DOC-20240604-WA0003.

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS
Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth but supreme beauty.
In this chapter, we shall learn

 Definition of angle, positive & negative angles
 Different measures of angle
 Definition of degree, radian and relation in degree and radian
 Definition of trigonometric functions
 Signs of trigonometric functions
 Values of trigonometric functions at standard angles
 Domain & range of trigonometric functions
 Graphs of trigonometric functions
 Identities of trigonometric functions and their proofs
 Principal and general solutions of trigonometric equations*
INTRODUCTION
Since the ancient days, trigonometry was first started in India. Its elements can be found in Rigveda.
Many Indian mathematicians like Aryabhatta, Bhaskara I and II and Brahmagupta had got important
results. All this knowledge first went from India to Middle East and from there to Europe.
Note that the word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘trigon’ and ‘metron’ and it means
‘measuring the sides of a triangle’. The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems
involving triangles. It was studied by sea captains for navigation, surveyor to map out the new lands,
by engineers and others.
Currently, trigonometry is used in many areas such as the science of seismology, designing electric
circuits, describing the state of an atom, predicting the heights of tides in the ocean, analyzing a
musical tone and in many other areas.
In earlier classes, we have studied the trigonometric ratios of acute angles as the ratio of the sides of a
right angled triangle. We have also studied the trigonometric identities and application of trigonometric
ratios in solving the problems related to heights and distances.
In this Chapter, we will generalize the concept of trigonometric ratios to trigonometric functions and
study their properties.
IMPORTANT TERMS & DEFINITIONS
01. Angle in geometry
Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point.
That is, an angle is a figure formed by two rays having common vertex called as origin. The rays are
called sides of the angle. The measure of the angle is the amount of rotation from the direction of one
ray of the angle to the other.
The initial and final positions of the revolving ray are respectively called the initial side and terminal
side and the revolving line is called the generating line or the radius vector.
* Principal and general solutions of trigonometric equations are not in syllabus; but may be taught for learning continuity.
46 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)
CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

 theopgupta.com MATHMISSION FOR XI
In the figure shown above, the ray OA is the initial side

and ray OB is the terminal side. And they form angle
AOB at the vertex O.
This angle is denoted by AOB .
With each angle a number is associated and this number
is called measure of the angle. There are several units
for measuring this angle and we shall study about them.
 In geometry an angle always lies between 0o and 360o and negative angle has no meaning.
02. Angle in trigonometry
The idea of angle is more general in trigonometry. It may be positive or negative and of any magnitude.
We know that angles in geometry are confined only till 360o which corresponds to one complete
revolution by a wheel say. So it is quite obvious that the angle covered in two complete revolutions is
of 720o measure and in a quarter of revolution it is of 90o and so on.
03. Units of measurement of angles
In geometry angles are measured in terms of right angle. In order to measure the smaller angles we
need to introduce smaller units of angle. These are Sexagesimal or British System (Degree Measure),
Centesimal or French System (Grade Measure) and Radian or Circular System. Here we’ll confine
ourselves only to Degree measure and Radian measure. Though you can expect a discussion about the
Grade measure too in the class!
Degree Measure : In the degree system of measurement a right angle is divided into 90
equal parts which are called as degrees. Each part is equal to one degree. Each degree is then
divided in 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into 60 equal parts
called seconds.
A degree, a minute and a second are denoted by the symbols 1o , 1 and 1 respectively.
Thus, 1 Right angle  90 o , 1o  60 and 1  60 .
Radian Measure : The angle subtended at the centre of circle by an arc whose length is
equal to its radius is called a radian and is denoted by 1C .
As shown in the adjacent figure, the centre of circle is O

and its radius is of l units.
So if the length of arc AB = l units then, by the definition
of radian given above, we have, AOB  1 Radian .
 Radian is a constant angle : Consider the figure of circle shown above.

Let ABC be a semi-circle whose centre is at O and radius l. Let length of arc AB be equal to l.
Then by definition, AOB  1c .
Now produce AO and let it meet the circle at C. Then AC is a diameter of circle and arc ABC is equal
to half the circumference of the circle and AOC  2 Right angles  180o .
By our geometrical knowledge, we know that the angles subtended at the centre of a circle are
proportional to the length of arc which subtends them.
AOB arc AB
i.e.,  …(i)
AOC arc ABC
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 47

Trigonometric Functions By O.P. GUPTA (Indira Award Winner)
1c l
 o
 [As arc ABC is a semicircle
180 πl
180o
 1c  …(ii)
π
2 Right angles
 1c 
π
c
 1  Constant .
Understanding the π
The  is not a whole number, nor it can be expressed in the form of a fraction, and hence not in
the form of a decimal fraction, terminating or recurring. The number  has a value which can’t
be exactly expressed as the ratio of two whole numbers.
The value of  , correct to 8 places of decimals, is   3.14159265...
22
In fact, the fraction  3.14285... gives the value of  correct to the 2 places of decimals.
7
 Consequently we deduce that, π c  180o i.e., π Radians  180o .

l
 Also by (i) it can be easily deduced that θ  , if length of any arbitrary arc AC  l which subtends
r
an angle of θ radians at the centre O of the circle of radius r.
l
So, θ (in radian measure)  .
r
✅ Relations in Different Measures of Angle

