TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Total No. of questions in TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS are-

In Chapter Examples .................................... 18

Solved Examples .................................... 09

Total No. of questions. ..................................... 27

1. DEFINITION
Trigonometry is the branch of science in which
we study about the angles and sides of a triangle.
1.1 Angle :

Consider a ray OA . If this ray rotates about its
end points O and takes the position OB, then
the angle AOB has been generated.

The lines XOX and YOY are known as x-axis

and y-axis respectively. These two lines taken
together are known as the coordinate axes. The
regions XOY, YOX, XOY and YOX are known
An angle is considered as the figure obtained by
as the first, the second, the third and the fourth
rotating a given ray about its end-point.
quadrant respectively.
The initial position OA is called the initial side
and the final position OB is called terminal side 1.3.2 Angle In Standard Position : An angle is
of the angle. The end point O about which the said to be in standard position if its vertex
ray rotates is called the vertex of the angle. coincides with the origin O and the initial side
coincides with OX i.e. the positive direction of
1.2 Sense of an Angle : x-axis.
The sence of an angle is said to be positive or
negative according as the initial side rotates in 1.3.3 Co–terminal Angles : Two angles with different
anticlockwise or clockwise direction to get to the measures but having the same initial sides and
terminal side. the same terminal sides are known as co-terminal
angles.

2. SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE

There are three system for measuring angles.
1.3 Some Useful terms :
2.1 Sexagesimal or English system
1.3.1 Quadrant :
2.2 Centesimal or French system
Let XOX and YOY be two lines at right angles
in the plane of the paper. These lines divide the 2.3 Circular system
plane of the paper into four equal parts which are 2.1 Sexagesimal system :
known as quadrants.
The principal unit in this system is degree ( º ).
One right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and
each part is called one degree (1º ).
 One degree is divided into 60 equal parts and 2.2.1 Relation between sexagesimal and
each part is called one minute. Minute is denoted Centesimal systems :
by (1'). One minute is equally divided into 60
equal parts and each part is called one second One right angle = 90º (degree system) ... (1)
(1''). One right angle = 100g (grade system) ... (2)
In Mathematical form : by (1) and (2),
One right angle = 90º 90º = 100g
1º = 60 ' D G
or, 
1' = 60 '' 90 100
then we can say,
Sexagesimal system
F
G100 I
g

Ex.1 30º 30' is equal to - 1º =

H90 JK
 41 
º
F
G 9I
º
(A)  
 2 
(B) 61º 1g =
H10 JK
º
 61  Relation between sexagesimal
(C)   (D) None of these
 2 and centesimal systems

º
Ex.3 70g is equal to-
 1 (A) 63º (B) 65º
Sol. We know that, 30' =  
 2 (C) 62º (D) None of these

 1
º
 61 
º F9 I
= GJ
º

30º +   =  
2
   2
Ans. [C] Sol. We know that 1g
H10 K
2.2 Centesimal system : F9 I
= G  70J
º

The principal unit in system is grade and is

then, 70g
H10 K
denoted by ( g ). One right angle is divided into 70g = 63º
100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade Ans.[A]
is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minutes 2.3 Circular system :
into 100 seconds.
One radian, written as 1C, is the measure of an
In Mathematical Form : angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an
One right angle = 100g arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
1g = 100 ' Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O.
1' = 100' Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc
AB whose length is equal to the radius r of the
Centesimal system circle. Then by the definition the measure of
AOB is 1 radian (1C).
Ex.2 50' is equal to -
g
 1
(A) 1g (B)  
2
g
 1
(C)   (D) None of these
4
Sol. 100' is equal to 1g

F
G 1 I F1IJ Ans.[B]
g g

50' is equal to
H100  50JK= G
H2K
2.3.1 Some Important Conversion : Ex.5 Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius
 Radian = 180º 5 cm subtending a central angle measuring
15º.
F
180 I
G
º
One radian =
H JK Sol. Let s be the length of the arc subtending an
angle  at the centre of a circle of radius r.
 s
Radian = 30º then ,  =
6 r

