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Introduction
The word ‘Trigonometry” is derived from the Greek words (i) Trigonon means a triangle (ii) metron means a measure.
Hence trigonometry means science of measuring triangles.

❑ Angle

“It may be defined as the amount of revolution P

undergone by a revolving line in a plane.”

Let a revolving line, starting from its Initial position OX to

the terminal position OP, Then X OP is to have been
O X
traced out.

Here OX is called Initial side and OP as terminal side, where ‘O’ is called the vertex.

❑ Rules for Signs of Angles

(i) The angle X OP is regarded as positive, If it is traced X

out in the anticlockwise direction.

(ii) The angle XOP is regarded as negative. If it is traced out in (–ve) Angle
the clockwise direction. O P

System of Measurement of Angle

There are three system for measurement of angles.

❑ Sexagesimal system

The principal unit in this system is degree (°). One right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each part is called one
degree (1°). One degree is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called one minute. Minute is denoted by (1').
One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called one second (1'').

In Mathematical form

 One right angle

= 90°

1° = 60'

1' = 60''

❑ Centesignal system

In this system, a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts and each part is called one grades. Each grade is divided
into 100 equal parts called minutes. Each minute is further divided into 100 equal parts called seconds.
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1 right angle = 100g

1g = 100’

1’ = 100’’

❑ Circular System

(1c) One radian is the measure of an angle B

subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of
length equal to the radius of the circle. 
O A

Q  is = 1c, if AB = OA = OB = radius

❑ Relation Between Radian and Degree

Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O and arc AC divided in two part AB and BC .

Since the angles at the centre of a circle are proportional to the arc subtending them.

1 A B B
i.e. = …(i)
2 A C 2 1
C 22
O A
Let 1 = 1c, AB = r

2 r
2 = 180°, A C = = r
2

1c r 180
from (i) −  1c = = 57 19' 27 " (approximately)
180 r 

 c = 180°

Note :

The unit radian is denoted by c (circular measure) and it is customary to omit this symbol c. Thus, when an angle is
 
denoted as , it means that the angle is radians where p is the number with approximate value 3.14159.
2 2

❑ Relation Between Three System

As 1 right angle = 90° = 100g …(i)

and c = 180° …(ii)

from (i) and (ii)

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180° = 200 = c
g

D G R
 = = , where D, G and R denotes degree, grades and radians respectively.
180 200 

❑ Length of an arc of a circle:

Consider an arc PS of a circle which subtends an S Q

angle q radians.

1c
P
Choose an arc such that PQ = r, O

 PQR = 1c

length of the arc PS = l,

Since the angle at the centre of a circle are proportional to

 l
=
1 r

l
 =
r

Note: is always taken in radian

Illustrations

Illustration 1

 15 
Change   in degree, minute & second.
 8 

Solution

º
 15  7
  = 1º +  
 8  8


7
= 1 +  
8

'
 105 
= 1 +  
 2 
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'
1
= 1 + 52 + 
'

2

''
1 
= 1 + 52 +   60 
2 

= 1 + 52 + 30

o
 15 
   = 1 52 30
 8 

Illustration 2

The minute hand of a clock is 5 cm long. How far does the tip of the hand move in 15 minutes ?

Solution

15 
The minute hand moves through 2   orradians. Since the length of the minute hand is 5 cm, the distance
60 2
 5
moved by the tip of the hand is given by the formula l = r = 5  = cm. .
2 2

Illustration 3

A rail road curve is to be laid out on a circle. What radius should be used if the track is to change direction by 25° in a
distance of 40 metres?