(i) Angle in Radian Measure =  Angle in Degree Measure ×
180
180 22
(ii) Angle in Degree Measure =  Angle in Radian Measure × , where   .
 7
 Following table can be consulted for a few frequently used standard angles:
Angles in Degree 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o 270o 360o

c c c c c
π π π π c  3π  c
Angles in Radian 0c
        π    2π 
6 4  3 2  2 
c
✅ In actual practice, we omit the exponent ‘c’ and instead of writing π , we simply write π .
c
π π
Likewise, instead of writing   , we simply write . We do same for other angles.
6 6
 1 Radian  57 o1745 seconds

 1 Radian  206265 seconds
π
 1o   0.01745 radians  approximately  .
180

04. Sign of angles and Quadrants

An angle formed by anticlockwise rotation of the radius vector is taken as positive whereas the angle
formed by clockwise rotation of the radius vector is taken as negative.
For the clarification, have a look at the figures given below :
Terminal Side Vertex Initial Side
Negative Angle
(Clockwise direction)
Positive Angle
(Anti-Clockwise direction) Terminal Side
Vertex Initial Side
Consider XOX  and YOY be two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane and OX be the initial half
line. The whole plane is divided into four different regions namely XOY, YOX , XOY and XOY  .
These regions are called quadrants and are respectively called 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants. The angle
is said to be in any of these quadrants according as the terminal side lies in whichever quadrants. If the
terminal side coincides with one of the axes then the angle is said to be a quadrant angle.
(Figure is given below).
π
90o
2
II Quadrant Y I Quadrant
sin θ 
  ve All T-Ratios : + ve
cosec θ 
Others :  ve
π 180o 0 0o
X O 2π 360o X
tan θ  cosθ 
  ve   ve
cot θ  sec θ 
Others :  ve Others :  ve
III Quadrant Y IV Quadrant
3π
270o
2
If there is any angle  which is not a quadrant angle and radius vector rotates in the anticlockwise
direction in such a way that number of revolution doesn’t exceed one, we have:
(i) 0o    90o If  lies in I quadrant
(ii) 90o    180o If  lies in II quadrant
(iii) 180o    270o If  lies in III quadrant
(iv) 270o    360o If  lies in IV quadrant
Also when terminal side coincides with OY :   90o Type of angles

when terminal side coincides with OX :   180o  Acute angle : 0o    90o
when terminal side coincides with OY :   270o  Obtuse angle : 90o    180o
when terminal side coincides with OX :   360o .  Reflex angle : 180o    360o

 Following table will be sufficient to give you an idea about the discussion we just have had:
Angles  π π 3π 3π
θ θ πθ πθ θ θ 2π  θ 2π  θ
T-Ratios  2 2 2 2 OR  θ
sin cos θ cos θ sin θ  sin θ  cos θ  cos θ  sin θ sin θ

cos sin θ  sin θ  cos θ  cos θ  sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ
tan cot θ  cot θ  tan θ tan θ cot θ  cot θ  tan θ tan θ
cot tan θ  tan θ  cot θ cot θ tan θ  tan θ  cot θ cot θ
sec cosecθ  cosecθ  secθ  secθ  cosecθ cosecθ secθ secθ
cosec secθ secθ cosecθ  cosecθ  secθ  secθ  cosecθ cosecθ
05. Recapitulation of previous class

Following is a list of those relations which you have studied in your last class.
Please note that their proof has not been mentioned here. Though you can anytime discuss it with your
teacher again in case you have forgotten!
(a) Trigonometric ratios and sides of a right angled triangle:
p b
(i) sin θ  (ii) cos θ 
h h
h p
(iii) cosec θ  (iv) tan θ 
p b
h b
(v) secθ  (vi) cot θ 
b p
(b) Trigonometric Identities:
(i) sin 2 θ  cos2 θ  1
Also cos    1  sin 2  , sin    1  cos 2  .
(ii) 1  tan 2 θ  sec 2 θ
Also sec    1  tan 2  , tan    sec 2   1 .
(iii) 1  cot 2 θ  cosec 2θ
Also cosec   1  cot 2  , cot    cosec2   1 .
(c) Relation between trigonometric ratios:

sin θ 1
(i) tan θ  (ii) tan θ 
cos θ cot θ
cos θ
(iii) tan θ.cot θ  1 (iv) cot θ 
sin θ
1 1
(v) cosecθ  (vi) sec θ  .
sin θ cos θ

 Following table includes trigonometric ratio of standard angles:
Degree / Radian    0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

π π π π
T-Ratios    0
6 4 3 2
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
cos 3 1 1 0
1
2 2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 
3
2
cosec  2 2 1
3
2
sec 1 2 2 
3
1
cot  3 1 0
3
 Following table demonstrates the Domain and Range of trigonometric functions:
T-Functions    Domain Range
sin x R [1, 1]
cos x R [1, 1]
   R
tan x x  R : x  (2n  1) , n  Z
 2 
cot x {x  R : x  n π, n  Z} R
cosec x {x  R : x  n π, n  Z} R  ( 1, 1)
   R  ( 1, 1)
sec x x  R : x  (2n  1) , n  Z
 2 
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions should be discussed in the class.