Radian = 45º
Here, r = 5 cm, and  = 15º = 15 
F
G 
C
IJ
4

H180 K
Radian = 60º F
G I
C

H12 JK
3
=

Radian = 90º
2 s  s
=  =
2 r 12 5
Radian = 120º
3 5
s = cm. Ans. [C]
3 12
Radian = 135º
4
3. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR
5
Radian = 150º FUNCTIONS
6
7 In the right angled triangle OMP , we have base
Radian = 210º (OM) = x, perpendicular (PM) = y and hypotenuse
6
5 (OP) = r, then we def ine the f ollowing
Radian = 225º trigonometric ratios which are known as
4
5 trigonometric function.
Radian = 300º
3
2.3.2 Relation between systems of measurement P y
of angles : sin = 
H r
D G 2C B x
  cos = 
90 100  H r P
P y
Relation between systems of tan = 
B x r
measurement of angles y
Ex.4 340º is equal to - B x
cot = =

 
C
F
17  I
G
C P y
(A)  
9
(B)
H9 JK H r
O x M
sec = 
C C
B x
 17   16 
(C)   (D)   H r
 6   9  cosec = 
P y
Sol. We know , 180º = C
Note :
F
G  I
C

H180  340JK
(1) It should be noted that sin does not mean the
340º =
product of sin and . The sin is correctly read
sin of angle .
F17 I
= G J
C
(2) These functions depend only on the value of the
H9 K Ans.[B]
angle  and not on the position of the point P
chosen on the terminal side of the angle .
3.1 Fundamental Trigonometrical Identities : r x
sec = > 0 and cot = > 0
1 x y
(a) sin = Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometry
cos ec
1 functions are positive.
(b) cos =
sec  In Second quadrant : x < 0, y > 0
1 cos 
(c) cot =  y x y
tan  sin   sin = > 0, cos = < 0, tan = < 0,
(d) 1 + tan2 = sec2 r r x
or, sec2 – tan2 = 1 r x
r
1 cosec = > 0, sec = < 0 and cot = < 0
(sec – tan) = y x y
(sec   tan  )
(e) sin2 + cos2 = 1 Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec
(f) 1 + cot2 = cosec2 function are positive and all others are negative.
1 In T hird quadrant : x < 0 , y < 0
(cosec – cot) =
cos ec  cot  y x y
 sin = < 0, cos = < 0, tan = > 0,
Trigonometrical ratios or functions r r x

r r x
tan   sec   1 cosec = < 0, sec = < 0 and cot = >0
Ex.6 = y x y
tan   sec   1
1  sin  1  cos  Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric
(A) (B) functions are negative except tangent and
cos  sin 
cotangent.
1  sin  1  cos 
(C) (D) In Fourth quadrant : x > 0 , y < 0
cos  sin 
tan   sec   1 y x y
Sol.  sin = < 0, cos = > 0, tan = < 0,
tan   sec   1 r r x

(tan   sec )  (sec 2   tan2 ) r r x

= cosec = < 0, sec = > 0 and cot = < 0
tan   sec   1 y x y
[  sec2 – tan2  = 1]
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric
(sec   tan ){1  (sec   tan )} functions are negative except cos and sec.
=
tan   sec   1

(sec   tan  )(tan   sec   1) To be Remember :

=
tan   sec   1

1 sin  1 sin 
= sec + tan = + =
cos  cos  cos 
Ans.[C]
3.2 Signs of the trigonometrical ratios or
functions:
Their signs depends on the quadrant in which
the terminal side of the angle lies.
y
In First quadrant : x > 0 , y > 0  sin = > 0,
r
A crude aid to memorise the signs of
x y r trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant.
cos = > 0, tan = > 0, cosec = > 0,
r x y
 “ All Students To Career Point ” IV – Quadrant
3.3 Variations in values of Trigonometrical
sin  increases from –1 to 0
Functions in Different Quadrants :
cos  increases from 0 to 1
tan  increases from – to 0
Y cot  decreases from 0 to –
B(0, 1) sec  decreases from  to 1
M (x, y) cosec  decreases from –1 to – 
y
 Remark :
X A O x N A X +  and –  are two symbols. These are not real
(–1,0) (1, 0)
number. When we say that tan increases from

B(0, –1) 0 to  for as varies from 0 to it means that
2
F

G I
Y
Let XOX and YOY be the coordinate axes. Draw H JK
tan  increases in the interval 0, 2 and it attains

a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity. 

large positive values as  tends to . Similarly
Let M (x, y) be a point on the circle such that 2
for other trigo. functions.
AOM = 
then x = cos and y = sin Signs of the trigonometrical
– 1  cos  1 and –1 sin  1 for all values of . ratios or functions