Solution

25 5
The angle in radian measure =  = 
180 36

If r is the radius of the circle, using  = l/r, we have

l 40 288 288  7
r= = = or = 91.636 m
 5/ 36  22

4.1 Trigonometric Ratios

Consider an angle  =  XOA as shown in figure. P be any point other than O on its terminal side OA and let PM be
perpendicular from P on x-axis. Let length OP = r, OM = x and MP = y. We take the length OP = r always positive while x and
y can be positive or negative depending upon the position of the terminal side OA of X OA

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y y
A
A
P (x, y) P (x, y)


y  x x x
M M
y y

In the right angled triangle OMP, we have

Base = OM = x, perpendicular = PM = y and, Hypotenuse = OP = r.

y y

x  
M x x M x
0
0

P (x, y)
P (x, y) A

A y
y

We define the following trigonometric ratios which are also known as trigonometric functions.

Perpendicular y Base x
sin  = = , cos = =
Hypotenuse r H ypotenu se r

Perpendicular y Hypotaneuse r
tan  = = , cosec  = =
Base x Perpendicular y

Hypotaneuse r Base x
sec  = = , cot  = =
Base x Perpend icu lar y

4.2 Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

In first quadrant: x > 0, y > 0

y r
 sin  = 0, cosec  = 0,
r x

x r
cos  = 0, sec  = 0,
r x

y x
tan  =  0, and cot  = 0
x y

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Thus. in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are positive.

In second quadrant: x < 0, y > 0

y x
 sin  = 0 cos  = 0,
r r

y r
tan  = 0 cosec  = 0,
x y

r x
sec  =  0 and, cot  = 0
x y

Thus, in the second quadrant sine and cosecant functions are positive and all others are negative.

In third quadrant: x < 0, y < 0

y x
 sin  = 0, cos  = 0,
r r

y x
tan  = 0, cosec  = 0,
x y

r x
sec  =  0 and cot  = 0
x y

Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative except tangent and cotangent. In fourth
quadrant: x > 0, y < 0

y x
 sin  = 0, cos  = 0,
r r

y r
tan  = 0, cosec  = 0
x y

r x
sec  = 0 and cot  = 0
x y

Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative except cosine and secant.

❑ Range of Trigonometric Ratios

The range of the trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants are depicted in the following table.

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y

In the second quadrant In the first quadrant

sine decreases from 1 to 0 sine decreases from 0 to 0
cosine decreases from 0 to –1 cosine decreases from 1 to 0
tangent increases from – to 0 tangent increases from 0 to 
cotangent decreases from to 0 to –  cotangent decreases from to  to 0
secant increases from –  to –1 secant increases from 1 to 
cosecant increases from 1 to  cosecant increases from  to 1

x O x
In the third quadrant In the fourth quadrant
sine decreases from 0 to –1 sine increases from –1 to 0
cosine decreases from –1 to 0 cosine increases from 0 to 1
tangent increases from 0 to  tangent increases from –  to 0
cotangent decreases from to  to 0 cotangent decreases from to 0 to – 
secant increases from –1 to –  secant decreases from  to 1
cosecant increases from –  to –1 cosecant decreases from –1 to – 

y

4.3 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Standard Acute Angle

Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

Angle () → T-
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Ratio 

sin  0 1/2 1/ 2 3/ 2 1

cos  1 3/ 2 1/ 2 1/2 0

tan  0 1/ 3 1 3 

cot   3 1 1/ 3 0

sec  1 2/ 3 2 2 

cosec   2 2 2/ 3 1

4.4 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90°.

The angle –, 90° ± , 180° ± , 360° ±  etc are angles allied to the angle  is measured in degrees. However, if  is measured

in radians, then the angles allied to  are – , ± ,  + , 2 ±  etc.
2

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Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angle are Depicted in the Following Table

– 90 °–  90° +  180° –  180° +  270° –  270° +  360° –  360° + 

sin  – sin  cos  cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin 

cos  cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin  cos  cos 

tan  – tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan 

cot  – cot  tan  – tan  – cot  cot  tan  – tan  – cot  cot 

sec  sec  cosec  – cosec  – sec  – sec  – cosec  cosec  sec  sec 

cosec  – cosec  sec  sec  cosec  – cosec  – sec  – sec  – cosec  cosec 

❑ Some Important Fact

(i) sin , cos , tan  are the reciprocal of cosec , sec  and cot .