At the end of this chapter, graphs have been given for all T-functions.
06. Some useful trigonometric identities and formulae

 Trigonometric identities
(a) sin 2 θ  cos 2 θ  1
(b) 1  tan 2 θ  sec 2 θ
(c) 1  cot 2 θ  cosec 2θ

 Addition / subtraction formulae & some related results

(a) sin(A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(b) cos(A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
(c) cos(A  B) cos(A  B)  cos2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  sin 2 A
(d) sin(A  B) sin(A  B)  sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos2 B  cos 2 A
tan A  tan B
(e) tan(A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
cot B cot A  1
(f) cot (A  B) 
cot B  cot A
 Transformation of sums / differences into products & vice-versa
CD CD CD CD
(a) sin C  sin D  2sin cos (b) sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
(c) cos C  cos D  2cos
CD CD (d) cosC  cos D  2sin
CD CD
cos sin
2 2 2 2
(e) 2sin A cos B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B) (f) 2 cosAsin B  sin (A  B)  sin (A  B)
(g) 2cos A cos B  cos (A  B)  cos (A  B) (h) 2sin Asin B  cos (A  B)  cos (A  B)
 Multiple angle formulae involving 2A & 3A
(a) sin 2A  2sin A cos A (b) sin A  2sin A cos A

2 2
A A
(c) cos 2A  cos2 A  sin 2 A (d) cos A  cos2  sin 2
2 2
(e) cos 2A  2cos2 A  1 2
(f) 2cos A  1  cos 2A
(g) cos 2A  1  2sin 2 A (h) 2sin 2 A  1  cos 2A
2 tan A 1  tan 2 A
(i) sin 2A  (j) cos 2A 
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A
2 tan A
(k) tan 2A  (l) sin 3A  3sin A  4sin 3 A
1  tan 2 A
3 3tan A  tan 3 A
(m) cos3A  4 cos A  3cos A (n) tan 3A 
1  3 tan 2 A
WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Ex01. Find the radian measure corresponding to (a) 240o (b) 37 o30 .

Sol. We know that, Angle in Radian Measure   Angle in Degree Measure ×
180
c c
    4  4
(a) Radian Measure of 240o =  240×  =  or simply, .
 180   3  3
o o
o  1  75 
(b) As 37 30    37     
 2  2 
 c c
 75    75     5  5
So, the Radian Measure of               or simply,  .
 2    2  180   24  24

c
 7 
Ex02. Find the degree measure corresponding to (a) 2 (b)   .
 12 
180
Sol. We know that, Angle in Degree Measure   Angle in Radian Measure ×

o o
 180   180 
   114 3244  .
o
(a) Degree Measure of 2   2     2 
    22 / 7 
c o
 7π   7π 180  o
(b) Degree Measure of     ×   105 .
 12   12 π 
Ex03. The minute hand of a watch is known to be 1.4 cm long.
22
How far does its tip move in 45 minutes? Use π  .
7
Sol. In 60 minutes, the minute hand moves through 2π radians.
c c
 2π   3π 
So, in 45 minutes, it moves through   45     .
 60   2 
l 3π
Now by using  (in radians)  , we have l  1.4  cm
r 2
3 22
  1.4    6.6 cm.
2 7
Hence, the distance moved by the tip of the minute hand in 45 minutes is 6.6 cm.
Ex04. A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute. Through how many radians does it turn in one
second?
Sol. No. of revolutions done in one minute (60 seconds)  360
360
No. of revolutions done in one second  6
60
Now, angle made in one revolution  2π radians
Therefore, the angle made in 6 revolutions  12π radians.
4 3
Ex05. If sin    ,     then find the value of tan  , cos and sec  .
5 2
Sol. It is clearly evident that  lies in third quadrant in which only tan  and cot  are positive and
all the remaining trigonometric functions are negative.
4
Now, sin   
5
 cos    1  sin 2 
2
 4
 cos    1    
 5
3
 cos    (As  lies in 3rd quadrant)
5
1
So, sec  
cos
5
 sec    .
3
sin 
And, tan  
cos 

4/5
 tan  
3/5
4
 tan   .
3
Ex06. Evaluate: (a) cosec  1410o  (b) cos  870o  .
Sol. (a) cosec  1410o   cosec  1410o  4  360o 
  cosec  1410o  1440o   cosec30o  2 .
(b) cos  870o   cos  870o  3  360o   cos  870o  1080o   cos 210o .
3
  cos 180o  30o    cos 30o   .
2
5
Ex07. Evaluate: (a) tan (b) sin18o .
12
 1 
tan  tan 1
5    4 6  3
Sol. (a) tan  tan    
12  4 6  1  tan  tan  1  1. 1
4 6 3
5 3 1
 tan 
12 3 1
5 3 1
 tan  .
12 3 1
(b) Let   18o
 5  90o
 2  90o  3
 sin 2  sin  90o  3 
 2 sin  cos   cos 3
 2sin  cos   4 cos3   3cos 
 cos  2sin   4 cos2   3  0  cos   cos18o  0
 2sin   4 1  sin 2    3  0
 4sin 2   2sin   1  0
2  4  16 1  5
 sin   
8 4
5 1
 sin18o  .  sin18o  0
4
1
Ex08. Prove that: sin15o  cos15o   .
2
Sol. LHS : sin15o  cos15o
  sin15o  cos (90o  75o )
  sin15o  sin 75o
15o  75o 15o  75o
  2 cos sin
2 2
o o
  2cos 45 sin (30 )

1
  2  { sin 30o }
2
1 1
  2  
2 2
1
   RHS.
2
Ex09. Prove that: tan 75o  cot 75o  4 .
Sol. LHS : tan 75o  cot 75o
sin 75o cos 75o
  
cos 75o sin 75o
sin 2 75o  cos2 75o
 
sin 75o cos 75o
1
  o o
2 (Using sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
2sin 75 cos 75
2 2 2 2
  o
 o o
 o

sin150 sin(180  30 ) sin 30 1
2
  4  RHS.
1  sin θ  cos θ θ
Ex10. Show that  cot .
1  sin θ  cos θ 2
1  sin θ  cos θ
Sol. LHS :
1  sin θ  cos θ
(1  cos θ)  sin
 