I – Quadrant 12
Ex.7 The values of sin and tan if cos =  and
13
sin  increases from 0 to 1  lies in the third quadrant is-
cos  decreases from 1 to 0 5 5 5 5
(A)  and (B) and 
tan  increases from 0 to  13 12 12 13
cot  decreases from  to 0 12 5
(C)  and  (D) None of these
sec  increases from 1 to  13 13
cosec  decreases from  to 1 Sol. We have cos2 + sin2= 1

II – Quadrant  sin =  1  cos 2 

In the third quadrant sin is negative, therefore
sin  decreases from 1 to 0
cos  decreases from 0 to –1 sin =  1  cos 2 
tan  increases from –  to 0
 sin =  1  
F
G 12 I
J
2
5
cot
sec


decreases from 0 to – 
increases from –  to –1
H13 K 13


cosec  increases from 1 to  sin  5 13 5

then, tan =  tan =   
cos  13 12 12
III – Quadrant
Ans.[A]
sin  decreases from 0 to –1 3
Ex.8 If sec = 2 , and 2 <  < 2. Then the value
cos  increases from –1 to 0
tan  increases from 0 to  1  tan   cos ec
of is-
1  cot   cos ec
cot  decreases from  to 0
1
sec  decreases from –1 to – (A) – 1 (B) 
2
cosec  increases from – to –1
(C) – 2 (D) 1
Sol. If sec = 2
1
or, cos = ,sin =  1  cos 2 
2
1 1
=  1 = 
2 2
But  lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin is
negative.

1
sin =  , cosec  =  2
2

sin  1 2 Y
tan =  tan =  
cos  2 1
 tan = –1 y=1
(–21) (0,1) (21)
 cot = –1 –3/2 –/2 /2 3/2 5/2
sec = X' O X
–2 –  2
1  tan   cos ec 1 1 2
then, =  –1 (– –1) (–1)
1  cot   cos ec 1 1 2 y = –1

Ans. [A] Y'

cosec =
4. GRAPH OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL
RATIOS Y

Y y=1
(–3/2, 1) (/2, 1)
y =1
–3/2 –/2 /2 3/2 X' X
sin  = X' –2 –  2 X O
O
y = –1 (–/2, –1) (3/2, –1)
y = –1
Y'

Y Y'

y=1
O
cos  = X' – –/2 /2 X 5. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIO OF ALLIED
–3/2  3/2 y = –1
ANGLES
Y' Two angles are said to be allied when their sum
or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90º.
5.1 Trigonometrical Ratios of (–) :
Let a revolving ray starting from its initial position
OX, trace out an angle  XOA = . Let P(x, y)
be a point on OA such that OP = r. Draw PM 
from P on x-axis. Angle  XOA = – in the
clockwise sense. Let P be a point on OA such
that OP = OP. Clearly M and M coincide and
OMP is congruent to OMP, then P are
(x, –y)
 = cos AOP = cos
PM
cos (90º – ) = cos MPO =
PO
= sin AOP = sin
MO
tan (90º – ) = tan MPO =
PM
= cot AOP = cot
PM
cot (90º – ) = cot MPO =
MO
= tan AOP = tan
PO
y y cosec(90º – ) = cosec MPO =
sin(–) =    sin  MO
r r = sec AOP = sec
x
cos(–) =  cos 
r PO
and sec (90º – ) = sec MPO =
y PM
tan(–) =   tan
rx = cosec AOP = cosec
Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios,
5.3 Trigonometric Function of (90° + ) :
cosec (–) = –cosec
sec(–) = sec and cot(–) = – cot Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial
position OX, trace out an angle  XOA = 
Note : A function f(x) is said to be even function if and let another revolving ray OA starting from
f(–x) = f(x) for all x in its domain. the same initial position OX, first trace out an
A f unction f (x) is an odd f unction if angle  so as to coincide with OA and the it
f(–x) = –f(x) for all x in its domain. revolves through an angle of 90º in anticlockwise
sin, tan, cot, cosec all odd functions and direction to form an angle  XOA = 90º + .
cos, sec are even functions. Let P and P be points on OA and OA
respectively such that OP = OP = r.
5.2 Trigonometric Function of (90° – ) :
Draw perpendicular PM and PM from P and P
Let the revolving line, starting from OA, trace
respectively on OX. Let the coordinates of P be
out any acute angle AOP, equal to . From any
(x, y). Then OM = x and PM = y clearly,
point P, draw PM  to OA. Three angles of a
OM = PM = y and PM = OM = x
triangle are together equal to two right angles,
and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of
the two angles MOP and OPM is right angle.
 OPM = 90º – .