(ii) sin2 + cos2 = 1, 1 + tan2 = sec2, 1 + cot2 = cosec2 

1 1
(iii) sec  – tan  = and cosec  – cot  =
sec  + tan  cos ec + cot 

(iv) |sin |  1  –1  sin   1

(v) |cos |  1  – 1  cos   1

(vi) |sec |  1  sec   – 1 or sec   1

(vii) |cosec |  1  cosec   – 1 or cosec   1

(viii) tan   R or –  < tan  < + 

(ix) cot   R or –  < cot  < + 

4.5 Graphs of Different Trigonometric Ratios

From the knowledge of trigonometry we compute the following table.

y = sin x

X 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

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sin x 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

y = sin x

x –/2
–2 − O   x
–3 /2 /2


y

y = cos x

X 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

cos x 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 –1
− − −
2 2 2 2 2 2

y = cos x

–3 O  3
x – –  x
  


y = tan x

X 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

tan x 0 1 1 3  − 3 –1 1 0
−
3 3

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y = tan x

x –3 – – O   3 x
   

y

y = cot x

X 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

cot x  3 1 1 0 1 –1 − 3 –
−
3 3

y= cot x

x  x
- x 0 x
−
2 2

y

y = cosec x

x 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

cosec x  2 2 2 1 2 2 2 
3 3

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y = cosec x

x
-2 - O  2

y = sec x

X 0     2 3 5 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

sec x 1 2 2 2  –2 − 2 2 –1
−
3 3

y = sec x

x - 3/ 2 −/ 2  / 2  3/ 2 x

−

y

Illustrations

Illustration 4

Evaluate : sin (1560°)

Solution

Dividing 1560° = 17 × 90° +30°

Since, quotient is 17 (i.e. odd), so sine changes its co-function (i.e. co-sine) and 1560° lies in second quadrant, we know. In
IInd quadrant sine is positive.

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3
Hence sin 1560° = cos 30° =
2

Illustration 5

Evaluate : cos (–2910°)

Solution

= cos (2910°) ( cos (–q) = cos q)

= cos (32 × 90° + 30°)

= cos 30° [ 32 is even & 2910° lies in first quadrant]

= 3/ 2

Illustration 6

Prove that, cos 510 cos 330 + sin 390 cos 120 = − 1

Solution

L.H.S. = cos 510 cos 330 + sin 390 cos 120

= cos (5  90 + 60) cos (360 − 30) + sin (360+30) cos (90+30)

= −  cos 2 30 + sin 2 30

= -1 = R.H.S

4.6 Compound Angles

❑ Sum Or Difference Of The Angle

The algebraic sums of two or more angles are generally called compound angles and the angles are known as the
constituent angles.

e.g. If A, B, C are three angles then A + B , A + B + C , are compound angles.

❑ Sum and Difference of Cosine of Two Angles

(i) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

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for all angles A and B.

Let X  OX and YOY  be the coordinate axes. Consider a unit circle with O as the centre.

Let P1, P2 and P3 be three points on the circles such that XOP1 = A, XOP2 = B and XOP3 = A – B.

The terminal side of any angle intersects the circle with centre at O and unit radius at a point whose coordinates
are respectively the cosine and sine of the angle. Therefore, coordinates of P1, P2 and P3 are (cos A, sin A), (cos B, sin
B) and (cos (A – B), sin (A – B)) respectively.