(1  cos θ)  sin θ
θ θ θ
2 cos2  2sin cos
  2 2 2
θ θ θ
2sin 2  2sin cos
2 2 2
θ θ θ
2 cos  cos  sin 
2 2 2
 
θ θ θ
2sin  sin  cos 
2 2 2
θ
cos
  2
θ
sin
2

  cot  RHS.
2
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
Ex11. Show that   2sec 2x .
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
Sol. LHS : 
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
(cos x  sin x) 2  (cos x  sin x)2
 
(cos x  sin x)(cos x  sin x)

(cos 2 x  2cos x sin x  sin 2 x)  (cos2 x  2 cos x sin x  sin 2 x)

 
(cos2 x  sin 2 x)
2
 
cos 2x
  2sec 2x  RHS.
x 3x 9x 5x 5x
Ex12. Prove that cos x cos  cos cos  sin sin .
4 2 4 2 4
x 3x 9x
Sol. LHS : cos x cos  cos cos
4 2 4
1 x 3x 9x 
   2cos x cos  2 cos cos 
2 4 2 4
1   x  x     3x 9x   3x 9x  
   cos  x    cos  x     cos     cos    
2   4  4    2 4   2 4  
1  5x 3x   15x  3x  
   cos  cos   cos  cos     { cos(  x)  cos x
2  4 4  4  4  
1  5x 3x   15x 3x 
   cos  cos   cos  cos 
2  4 4  4 4 
1 5x 15x 
   cos  cos
2 4 4 
1 1  5x 15x  1  5x 15x  
   2sin    sin   
2 2 4 4  2 4 4  
1 5x  5x  
   2sin sin     { sin( x)   sin x
2 2  4 
1 5x 5x 
  2sin sin 
2 2 4
5x 5x
  sin sin  RHS.
2 4
x 9x 5x
Ex13. Prove that: sin 2x sin  sin 3x sin   sin 5x sin .
2 2 2
x 9x
Sol. LHS : sin 2x sin  sin 3x sin
2 2
1 x 9x 
   2sin 2x sin  2sin 3x sin 
2 2 2
1   x  x    9x   9x  
   cos  2x    cos  2x     cos  3x    cos  3x   
2   2  2    2   2  
1  3x 5x    3x  15x 
   cos  cos   cos    cos 
2  2 2   2  2 
1  3x 5x   3x 15x 
   cos  cos   cos  cos 
2  2 2  2 2 
1  15x 5x 
   cos  cos 
2 2 2

1 1  15x 5x  1  15x 5x  
   2sin    sin   
2 2 2 2  2 2 2 
5x
   sin 5x sin  RHS.
2
 This is only a Demo sample file of MATHMISSION FOR XI (2024-25).

The contents shown here are just glimpses of what we have provided in
the Printed book.
3
Ex17. Prove that sin 20o sin 40o sin 80o  .
8
Sol. LHS : sin 20o sin 40o sin 80o
1
   (2 sin 20o sin 40o ) sin 80o
2
1
    cos(20o  40o )  cos(20o  40o )  sin 80o
2
1
    cos(20o )  cos 60o  sin 80o
2
1
   sin 80o cos 20o  sin 80o cos 60o 
2
1  1
    2sin 80o cos 20o  2sin 80o  
4  2
1
   sin(80o  20o )  sin(80o  20o )  sin 80o 
4
1
   sin100o  sin 60o   sin 80o 
4
1   3  
    sin(180o  80o )  o
  sin 80 
4   2  
1  3 
   sin 80o   sin 80o 
4  2 
3
   RHS.
8
1 x x x
Ex18. If cos x   and x lies in III quadrant, find the values of sin , cos and tan .
3 2 2 2
3  x 3 x
Sol. Since x lies in III quadrant, we have   x  which implies,   i.e., lies in the
2 2 2 4 2
II quadrant.
x x x
 sin  0 , cos  0 and tan  0 .
2 2 2
x
Now as we know, 2 sin 2  1  cos x 
2
x 1 4
 2 sin 2  1  
2 3 3

x 2
 sin 2
2 3
x 2
 sin  
2 3
x 2  x
 sin
2

3  2  II Quadrant
x 6
 sin  .
2 3
x
Also 2 cos 2  1  cos x 
2
x 1 2
 2 cos2  1  
2 3 3
x 1
 cos 2 
2 3
x 1 x 3
 cos   i.e., cos   .
2 3 2 3
x
x sin 2
Therefore, by using tan  we get,
2 cos x
2
6
x x
 tan  3 i.e., tan   2 .
2 3 2