90º–

so the coordinates of P are (–y1, x)

90º
M P x
 sin (90° + ) =  = cos 
OP r
O M A
OM  y
cos (90° + ) =  = – sin
[When the angle OPM is consider, the line OP r
PM is the 'base' and MO is the 'perpendicular']
M P x x
MO tan (90° + ) =   = – cot
sin (90º – ) = sin MPO = OM  y y
PO
similarly,
 Allied (– ) (90° – ) (90° + ) (180° – ) (180° + ) (270° – ) (270° + ) (360° – )
angles
F
G I F I
 J or G J or ( – )
F
G3 I F3  IJ or (2 – )
Trigo. ratio or H2 K H2 K or ( + ) or H2  JK or G
H2 K
sin –sin  cos  cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin 
cos cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin  cos 
tan – tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan  cot  – cot  – tan 

cot (90° + ) = – tan 

cos ec(2  ).cos(2  ) tan(  / 2  )
sec(90° + ) = – cosec  Ex.11 
sec(  / 2  ).cos .cot (   )
cosec (90° + ) = sec 
(A) 2 (B) – 1
5.4 Periodic Function : (C) 4 (D) 1
All the trigonometric function are periodic function.
They repeat their value after a certain period cos ec(2  ).cos(2  ) tan(  / 2  )
Sol.
sin (2n +  ) = sin sec(  / 2  ).cos .cot (  )
cos (2n +  ) = cos
tan (n +  ) = tan  cos ec  .cos  (  cot )
= = 1
(  cos ec ).cos .cot 
Trigonometrical ratios of allied angle Ans.[D]
Ex.9 sin 315º =
6. SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAE
1 1
(A) (B) – The algebraic sums of two or more angles are
2 2 generally called compound angles and the angles
1 are known as the constituent angles.
(C) (D) None of these
2 For example : If A, B, C are three angles then
Sol. sin 315º  sin (270º + 45º) A ± B, A + B + C, A – B + C etc. are compound
 – cos 45º angles.
[  sin (270º + ) = – cos] R
1
 – Ans.[B]
2
Q
Ex.10 cos 510º cos 330º + sin 390º cos 120º =
B (A+B)
(A) 2 (B) – 1 A
1 O P
(C) 0 (D)
2
Sol. cos 510º cos 330º + sin 390º cos 120º
= cos (360º + 150º) cos (360º – 30º)
+ sin(360º + 30º) cos(90º + 30º)
= cos 150º cos 30º + sin 30º(–sin 30º)
F3 I – 1
= cos (180º – 30º) G
H2 JK 4
(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
F3 I
= – cos 30º G
H2 JK–
1
4
(b)
(c)
sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
3 1 (d) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
= – – = – 1 Ans.[B]
4 4
 tan A  tan B 8. FORMULAE FOR SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO
(e) tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B PRODUCT CONVERSION
tan A  tan B We know that,
(f) tan (A – B) =
1  tan A tanB sin (A + B) + sin(A – B) = 2 sin A cos B ......(i)
cot A cot B  1 Let A + B = C and A – B = D
(g) cot (A + B) =
cot B  cot A CD C D
then A = and B =
cot A cot B  1 2 2
(h) cot (A – B) =
cot B  cot A Substituting in (i),
Some More Results : F
C  DI
G FC  D IJ
*(a) sin (A + B).sin (A – B) = sin2 A – sin2 B
(a) sin C + sin D = 2 sin H 2 JK.cos G
H2 K
= cos2 B – cos2 A similarly other formula are,
*(b) cos (A + B).cos (A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B F
GC  DI FC  D IJ
= cos2
B – A sin2 H 2 JK.sin G
(b) sin C – sin D = 2 cos H2 K
(c) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C +
FC  D IJ.cos F
(c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos G
C  DI
H2 K G H 2 JK
cosA sin B sin C + cos A cos B sin C –
sin A sin B sin C
(d) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C
FC  D IJ.sin FD  CI
– cos A sin B sin C – sin A cos B sin C
– sin A sinB cosC (d) cos C – cos D = 2 sin G
H2 K G H 2 JK
(e) tan (A + B + C) Formulae for sum or difference
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C into product conversion
=
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A Ex.12 (cos  + cos )2 + (sin  + sin )2 =
(Note : * Important) F
  I
G F  I