We know that equal chords of a circle make equal angles at its centre. Since chords P0P3 and P1P2 subtend equal
angles at O. Therefore,

Chord P0P3 = Chord P1P2

y y

P3 {cos(A – B), sin (A – B)}

(cos A , sin A ) (cos A , sin A )
P1 A P2 P1 (cos A , sin A )
A -B P2 (cos B, sin B) B
x A
x x
0 P0 0 P0 (1, 0)
(1, 0) A -B

P3
[cos (A – B), sin (A – B)]
y y

 {cos ( A − B) − 1}2 + {sin( A − B) − 0}2 = (cos B − cos A )2 + (sin B − sin A )2

 {cos (A – B) – 1]2 + sin2 (A – B) = (cos B – cos A)2 + (sin B – sin A)2

 cos2 (A – B) – 2 cos (A – B) + 1 + sin2 (A – B) = cos2 B + cos2 A – 2 cos A cos B

+ sin2 B + sin2 A – 2 sin A sin B

 2 – 2 cos (A – B) = 2 – 2 cos A cos B – 2 sin A sin B

 cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Hence cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B …(i)

We have

cos (A + B)

= cos (A – (– B))

= cos A cos (– B) + sin A sin (– B) [Using (i)]

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= cos A cos B – sin A sin B

Hence, cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

❑ Sum and Difference of Sine of Two Angle

Prove that

(i) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B

(ii) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

for all values of A and B

(i) We have

sin (A – B)

= cos (90° – (A – B)) [ cos (90° – ) = sin ]

= cos ((90° – A) + B)

= cos (90° – A) cos B – sin (90° – A) sin B

= sin A cos B – cos A sin B

(ii) sin (A + B)

= sin (A – (– B))

= sin A cos (– B) cos A sin (– B) [Using (i)]

= sin A cos B + cos A sin B

❑ Tangent of the Difference and Sum of Two Angles

Prove that

tan A + tan B
(i) tan (A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B

tan A − tan B
(ii) tan (A – B) =
1 + tan A tan B

(i) We have

tan (A + B)

sin ( A + B)
=
cos ( A + B)

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sin A cos B + cos A sin B
=
cos A cos B − sin A sin B

tan A + tan B
= [On dividing the numerator and denominator by]
1 − tan A tan B

(ii) We have,

tan (A – B)

= tan A + (– B))

tan A + tan (−B)

=
1 − tan A tan (−B)

tan A − tan B
=
1 + tan A tan B

Similarly, it can be proved that

cot A cot B − 1
cot (A + B) =
cot B + cot A

cot A cot B + 1
and cot (A – B) =
cot B − cot A

❑ Other Useful Results

(i) sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – cos2 A

(ii) cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – sin2 A

(iii) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C

(iv) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B sin C – sin A cos B sin C – sin A sin B cos C

tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C s −s

(v) tan (A + B + C) = = 1 3
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A 1 − s2

where Sr = sum of product of tangents taken r at a time

Illustrations

Illustration 7

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1 1
If tan A = and tan B = the value of 2A + B is
3 7

(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 45° (d) 145°

Solution

tan (2 A + B) = tan ( A + A + B)

tan A + tan A + tan B − tan A · tan A tan B

=
1 − tan A · tan A − tan A · tan B − tan B tan A

2 tan A + tan B − tan 2 A tan B

=
1 − tan 2 A − 2 tan A tan B

2
1 1 1 1
2+ −  
3 7 3 7
= 2
1 1 1
1−  − 2  
3 3 7

42 + 9 − 1 50
= = = 1
63 − 7 − 6 50

 2 A + B = 45

Illustration 8

Prove that tan 13 – tan 9 – tan 4 = tan 13 tan 9 tan 4

Solution

In this problem, note that one of three angle 13 is sum of other two angles 9, 4

i.e. 13 = 9 + 4

 tan 13 = tan (9 + 4)

tan 9 + tan 4
 tan 13 =
1 − tan 9 tan 4

 tan 13 (1 – tan 9 tan 4) = tan 9 + tan 4

 tan 13 – tan 9 – tan 4 = tan 13  tan 9 tan 4

4.7 Transformation Formulae

❑ Expressing the product of Trigonometric Ratio into Sum or Difference
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(a) 2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B)

(b) 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B)

(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)

(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B)

Illustrations

Illustration 9

Prove that

 9 3 5
2 cos cos + cos + cos =0
13 13 13 13

Solution

We have

 9 3 5
LHS = 2 cos cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13

 9    9   3 5
= cos  +  + cos  −  + cos + cos
 13 13   13 13  13 13

10  8 3 5
= cos + cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13

 3   5  3 5
= cos   −  + cos   −  + cos + cos
 13   13  13 13

3 5 3 5
= − cos − cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13

= 0 = RHS.