3
cos(  ) 1
Ex19. If cot  cot   2 , show that  .
cos(  ) 3
Sol. As cot  cot   2
cos  cos  2
 
sin  sin  1
cos  cos   sin  sin  2  1
  (Using Componendo & Dividendo
cos  cos   sin  sin  2  1
cos(  ) 3
 
cos(  ) 1
cos(  ) 1
  .
cos(  ) 3

Ex20. Find the value of cot .
24

cos
 24
Sol. Let y  cot 
24 sin 
24

 
2 cos cos
y 24 24
 
2sin cos
24 24

2 cos2
y 24

sin
12

1  cos
y 12

sin
12
 
1  cos   
 y 4 6
 
sin   
4 6
   
1  cos cos  sin sin
y 4 6 4 6
   
sin cos  cos sin
4 6 4 6
3 1
1 
y 2 2 2 2
3 1

2 2 2 2
2 2  3 1
y 2 2
3 1
2 2
2 2  3 1
y
3 1
2 2  3 1 3 1
y 
3 1 3 1
2 6 2 2 2 34
y
2
 y  2  32 6
y  2  3  4  6 .
Exercise 3.1
Basic Introductive Questions
Q01. Find the radian measures corresponding to the following degree measures:
(a) 250o (b) 47 o30 (c) 25o
(d) 45o2010 (e) 81o .
Q02. Find the degree measures corresponding to the following radian measures:

c
 11 
(a)   (b) 4 (c) 6
 16 
7
(d) (e) (1.2)c .
6
Q03. Find degree measure of the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 100 cm by an arc
of length 22 cm.
Q04. In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length of a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc of the
chord.
Q05. If the arcs of same lengths in two circles subtend angles 65o and 110o at the centre, then find
the ratio of their radii.
Q06. The minute hand of a watch is 1.5 cm long. How far does its tip move in 40 minutes?
Q07. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the ratio of the number of degrees in the least to the
number of radians in the greatest is 60 : π . Find the angles in degrees and radians.
2
Q08. The difference between the two acute angles of a right-angled triangle is π . Find the angles in
5
degrees and in the radians.
c

Q09. In a right-angled triangle, the difference between the two acute angles is   . Find the angles
 15 
in degrees.
Q10. A train is moving on a circular curve of radius 1500 m at the rate of 66 km/hr. Through what
angle has it turned in 10 seconds?
Q11. Find the length which at a distance of 5280 m will subtend an angle of 1 at the eye.
Q12. Find each interior angle of a regular decagon in radian.
Q13. Find the angle between hour hand and minute hand of a clock at 7:20.
Q14. Find the angle between hour hand and minute hand of a clock at quarter to five.
Q15. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5, then find the smallest angle in the radian and the
greatest in the degree.
Q16. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular path, always keeping the
rope tight and describes 88 m. When it traces 72o at the centre, find the length of the rope.
2 6
Q17. If sin x   and x lies in III quadrant, find the values of other five trigonometric functions.
5
5
Q18. If cot x   , x lies in second quadrant, find the values of other five trigonometric functions.
12
Q19. Evaluate the followings:
25  16   33   19 
(a) sin (b) tan    (c) cosec    (d) sec    .
3  3   4   3 
o o
Q20. Find the value of (a) cosec( 1110 ) (b) sin 765 .
the Printed book.
Exercise 3.2
Concept Building Questions - I
Q01. Find the value of followings:
(a) sin15o (b) cos 75o (c) tan15o
(d) tan 75o (e) sin105o (f) tan105o .

Q02. Find the value of the followings:

13π π
(a) tan (b) tan
12 8
π 7π
(c) sin (d) sin .
12 8
Q03. Express 2 cos 4x sin 2x as an algebraic sum of sines and/or cosines.
Q04. Express sin12θ + sin4θ as the product of sines and cosines.
3 12
Q05. If sin x  , cos y   where x and y both lie in the second quadrant, then find the values of
5 13
sin(x  y) , cos(x  y) and tan(x  y) .
15 12
Q06. If sin   , cos   where  and  both lie in the first quadrant, then determine the values
17 13
of sin(  ), cos(  ) and tan(  ) .
1 5  3   
Q07. If cot   , sec    where    ,  and    ,   then, find the value of tan(  ) .
2 3  2  2 
13 
Q08. If sec x   ,  x   , find the value of sin 2x and tan 2x .
12 2
4 x x x
Q09. If tan x   , where x lie in II Quadrant, find the value of sin , cos and tan .
3 2 2 2
x x x
Q10. Find sin , cos and tan in each of the followings:
2 2 2
1 1 3 3
(a) cos x   , x II quadrant (b) sin x   ,   x  (c) tan x   , 90o  x  180o .
3 4 2 4
the Printed book.
Exercise 3.3
Concept Building Questions - II
Q01. Prove the followings:
Level - I
1 1
(a) sin105o  cos105o  (b) cos15o  sin15o 
2 2
(c) cos18o  sin18o  2 sin 27 o (d) cos 9 o  sin 9o  2 sin 54o
 3   3  1
(e) cos   x   cos   x    2 sin x (f) sin 2 5o  sin 2 10o  sin 2 15o  ...  sin 2 90o  9
 4   4  2
cos11o  sin11o 1  sin θ  cos θ θ
(g)  tan 56o (h)  tan  
cos11o  sin11o 1  sin θ  cosθ 2
sec8x  1 tan 8x tan 5θ  tan 3θ
(i)  (j)  4 cos 2θ cos 4θ
sec 4x  1 tan 2x tan 5θ  tan 3θ
cos x  x sin  B  C  sin  C  A  sin  A  B 
(k)  tan    (l)   0
1  sin x 4 2 cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos B

  
(m) 2  2  2 cos 4θ  2sin θ , 0    2  2  2  2cos8x  2cos x, x   0, 
(n)
4  8
   3  5   7  1
(o)  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  
 8  8  8  8  8
Level - II
(a) tan 40o  2 tan10o  tan 50o (b) tan 70o  tan 20o  2 tan 50o
 x  x 1
(c) sin 2     sin 2     sin x (d) sin 2 6x  sin 2 4x  sin 2x sin10x
8 2 8 2 2
x 3x
(e) sin 2x  2sin 4x  sin 6x  4cos 2 x sin 4x (f) sin 3x  sin 2x  sin x  4 sin x cos cos
2 2
(g) sin x  sin 3x  sin 5x  sin 7x  4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x
        