7. FORMULAE FOR PRODUCT INTO SUM OR

(A) 4sin2 H2 JK (B) 4cos2G
H2 JK
F
  I
G F   IJ
H2 JK (D) 4cos G
DIFFERENCE CONVERSION
We know that,
(C) 4sin2 H2 K
2

sin A cos B + cos A sin B = sin (A + B) .......(i) Sol. (cos  + cos )2 + (sin  + sin )2
sin A cos B – cos A sin B = sin (A – B) ......(ii) 2
cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos (A + B) .....(iii)        
= 2 cos  . cos  +
cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A – B) .....(iv)   2   2 

Adding (i) and (ii), 2

      
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) 2 sin   . cos 
  2   2 
Subtracting (ii) from (i),
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B) F
G  I
J F   IJ
.cos G
Adding (iii) and (iv),
= 4cos2
H2 K H2 K 2

2 cosA cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

Subtraction (iii) from (iv). F   I F   IJ
+ 4sin G J.cos G
2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) H2 K H2 K
2 2

Formulae :
  –   cos 2       sin 2      
(a) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) = 4 cos2  .    
 2    2   2 
(b) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(c) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) 
= 4 cos2   Ans.[D]
(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)  2 
9. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE F
G IL 
JM2 sin  cos P
O
ANGLES 2 sin
H2 KN 2 2 Q F I
F IL2 sin   cos  O= tan G
HJ
2K
2 tan  =
2 cosGJM P
(i) sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  =
1  tan  2
H2 KN 2 2 Q
(ii) cos 2 = cos2  – sin2  = 2 cos2  – 1 Ans.[D]
2
1  tan 
= 1 – 2 sin2  = 10. CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRICAL
1  tan2 
2 tan  IDENTITIES
(iii) tan 2 =
1  tan2  We have certain trigonometric identities like,
(iv) sin 3 = 3 sin  – 4 sin3 
(v) cos 3 = 4 cos3  – 3 cos  sin2 + cos2 = 1and 1 + tan2 = sec2 etc.
Such identities are identities in the sense that
3 tan   tan 3 
(vi) tan 3 = they hold for all value of the angles which satisfy
1  3 tan2  the given condition among them and they are
1  cos  called conditional identities.
(vii) sin /2 =
2 If A, B, C denote the angle of a triangle ABC,
then the relation A + B + C =  enables us to
1  cos 
(viii)cos /2 = establish many important identities involving
2
trigonometric ratios of these angles.
1  cos  1 cos  sin  (I) If A + B + C = , then A + B =  – C,
(ix) tan /2 = = =
1  cos  sin  1 cos  B + C =  – A and C + A =  – B
(II) If A + B + C = , then sin(A + B)
Trigonometrical Ratios of Multiple
angles = sin( – C) = sinC
similarly, sin (B + C) = sin( – A) = sin A
sin 2
Ex.13 = and sin (C + A) = sin ( – B) = sin B
1  cos 2
(A) cot  (B) tan  (III) If A + B + C = , then cos(A + B)
(C) sin  (D) cosec 
= cos( – C) = – cos C
sin 2 2 sin  cos  similarly, cos (B + C) = cos( – A) = – cosA
Sol. = = tan 
1  cos 2 2 cos 2 
and cos (C + A ) = cos ( – B) = – cos B
Ans.[B]
(IV) If A + B + C = , then tan(A + B)
1  sin   cos  = tan( – C) = – tan C
Ex.14 =
1  sin   cos  similarly, tan (B + C) = tan( – A) = – tanA
F
G I F
 I and, tan (C + A ) = tan ( – B) = – tan B
HJK
(A) cot 2 G
HJK
(B) sin 2
(V) If A + B + C = , then
A B
=
 C