❑ Expressing the Sum or Difference of Trigonometric Ratios into Product

C+D C−D
Let A + B = C and A − B = D then A= and B =
2 2

Substituting in (i)

C+D  C+D 
(a) sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
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C+D  C−D 
(b) sin C − sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

C+D   D −C 
(c) cos C − cos D = 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

C+D   D −C 
(d) cos C + cos D = 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

Illustrations

Illustration 10

sin 3 + sin 5 + sin 7  + sin 9 

=
cos 3  + cos 5  + cos 7  + cos 9 

(a) tan 6 (b) tan 3  (c) cot 2 (d) cot 6 

Solution

sin 3 + sin 5 + sin 7  + sin 9 

cos 3  + cos 5  + cos 7  + cos 9 

(sin 3 + sin 7 ) + (sin 5  + sin 9 )

(cos 3  + cos 7 ) + (cos 5  + cos 9 )

 3 + 7    7  − 3   5 + 9   9 − 5 
2 sin   cos   + 2 sin   cos  
=
 2   2   2   2 
 7  + 3   7  − 3   9 + 5   9 − 5 
2 cos   cos   + 2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 

sin 5 cos 2 + sin 7  cos 2

=
cos 5  cos 2 + cos 7  cos 2 

sin 5  + sin 7  2 sin 6  cos 

= =
cos 5  + cos 7  2 cos 6 cos 

= tan 6 

❑ Multiple of 2 A

4.8 Trigonometric Ratio of Multiple and Sub-Multiple

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Angles
(i) sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A

2 tan A
(ii) sin 2A =
1 + tan 2 A

(iii) cos 2 A = cos2 A – sin2 A

cos A = 2cos2 A – 1 or 1 + cos 2 A = 2 cos A

2
(iv)

cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2 A or 1 − cos 2 A = 2 sin A

2
(v)

1 − tan 2 A
(vi) cos 2A
1 + tan 2 A

2 tan A
(vii) tan 2 A =
1 − tan 2 A

cot 2 A − 1
(viii) cot 2 A =
2 cot A

A
If A be replaced by , these formula reduce to sub-multiple angles. Above result can be proved by using the
2
formulae sin (A + B), cos (A + B), tan (A + B) cot (A + B) after replacing B by A.

A A 2 tan A / 2
(i) sin A = 2 sin cos =
2 2 1 + tan 2 A / 2

A 1 − tan A / 2
2
A A A
(ii) cos A = cos 2 − sin 2 = 2 cos 2 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 =
2 2 2 2 1 + tan 2 A / 2

2 tan A / 2
(iii) tan A =
1 − tan 2 A / 2

❑ Multiple of 3 A

(i) sin 3 A = 3 sin A − 4 sin 3 A

sin 3A = sin (2A + A) = sin 2A cos A + cos 2A . sin A

= 2 sin A cos2A + sin A (1 – 2 sin2 A) = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A

(ii) cos 3 A = 4 cos 3 A − 3 cos A

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cos 3A = cos (2A + A) = cos 2A cos A – sin 2A sin A

= (2 cos2A – 1) cos A – 2 sin2 A cos A

= (2 cos2 A –1) cos A – 2 (1 – cos2 A) cos A

= 4cos3 A – 3 cos A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
(iii) tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

tan 2 A + tan A
tan 3A =
1 − tan 2 A tan A

2 tan A
+ tan A
= 1 − tan A 2
2

2 tan A
1−
1 − tan 2 A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
=
1 − 3 tan 2 A

