MOI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE DIT 010: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM SECTION A QUESTION ONE a) Entry Manipulation

Manipulation of the Model Manipulation -> Modification of drawings, erase unwanted parts, move some geometry around the drawing, or to copy some repeated detail. The facilities that typically provided for manipulation of the model: Four groups of functions:Those that apply the transformations of translation, rotation and scaling to elements of the model (moving the geometry, copying the geometry to create one or more duplicate sets of entities in the data structure. Those that allow the user to make changes to individual geometric elements to trim or extend them to their intersections with other elements. Functions for the temporary or permanent deletion of entities from the model. Miscellaneous functions that, for example, allow entities to be grouped together. Object transformations When the entities of a CAD model are manipulated by moving them around, or by taking one or more copies at different locations and orientations, we image the coordinate system to be stationary, and the object to move. b) The design project lifecycle. The main tasks of computer application in manufacturing systems are: 1. How computers are used in the generation and management of design information describing products? 2. How computers are used in the management of information about the manufacturing system, which makes the products? The process of designing something is characterized as an interactive procedure, which consists of six identifiable steps or phases: * Recognition of need. * Definition of problem. * Synthesis. * Analysis and optimization. * Evaluation. * Presentation. c) The applications areas of CAD/CAM systems The design-related tasks performed by CAD system are: * Geometric modeling. * Engineering analysis. * Design review and evaluation. * Automated drafting. * Parts classification and coding.

Fundamental reasons for implementing CAD system To increase the productivity of the designer. improve the quality of design. Improve communication and create a data base for manufacturing. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) CAM can be defined as the use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the plants production resources. The applications of CAM fall into two broad categories: 1. Computer monitoring and control. These are the direct applications in which the computer is connected directly to the manufacturing process for the purpose of monitoring or controlling the process. 2. Manufacturing support applications. These are the indirect applications in which the computer is used in support of the production operations in the plant, but there is no direct interface between the computer and the manufacturing process. Some examples of CAM for manufacturing support Numerical control part programming: control programs are prepared for automated machine tools. Computer-automated process planning: the computer prepares a listing of the operation sequence required to process a particular product or component. Computer-generated work standards: the computer determines the time standard for a particular production operation. Production scheduling: the computer determines an appropriate schedule for meeting production requirements. Material requirements planning: the computer is used to determine when to order raw materials and purchased components and how many should be ordered to achieve the production schedule. Shop floor control: in this CAM application, data are collected from the factory to determine progress of the various production shop orders. In all of these examples, human beings are presently required in the application either to provide input to computer programs or to interpret the computer output and implement the required action d) Vector and Raster Graphics There are two types of computer graphics raster and vector. The raster graphic is composed of pixels and vector graphic is composed of drawing paths. It is important to understand the difference between these two types before you choose the graphics format to save the barcode image.

Raster Graphics A bitmap is basically an array of pixels with values indicating the color. The bitmap sizes are defined in pixels. BMP, TIF, GIF, JPG, PNG and most other graphics formats are raster graphics. Since the sizes are measured in pixels, the print dimension depends on the resolution of the printer. BMP records every pixels in the image, so the size is very big even for small images. Other formats use compression algorithm to reduce the file size without causing great visual degrading, but remember the barcode is read by machines other than human. Overall, you need to keep the physical size unchanged otherwise you will run into problems. Benefits of using CAD over the traditional methods of designing. CAD is being used on large scale basis by a number of engineering professionals and firms for various applications. The most common application of CAD software is designing and drafting. Here are some of the benefits of implementing CAD systems in the companies: 1) Increase in the productivity of the designer: The CAD/CAM helps designer in visualizing the final product that is to be made, it subassemblies and the constituent parts. The product can also be given animation and see how the actual product will work, thus helping the designer to immediately make the modifications if required. CAD/CAMhelps designer in synthesizing, analyzing, and documenting the design. All these factors help in drastically improving the productivity of the designer that translates into fast designing, lower designing cost and shorter project completion times. 2) Improve the quality of the design: With the CAD/CAM the designing professionals are offered large number of tools that help in carrying out thorough engineering analysis of the proposed design. The tools also help designers to consider large number of investigations. Since the CAD systems offer greater accuracy, the errors are reduced drastically in the designed product leading to better design. Eventually, better design helps carrying out manufacturing faster and reducing the wastages that could have occurred because of the faulty design.