2 2 2
F IJ
(C) cos G
F IJ
(D) tan G BC  A CA  B
H2 K H2 K and
2
 
2 2
and
2
 
2 2
F
G A B I F IJ F I
 C C
H JK G H K G HJK
1  sin   cos 
Sol. sin  sin   cos
1  sin   cos  2 2 2 2
(1  cos )  sin 
=
(1  cos )  sin 
FA  B I F C I FC I
cosG J cosG J sinGJ
FI F IJcosFI
H2 K H2 2 K H2 K
2 sin2G
H2 JK 2 sinG
H2 K G H2 JK
F I F I F I F
A  BI
G F  C IJ cotFCI
H2 JK tanG
H2 2 K G H2 JK
=
2 cos GJ 2 sinGJcosGJ
2 tan
H2 K H2 K H2 K
 All problems on conditional identities are Step – 2 Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles
broadly divided into the following four types: of both the sides.
(I) Identities involving sines and cosines of the Step – 3 Use sum and difference formulae in the
multiple or sub-multiples of the angles left hand side.
involved. Step – 4 Use cross multiplication in the expression
(II) Identities involving squares of sines and obtained in the step 3
cosines of the multiple or sub-multiples of
Step – 5 Arrange the terms as per the result
the angles involved.
required.
(III) Identities involving tangents and cotangents
of the multiples or sub-multiples of the angles Conditional trigonometrical
involved.
identities
(IV) Identities involving cubes and higher powers
of sines and cosines and some mixed Ex.15 If A + B + C = , then
identities. sin 2A + sin 2B+ sin 2C =
(A) 4sin A sin B cos C.
10.1 TYPE I : Identities involving sines and cosines of
the multiple or sub-multiple of the angles involved. (B) 4sin A sin B sin C.
Working Method : (C) 4cos A sin B sin C.
Step – 1 Use C & D formulae. (D) None of these
Step – 2 Use the given relation (A + B + C = ) in Sol. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
the expression obtained in step -1 such that a
= 2 sin
F
2A  2B I
G J F2A  2B IJ sin 2C
.cosG
factor can be taken common after using multiple
angles formulae in the remaining term.
H2 K H2 K
= 2sin(A + B).cos(A – B) + sin2C
Step – 3 Take the common factor outside.
= 2 sin ( – C).cos(A – B) + sin 2C
Step – 4 Again use the given relation (A+ B + C =)
[  A + B + C = , A + B =  – C
within the bracket in such a manner so that we can
apply C & D formulae.  sin(A + B) = sin ( – C) = sinC]
Step – 5 Find the result according to the given = 2sinC cos (A – B) + 2 sinC cosC
options. = 2 sinC [cos(A – B) + cosC]
= 2 sinC [cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)]
10.2 TYPE II :Identities involving squares of sines
[  cos(A – B) – cos (A + B)= 2 sinA.sinB,
and cosines of multiple or sub-multiples of the
angles involved. By C & D formula]
Working Method : = 2 sinC [2sinA sinB]
Step – 1 Arrange the terms of the identity such that = 4 sinA sinB sinC Ans.[B]
either sin2A – sin2B= sin(A + B). sin(A – B)
or cos2A – sin2B = cos(A + B).cos(A – B) can be Ex.16 If A + B + C = , then tanA + tanB + tanC =
used. (A) cotA.tanB.tanC (B) tanA.cotB.tanC
Step – 2 Take the common factor outside. (C) tanA.tanB.tanC (D) None of these
Step – 3 Use the given relation (A + B + C = ) Sol. A + B + C = 
within the bracket in such a manner so that we can A + B =  – C
apply C & D formulae.  tan(A + B) = tan ( – C)
Step – 4 Find the result according to the given
options. tan A  tan B
   tan C
1  tan A tan B
10.3 Type III :Identities for tan and cot of the angles
 tanA + tanB = – tanC + tanA.tanB.tanC
Working Method :
tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA.tanB.tanC
Step – 1 Express the sum of the two angles in terms
Ans.[C]
of third angle by using the given relation
(A + B + C = ).
11. THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE OF THE (B) Some useful series :
EXPRESSION [a sin + b cos] (a) sin  + sin ( + ) + sin( + 2) + ..........
Let a = r cos ...(1) + to n terms
and b = r sin  ...(2) L
M n  1I O
F
G JP
L
M Fn IO
sinG JP
N H2 KQ N H2 KQ;  
sin  
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a2 + b2 = r2 =
F I
sinGJ
2n

or, r  a 2  b 2 H2 K
(b) cos  + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2)
 a sin + b cos
+..... + to n terms
= r (sin cos + cos sin)
= r sin( + )   n  1     n 
cos     sin  
But –1  sin   1   2     2 
= ;   2n
so –1  sin( + )  1 
sin  
then –r  r sin( + )  r 2
hence, Series
 a 2  b2  a sin + b cos  a 2  b2 then
F

G I F3 IJ + cos F5 I
H JK+ cos G H14 K G H14 JK=
the greatest and least values of a sin + b cos
Ex.18 cos 14
are respectively a 2  b2 and  a 2  b2