(h) cos   cos   cos   cos         4cos   cos   cos  
 2   2   2 
       
(i) cos     cos      sin     sin      sin     
4  4  4  4 
(j) sin  n  1 x sin  n  2  x  cos  n  1 x cos  n  2  x  cos x
 3    3  
(k) cos   x  cos  2  x  cot   x   cot  2  x    1
 2    2  
cos  90  x  sec  270  x  sin 180  x 
(l)  cos x
cosec   x  cos  270  x  tan 180  x 
cos    x  cos   x  cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
(m)  cot 2 x (n)   2 tan 2x
  cos x  sin x cos x  sin x
sin    x  cos   x 
2 
cos 4x sin 3x  cos 2x sin x cos 4x  cos 3x  cos 2x
(o)  tan 2x (p)  cot 3x
sin 4x sin x  cos 6x cos x sin 4x  sin 3x  sin 2x
sin 7x  sin 3x  sin 9x  sin 5x sin 5x  2 sin 3x  sin x
(q)  tan 6x (r)  tan x
cos 7x  cos 3x  cos 9x  cos 5x cos 5x  cos x
sin x  sin 3x
(s)  2 sin x (t) cot 4x  sin 5x  sin 3x   cot x  sin 5x  sin 3x 
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
(u) cos 4x  1  8sin 2 x cos 2 x (v) cos6x  32cos6 x  48cos 4 x  18cos2 x  1
 
2 tan   x  2
4 tan x(1  tan x) 4    1  tan x 
(w) tan 4x  (x)  
1  6 tan 2 x  tan 4 x    1  tan x 
tan   x 
4 
sin x  sin y xy sin  x  y  tan x  tan y
(y)  tan   (z) 
cos x  cos y  2  sin  x  y  tan x  tan y
 9 3 5 x 9x 5x
(aa) 2 cos cos  cos  cos 0 (ab) cos 2x cos  cos 3x cos  sin 5x sin
13 13 13 13 2 2 2
  3      
(ac) 3 sin 4      sin 4 (3  )   2 sin 6      sin 6 (5  )   1
  2    2  

Level - III
1 3
(a) cos 20o cos 40o cos 60o cos80o  (b) sin10o sin 50o sin 60o sin 70o 
16 16
1 3
(c) sin10o sin 30o sin 50o sin 70o  (d) cos10o cos30o cos 50o cos70o 
16 16
sin16A 3
(e) cos A cos 2A cos 4A cos8A  (f) sin 20o sin 40o sin 60o sin 80o 
16 sin A 16
1
(g) cos 20o cos 40o cos80o  (h) tan 20o tan 40o tan 60o tan 80o  3
8
Level - IV
3
(a) cos3 x  cos3 120o  x   cos 3  240o  x   cos 3x
4
 2   4  3
(b) sin 3 x  sin 3   x   sin 3   x    sin 3x
 3   3  4
    3 3
(c) cos2 x  cos 2  x    cos 2  x    OR cos2 x  cos 2 (x  60o )  cos2 (x  60o ) 
 3  3 2 2
 2   2  3
(d) cos2 x  cos 2  x    cos 2  x   
 3   3  2
 2  2 2  3     3
(e) sin 2 x  sin 2  x    sin  x    (f) sin 2 x  sin 2  x    sin 2  x   
 3   3  2  3  3 2
1 1
(g) sin A sin(60o  A) sin(60o  A)  sin 3A (h) cos A cos(60o  A) cos(60o  A)  cos 3A
4 4
o o o o
(i) tan α tan(60  α) tan(60  α)  tan 3α (j) sin A  sin(A +120 )  sin(A  240 )  0
2 cos 2  1
(k) cos x  cos(120o  x)  cos(120o  x)  0 (l) tan(60o  α) tan(60o  α) 
2 cos 2  1
Level - V
(a) sin 5A  5sin A  20sin 3 A  16sin 5 A
(b) cos5x  16 cos5 x  20cos3 x  5cos x
(c) tan 3x tan 2x tan x  tan 3x  tan 2x  tan x
(d) tan 5x tan 3x tan 2x  tan 5x  tan 3x  tan 2x
(e) cot x cot 2x  cot 2x cot 3x  cot 3x cot x  1
2 2 xy
(f)  cos x  cos y    sin x  sin y   4 cos 2  
 2 
2 2 xy
(g)  cos x  cos y    sin x  sin y   4sin 2  
 2 
2 2 xy
(h)  cos x  cos y    sin x  sin y   4 cos2
2
Q02. (a) If A  B  45o , show that 1  tan A 1  tan B   2 .
(b) If A  B  135o , show that 1  tan A 1  tan B   2 .
1 1 xy 3
Q03. If cos x  cos y  and sin x  sin y  then, prove that tan   .
3 4  2  4