❑ Triple Angle Formulae

(i) 4 sin  sin (60° – ) sin (60° + ) = sin 3

(ii) 4 cos  cos (60° – ) cos (60° + ) = cos 3

(iii) tan  tan (60° – ) tan (60° + ) = tan 3

(iv) cot  cot (60° – ) cot (60° + ) = cot 3

Illustrations

Illustration 11

1
Prove that: cos 20° cos40° cos60° cos80° =
16

Solution

L.H.S. = cos 20° cos40° cos60° cos80°

1
= cos 20 cos (60 − 20) cos (60 + 20)
2

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1
= cos 20 [cos 2 60 − sin 2 20]
2

1 
=
1
2 4
(
cos 20  − 1 − cos 2 20 

)
1  3
= cos 20 cos 2 20 − 
2  4

1
=  4 cos 3 20 − 3 cos 20 
8

1
= cos (3  20)
8

1
= cos 60º
8

1
= = R.H.S.
16

Some Important Values

( 5 − 1)
sin 18º = = cos 72º
4

10 + 2 5
cos 18º = = sin 72º
4

( 5 + 1)
cos 36º = = sin 54º
4

10 − 2 5
sin 36º = = cos 54º
4

1 2 −1
sin 22 =
2 2 2

1 2 +1
cos 22 =
2 2 2

1
tan 22 = 2 −1
2

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1
cot 22 = 2 +1
2
❑ Some Other Useful Results

 ( n − 1 )    n 
sin  + sin  
 2   2 
(i) sin  + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2) + … … to n terms =

sin  
2

 ( n − 1 )    n 
cos  + sin  
 2   2 
(ii) cos  + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + …… + …… to n term =

sin  
2

sin 2 n A
(iii) cos A cos 2A cos23 A ______ cos 2n–1 A =
2n sin A

A A
(iv) sin + cos =  1 + sin A
2 2

A A
(v) sin − cos =  1 − sin A
2 2

   
(vi) sin A ± cos A = 2 sin   A  = 2 cos  A 
2   4

Illustrations

Illustration 12

Prove that

 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
cos cos cos cos cos cos cos =
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 128

Solution

We have

 2 3 4 5 6 7
cos cos cos cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15 15 15 15

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=
1
2  
cos cos
15
2
15
cos
4
15
cos
7
15  cos
3
15
cos
6
15 
= −
1
2 
cos cos
15
2
15
cos
4
15
cos
8
15  cos
3
15
cos
6
15 
2 4    sin  2  3   
2

1  
sin
−  15     15  
=
   3 
2  2 4 sin   2 2 sin 
 15   15 
 

 16   4 
sin   sin 5 
1 15
= −    
2  16 sin    4 sin  
 15   5

    
− sin sin
1  15    5
−    
=
128  sin    sin 
 15   5

1
= .
128

4.9 Maximum and minimum values of a cos  + b sin :

Consider a point (a, b) on the cartesian plane, let its distance from origin be r and the line joining the point and the origin
make an angle a with the positive direction of x axis.

then a = r cos  and b = r sin 

Squaring and adding r = a2 + b2

So, a cos  + b sin  = r [cos  cos  + sin  sin ]

= r cos ( – )

but, – 1  cos ( – )  1

 – r  a cos  + b sin   r

So maximum value is a2 + b2 and minimum value is − a2 + b2

Illustrations

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Illustration 13

   
Find the maximum value of 1 + sin  +   + 2 cos  −   for all real values of .
4  4 

Solution

   
= 1 + sin  +   + 2 cos  −  
4  4 

1
= 1+ ( sin  + cos ) + 2 ( cos  + sin  )
2

 1 
= 1+  + 2  ( cos  + sin  )
 2 

 1 
= maximum is 1+  + 2 2 = 4
 2 

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