The greatest and least value of 1 F IJ

tan G
1 F IJ
cos G
the expression [a sin + b cos]
(A)
2 H14 K (B)
2 H14 K
Ex.17 The maximum value of 3 sin + 4 cos is- 1 F IJ
cot G
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C)
2 H14 K (D) None of these
(C) 4 (D) 5
 2
Sol.  25  3 sin + 4 cos  25 Sol. Here   ,  and n = 3.
14 14
[By the standard results]
or, – 5  3 sin + 4 cos  5 L
M F 3  1IF
 G JG JP
2 IO F2 3 I
sinG  J
so the maximum value is 5. Ans.[D]
S
cos
N
14 H 2 KH14 KQ H
14 2K
F2 1I
sinG  J
12. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS H14 2 K
(A) Some useful Identities :
F
G 3 I F
J 3 I
sinG J
 tan A  tan A tanB tan C H
2 cos
14 K H14 K
(a) tan (A + B + C) =
1   tan A. tan B
=
F I
2 sinG J
(b) tan = cot  – 2 cot 2 H14 K
F6 I 1 F  I
sinG J
(c) tan 3 = tan.tan(60º – ).tan (60º + )
S
H14 K 2 sinG H  J
2 14 K
(d) tan(A + B) – tanA – tanB F I
2 sinG J
=
F I
= tanA.tanB.tan(A + B) H14 K sinG J
H14 K
1
(e) sin  sin (60º – ) sin (60º + ) =
4
sin 3 1
= 2 cotG
F IJ
1 H14 K Ans.[C]
(f) cos  cos (60º – ) cos (60º + ) = cos 3
4
(C) Sine, cosine and tangent of some angle less (E) An Increasing Product series :
than 90º. p = cos. cos 2 . cos 22 ..... cos (2n–1 )=
15º 18º 22½º 36º
 sin2n 
3 1 1  n , if   n
5 1 10  2 5  2 sin
sin 2 2 
2 2 4 2 4 1, if   2k
 1, if   (2k  1) 
3 1 
10  2 5 1 5 1
cos 2 2
2 2 4 2 4
(F) Conversion 1 radian = 180º/ = 57º 17 45
25  10 5 
tan 2 3 2–1 52 5 and 1º = = 0.01475 radians (approximately)
5 180
(D) Domain and Range of Trigonometrical (G) Basic right angled triangle are (pythogerian
Function Triplets)
3, 4, 5 ; 5, 12, 13; 7, 24, 25; 8, 15, 17;9,40,
Trig. Function Domain Range
41;11, 60, 61; 12, 35, 37; 20, 21, 29 etc.
sin  R [–1, 1]
cos  R [–1, 1] (H) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n
tan  R – {2n + 1) /2, n  z} (, ) or R sides
cosec  R – {n, n  z} (–, –1]  [1, ) n2
=  180 degrees
sec  R – ({2n + 1) /2, n  z} (–, –1]  [1, ) n
cot  R – {n, n  z} (–, ) = R
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The value of the expression -    3 
= 1  cos  1  cos 
2
sin y 1 cos y sin y  8  8 
1 – + – is 3  
1  cos y sin y 1  cos y  
1  cos  1  cos 
equal to -  8  8
(A) 0 (B) 1  2   2 3 
(C) sin y (D) cos y = 1  cos  1  cos
8  8