1 1 π
Q04. If x and y are acute angles such that sin x  and sin y  , prove that x  y  .
5 10 4
1 7
Q05. If sin x cos y  and 3tan x  4 tan y , then prove that sin(x  y)  .
4 16
Q06. If cos(A  B) sin(C  D)  cos(A  B) sin(C  D)  0 , then evaluate the following :
tan A tan B tan C  tan D .
cos(A  B) sin(C  D)
OR If  , prove that tan A tan B tan C  tan D  0 .
cos(A  B) sin(C  D)
3
Q07. If cos(A  B)  cos(B  C)  cos(C  A)   then, prove the following :
2
cos A  cos B  cos C  0  sin A  sin B  sin C .
θ ab  a cos + b
Q08. If tan  tan then, show that cos θ  .
2 ab 2 a + b cos 
Q09. Prove that tan 36o  tan 9o  tan 36o tan 9o  1 .
Q10. Prove that sin(218o  x) cos(38o  y)  cos(218o  x) sin(38o  y)  sin(x  y) .
AB BC CA
Q11. Prove that sin A  sin B  sin C  sin(A  B  C)  4 sin sin sin .
2 2 2

the Printed book.
 Trigonometric Equations & their Solutions*

01. Trigonometric equations, General solutions and Principal solutions
An equation involving one or more trigonometric ratios of unknown angle is called a trigonometric
equation.
It is important to note that a trigonometric identity is satisfied for every value of the unknown angle
where as trigonometric equation is satisfied for some values (finite or infinite) of unknown angle.
Since trigonometric functions are periodic functions, therefore, solutions of trigonometric equations can
be generalized with the help of periodicity of trigonometric functions. The solution consisting of all
possible solutions of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution.
✅ General solution of trigonometric equation of following types
(a) sin x  0 gives x  n , where n  Z (d) sin x  sin y gives x  n  (1)n y, where n  Z
 (e) cos x  cos y gives x  2n  y, where n  Z
(b) cos x  0 gives x  (2n  1) , where n  Z
2
(c) tan x  0 gives x  n , where n  Z (f) tan x  tan y gives x  n   y, where n  Z .
Look out for the proof of these relations to be discussed in the class!
Principal solution : The solution of a trigonometric equation in x for which 0  x  2π that is,
x  [0, 2π) are called the principal solutions.
* We are aware that this topic is deleted. However due to its importance in XII, we have given it here.

✅ Did you know?


(i) sin   (1)n if   (2n  1) , nZ (ii) cos   (1)n if   n  , n  Z
2

(iii) sin   0 if   n  , n  Z (iv) cos  0 if   (2n  1) , n  Z .
2
 Application based and Miscellaneous type problems
 Maximum and Minimum values of a sin   b cos  :
Let y  a sin   b cos 
b
Put a  r cos , b  r sin  s.t. r 2  a 2  b 2 and tan  
a
Now y  a sin   b cos   r  sin  cos   cos  sin    r sin(  )
As 1  sin(  )  1
 r  r sin(  )  r
 r  y  r for all ,   R
 Minimum and maximum value of y  a sin   b cos  are respectively  a 2  b 2 and a 2  b2 .
Moreover the Range of y is y    a 2  b 2 , a 2  b 2  .
 
✅ Keep on tips :
10  2 5 5 1
 cos18o   sin18o 
4 4
10  2 5 5 1
 sin 36o   cos 36o 
4 4
Exercise 3.4
Application based Questions
 
Q01. If (1  tan A)(1  tan 4A)  2, A   0,  . Find A.
 16 
2 4
Q02. (a) If A  sin   cos  , then what is the range of A?
3
(b) If y  cos 2 x  sin 4 x, x  R , then prove that  y  1 .
4
1
Q03. Find the domain and range of f (x)  .
5  2sin 3x
Q04. Draw the graph of f (x)  3cos 2x . Also write its domain and range.
x x π π
Q05. What is the sign of cos  sin when (a) 0  x  (b)  x  π .
2 2 2 2
Q06. What is the maximum and minimum value of 3  7 cos 5x ?
Q07. Evaluate : cos10o  cos110o  cos130o .
sin(x  y)  2sin x  sin(x  y)
Q08. Simplify : .
cos(x  y)  2 cos x  cos(x  y)
Q09. Find the value of 3 cosec20o  sec 20o .
Q10. (a) If tan x  cot x  2 , then prove that tan n x  cot n x  2  n  N .

(b) Find all possible values of , where  (0, ) such that tan 2   cot 2   2 .
Exercise 3.5
Miscellaneous type Questions
Q01. If sin   3sin(  2), then find the value of tan(  )  2 tan  .
2 4
Q02. If x  y cos  z cos , find the value of xy  yz  zx .
3 3
2
Q03. If tan(A  B)  1, sec(A  B)  , then find the smallest value of B, B > 0.
3
Q04. Prove that tan x  2 tan 2x  4 tan 4x  8 cot 8x  cot x .
Q05. If tan 8o  m and tan 9o  n , find the value of tan 2o .

Q06. If 0    and, sin   cos   tan   cot   sec   cosec   7 , then show that sin 2 is a
2
root of the equation x 2  44x  36  0 .
p 1
Q07. If sin(x  y)  and cos(x  y)  , then show that tan x is a root of the equation
2
1 p 1  q2
(p  q)z 2  2(1  pq)z  (p  q)  0 .
*Q08. Solve : cos x cos 2x  1  0 .
   
