33
Data Gathering Procedures

The data gathering procedures using the survey questionnaire will involve the following steps:

1. Design a clear and concise questionnaire based on the research objectives and relevant

literature.

2. Test the questionnaire with a small group of participants similar to the target population to

identify any issues and make necessary improvements.

3. Obtain informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of

responses.

4. Provide clear instructions to participants and collect their responses through in-person or

online methods.

5. Enter the collected responses into a secure database and perform data cleaning to ensure

accuracy and completeness.

6. Use appropriate descriptive statistical techniques to summarize and analyze the data.

7. Interpret the results in relation to the research objectives and present them in a clear and

concise manner.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical treatments to be used in this study are as follows:

1. Frequency and Percentage: This treatment will be applied to analyze the data related to

the respondents' profile. Frequency will determine the number of occurrences of each

category or response option, while percentage will provide the proportion of each category

34
 in relation to the total number of respondents. This analysis will help in understanding the

distribution and characteristics of the respondent sample.

1. Weighted Mean: This treatment will be used to analyze the data related to the status,

impact, challenges, and prospects of body-worn camera implementation. The Likert-scale

responses will be assigned numerical values, such as 1 to 4, representing the levels of

agreement. The weighted mean will be calculated by multiplying the numerical value of

each response option by the frequency of its occurrence, summing up the products, and

dividing it by the total number of respondents. This analysis will provide insights into the

average perception or opinion of the respondents regarding different aspects of body-worn

camera implementation.

Four (4) Point Likert Scale

Scale Range Description

4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.51 - 3.25 Agree
2 1.76 - 2.50 Disagree
1 1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree

Ethical Consideration

1. The researcher must inform the rights of the individual personal information specifically

informing his rights in relation to REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173 OR DATA PRIVACY ACT

OF 2012.

2. The researcher must create a formal and professional approach to the respondents to

avoid informal responses.

35
3. When conducting an interview, the researcher must request the respondents' permission

if they would like to capture photos or recorded audio.

4. The researcher must inform the respondent about what the study is all about.

5. The researcher must keep information about the respondents and their responses private

from anybody who is not involved in the study.

36
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