sin 2 y 1 cos y sin y
   3 
Sol. 1 – + – 1
1  cos y sin y 1  cos y =  2  1  cos   2  1  cos 
4  4  4 
1  cos y  sin 2 y 1  cos 2 y  sin2 y 1    3 
= + = 1  cos  1  cos 
1  cos y sin y (1  cos y) 4  4  4 
cos y  cos 2 y 1  1  1  1 1  1  1
= + 0 = cos y Ans.[D] = 1   1   =   =
1  cos y 4  2  2 4  2 8
Ex.2 If cosec  – sin  = m and sec  – cos  = n Ans.[C]
then (m2n)2/3 + (n2m)2/3 equals to -
Ex.4 The value of sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80°
(A) 0 (B) 1
is -
(C) –1 (D) 2
3 1
Sol. cosec  – sin  = m (A) (B)
8 8
1 cos 2  3
m = – sin  = ...(i) (C) (D) None of these
sin sin  16
1 sin 2  Sol. sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80°
n = – cos  = ...(ii)
cos  cos 
3
cos 2  sin 2  = sin 20° sin (60° – 20°) sin (60° + 20°)
m × n = . = sin  cos  2
sin  cos 
from (i) and (ii) 3
= sin 20° (sin2 60° – sin2 20°)
from (i) cos2  = m . sin  2
or cos3  = m sin  cos  3 3
= sin 20° ( – sin2 20°)
= m . (mn) = m 2n 2 4
Similarly sin3  = n2m 3
since sin2  + cos2  = 1 = (3 sin 20° – 4 sin3 20°)
8
(n2m)2/3 + (m2n)2/3 = 1 Ans.[B] 3
= sin 60°
8
   3  3 3 3
Ex.3 The value of 1  cos  1  cos  = . = Ans.[C]
8 8 8 2 16
 5   7 
1  cos  1  cos  is - Alternate : By direct formula
 8  8
1
1  sin  .sin(60º –  ).sin (60º +  ) = sin 3 
(A) (B) cos 4
2 8
1 1 2  sin 60º [sin 20º sin (60º – 20º)
(C) (D)
8 2 2
sin (60º + 20º)]
   3 
Sol. 1  cos  1  cos  2
 8  8  1  1  3  3
= sin 60º  sin 60 º  = =
 
 1  cos   
3     
   1  cos     
4  4  2  16
  8    8
  3 5 7 Ex.7 In any triangle ABC, sin A – cos B = cos C,
Ex.5 cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4 then angle B is -
8 8 8 8
equals to -
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4    
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(C) 3/2 (D) 3/4 2 3 4 6
 3 5 7 Sol. We have, sin A – cos B = cos C
Sol. = cos4 +cos4 + cos4 + cos4
8 8 8 8 sin A = cos B + cos C
 3  3    B  C  B  C
= cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4 A A
8 8 8 8 2 sin cos = 2cos  2  cos  2 
2 2
 4  4 3 
= 2  cos 8  cos 8 
A A    A  B  C
2 sin cos = 2 cos   cos  
2 2 2 2  2   2 
1  2   2 3 
= 2   2 cos    2 cos    A + B + C = 
 8  8  

A A A  B  C
1   
2
3 
2 2 sin cos = 2 sin cos  
2 2 2 2 
= 2 1  cos 4   1  cos 4  
    
A BC
cos = cos
2 2 2 2
1  1   1 
 
= 2 1  2   1 – 2   or A = B – C
     
But A + B + C = 
1 3
= 2  1 = Ans.[C] Therefore 2B =   B = /2 Ans.[A]
2 2

3 Ex.8 tan 9° – tan27° – tan 63° + tan 81° is equals

Ex.6 If A + B + C = , then to -
2
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) 1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C (C) –1 (D) 4
(B) 4 sin A sin B sin C
(C) 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C Sol. tan 9° + tan 81° – (tan 27° + tan 63°)
(D) 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C
(tan 9° + cot 9°) – (tan 27° + cot 27°)
Sol. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C  sin 9 º cos 9º   sin 27º cos 27 º 
= 2cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + cos 2C =  cos 9º  sin 9º  –  cos 27 º  sin 27 º 
   
 3 
= 2 cos  2  C cos (A – B) + cos 2C 1 1
= –
sin 9º cos 9º cos 27º sin 27 º
3
 A + B + C = 2 2 2 2
2 = –  =  –
= –2 sin C cos (A – B) + 1 – 2 sin2 C sin 18 sin 54 sin 18 sin 36º
= 1 – 2sin C [cos (A – B) + sin C)
2 4 24  5  1 5  1 
  3  = – = 8 
= 1 – 2sin C cos ( A  B)  sin 2  A  B 5 1 5 1  ( 5  1)( 5  1) 
  
16
= 1 – 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)] = = 4 Ans.[D]
= 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C 4
Ans.[D]
 n
Ex.9 cos3 x. sin2x =  am sin mx is an identity
m 1
in x. Then -
3 1
(A) a3 = , a2 = 0 (B) n = 5, a1 =
8 4
3
(C)  am = (D) All the above
4

Sol. cos3x. sin 2x = cos 3x  3 cos x .sin 2x

4
1 3
= (sin 5x – sin x) + (sin 3x + sin x)
8 8

1 3 1
= sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x.
4 8 8

1 3
 n = 5, a1 = , a2 = 0 , a3 = ,
4 8

1
a4 = 0 , a5 = Ans.[D]
8