3) Better communications: The next important part after designing is making the drawings. With CAD/CAMbetter and standardized drawings can be made easily. The CAD/CAMhelps in better documentation of the design, fewer drawing errors, and greater legibility. 4) Creating documentation of the designing: Creating the documentation of designing is one of the most important parts of designing and this can be made very conveniently by the CAD software. The documentation of designing includes geometries and dimensions of the product, its subassemblies and its components, material specifications for the components, bill of materials for the components etc. 5) Creating the database for manufacturing: When the creating the data for the documentation of the designing most of the data for manufacturing is also created like products and component drawings, material required for the components, their dimensions, shape etc. 6) Saving of design data and drawings: All the data used for designing can easily be saved and used for the future reference, thus certain components dont have to be designed again and again. Similarly, the drawings can also be saved and any number of copies can be printed whenever required. Some of the component drawings can be standardized and be used whenever required in any future drawings. SECTION B Question 3 a) Layers are not absolutely necessary, however they provide a convenient way to manage information in CADD drawings. For example, in the engineer's office example, without the help of this function you may have to create separate drawings to show the furniture plan, lighting plan, etc. With the help of layers, you can create just one composite drawing. The composite drawing can contain all the plans. It makes it easier to correlate information from one plan to another. For complex drawings, layers are a must because they make editing much easier. Often you need to select only specific drawing objects for editing, and the use of layers makes its very easy to select them. What are the advantages of creating separate layers? We can say we do have a lot of advantages

Each layer can be defined to have its own line weight or the thickness that is to be printed in the hard copy. Each layer created can be independently switched on and off in order to have a better visibility of the drawing. For example, if one just needs to see the outline of the component, he or she can very well switch of other layers containing center lines, dimensions, etc. All layers if required can be freezed up in order to ensure that nothing is overwritten or changed in the particular layer. Each layer can have its own unique color and line type modules.

b) Components of CAD packages a Computer Aided Design (CAD) package has three components: a) Design, b) Analysis, and c) Visualization, as shown in the sketch. A brief description of these components follows. a) Design: Design refers to geometric modeling, i.e., 2-D and 3-D modeling, including, drafting, part creation, creation of drawings with various views of the part, assemblies of the parts, etc.

b) Analysis: Analysis refers to finite element analysis, optimization, and other number crunching engineering analyses. In general, a geometric model is first created and then the model is analyzed for loads, stresses, moment of inertia, and volume, etc. c) Visualization: Visualization refers to computer graphics, which includes: rendering a model, creation of pie charts, contour plots, shading a model, sizing, animation, etc. c) CAD and CAM are fundamentally different. While CAD defines design features, CAM identifies manufacturing features. In other words, with CAD systems, you are creating something digitalthe product's computer imageand with CAM, you are creating something physicalthe actual product. Question 4 Grid Ortho mode Snap Chamfer and Fillet Fillet Chamfer Move and Copy Move Copy Move / M Copy / CP Home > Moves an object Modify > Move or objects Copies object(s) Home > once or multiple Modify > Copy times Fillet / F Chamfer / CHA Home > Creates a round corner Modify > Fillet between two lines Home > Modify > Chamfer Creates an angled corner between two lines This is pattern of dots displayed on the screen to guide you. It can be toggled on and off by pressing the F7 key. This is a drawing mode that allows you to draw only perpendicular lines. It is toggled on and off by pressing the F8 key. This is a drawing mode that allows you to snap your cursor to precise points laid out in a grid pattern. Toggle with the F9 key.

Question 5 CAD modeling modes. i) Two-dimensional CAD modelling The central aim of computer graphics in CAD is to perform the transformation from design model to display in an efficient manner. The essential steps of the process are to Convert the geometric representation of the model to a form that may be manipulated by the graphics routines. For the most part, this means converting to lines often termed vectors. Map, or transform, the lines from the model coordinate system to the screen coordinate system. Select those lines that are within the part of the model that it is wished to display- this is known as clipping step. Instruct the device to draw the vectors. The sequence of operations in generating an image in two-dimensional graphics.

ii) Solid modellers provide a true three dimensional representation of the part. These type of models are created bu taking a two dimensional shapes and projecting them in the third dimension. iii) Wire frame modellers represent just the edges of parts and their corners (or vertices), where the lines meet. The vertices are represented as coordinates on a three dimensional axis. And lines are represented as equation of straight lines, circles and arcs.