Q09. If sin   sin  and cos   cos , find the value of sin  .
 2 
*Q10. Solve : sec  cos 5  1  0 .
 2 4 8
Q11. Write the value of cos cos cos cos .
5 5 5 5
Q12. Draw sin x, sin 2x, and sin 3x on the same graph and with same scale.
 3 5 7
Q13. Evaluate : cos4  cos 4  cos4  cos4 .
8 8 8 8
 x    x   2 
Q14. If cos x  cos  cos  then show that tan   tan    tan .
 2   2  2
  1
Q15. If tan( cos )  cot( sin ) then, show that cos      .
 4 2 2
2 2
Q16. Solve : 81sin x  81cos x  30, 0  x   .
Q17. If tan x  tan y  a and cot x  cot y  b, then find the value of cot(x  y) .
Q18. Find the number of solutions for the equation tan x  sec x  2cos x, x  [0, 2] .
Q19. What is the value of cos2 48o  sin 2 12o ?
Q20. The number of sides of two regular polygons are 5 : 4 and the difference between their angles is
9o . Find the number of sides of the polygons.
Q21. Perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is equal to half that of the circle of which it is a sector.
Find the circular measure of the angle of the sector.
Q22. Find the angle between the minute and hour hands of a clock at 3 : 40.
(a  b)2
Q23. (a) Show that sin 2   is possible only when a  b .
4ab
1
(b) Find the values of cos  for which 2 cos   a  is possible, where a  R
a
2 2
(c) Prove that sec A  cosec A  4 .

(d) Is the equation 2sin 2   cos   4  0 possible?

o o
1 1
(e) Find the value of 2cos 67 cos 22 .
2 2
(f) If m tan   n then prove that m cos 2  n sin 2  m .
  2 2
(g) Find the value of x   0,  , if 2cos x  2sin x  2 2 .
 2
2 2
(h) If 2cos x  cos 2x  2 , find cos x, where x lies in I quadrant.
Q24. Reduce 3 sin x  cos x as a single term consisting (i) sine only (ii) cosine only.
Q25. Find a pair of values of R and x from R sin x  1 and R cos x  3 .
*Q26. Find the angle x, if 3 tan(x  15o )  tan(x  15o ) .
 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

Here we’re presenting the Graphs of standard trigonometric functions, for your reference.
✅ Graph of y  sin x
✅ Graph of y  cos x
✅ Graph of y  tan x ✅ Graph of y  cot x

✅ Graph of y  sec x ✅ Graph of y  cosec x
Curve sketching is very important in understanding the behavior of functions. Therefore, it is

advised to learn and practice the plotting of graphs.
Teachers may explain the graph of t-functions for the benefit of students.

the Printed book.

MATH WARRIORS TEST-03 

Time Allowed : 60 Minutes Max. Marks : 35
13
Q01. Evaluate tan .
12
Q02. Prove that sin 51o  cos81o  cos 21o .
Q03. Determine the value of cot 75o  tan 75o . [1 3
Q04. Find the angle between the minute and hour hands of a clock at 3 : 40.
1 13
Q05. Prove that A  B  60o , if cos A  , cos B  .
7 14
Q06. (a) What is the maximum and minimum values of 24sin x  7 cos x .
cos 36o  sin 36o
(b) Prove that tan189o  .
cos 36o  sin 36o
sin(A  B) sin(B  C) sin(C  A)
Q07. Prove that    0.
cos A cos B cos Bcos C cos C cos A
Q08. Prove that tan13A  tan 9A  tan 4A  tan13A tan 9A tan 4A . [4  5
3 3 x x x
Q09. If tan x  ,   x  , find the values of cosec , sec and cot .
4 2 2 2 2
o o o o
Q10. Find the value of cos10 cos 50 cos 60 cos 70 . [6  2
 ANSWERS
Q01. 2 3
Q03. 4
Q04. 130o
1  tan 36o
Q06. (a) 25, –25 (b) Obtain o
 tan 9o  tan189o
1  tan 36
10 1
Q09. ,  10 and 
3 3
3
Q10. .
16

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CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS

In this chapter, we shall learn

46 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

In the figure shown above, the ray OA is the initial side

As shown in the adjacent figure, the centre of circle is O

 Radian is a constant angle : Consider the figure of circle shown above.

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

 Consequently we deduce that, π c  180o i.e., π Radians  180o .

Angles in Degree 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 180o 270o 360o

 1 Radian  57 o1745 seconds

48 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

04. Sign of angles and Quadrants

Also when terminal side coincides with OY :   90o Type of angles

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 49

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

sin cos θ cos θ sin θ  sin θ  cos θ  cos θ  sin θ sin θ

05. Recapitulation of previous class

Also cos    1  sin 2  , sin    1  cos 2  .

(ii) 1  tan 2 θ  sec 2 θ

Also sec    1  tan 2  , tan    sec 2   1 .

(iii) 1  cot 2 θ  cosec 2θ

Also cosec   1  cot 2  , cot    cosec2   1 .

(c) Relation between trigonometric ratios:

50 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

 Following table includes trigonometric ratio of standard angles:

Degree / Radian    0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

 Following table demonstrates the Domain and Range of trigonometric functions:

T-Functions    Domain Range

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions should be discussed in the class.

06. Some useful trigonometric identities and formulae

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 51

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

 Addition / subtraction formulae & some related results

(a) sin 2A  2sin A cos A (b) sin A  2sin A cos A

WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

52 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 53

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 55

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

(cos 2 x  2cos x sin x  sin 2 x)  (cos2 x  2 cos x sin x  sin 2 x)

56 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

 This is only a Demo sample file of MATHMISSION FOR XI (2024-25).

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

58 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 59

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

Q02. Find the value of the followings:

MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11) 61

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948

62 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics (Class 11)

CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS ,By Swain Sir,8917386948