TERM Health Hygiene Safety Toxicant Occupational hygiene

Definitions Defined as the soundness of body, mind, spirit, or total well-being of person. principles and practice of maintaining health the quality or state of being safe/ free from harm/danger. Refers to any physical, chemical or biological agent that produces ADVERSE BIOLOGICAL Effects on the body. Is the practice of maintaining a healthy workplace. The anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of environmental factors or stresses in/ or arising from workplace- that may cause harm, sickness, impair health & well-being or discomfort to workers/community. - free from hazards to degree deemed risk-free or acceptable. It deals with one sphere, Oc. Health deals with the other. Different areas of focus - deals with health of the worker and safety Acronym for Canadian registered board of occupational hygienists Acronym for board of Canadian registered safety professionals 1. Diseases caused by agents: chemical, physical and biological agents 2. Diseases characterized by target organs: respiratory diseases, skin, muscle-skeletal diseases. 3. Occupational cancers & other diseases: cancers caused by agents, miners nystagmus. (ILO classification) Chemical: solvents, metals, acids Physical: noise, extreme pressure, radiation, heat & cold stress. Biological: insect bites, bacteria, moulds Ergonomic: lifting, improper push/pull, poor tool design. Psychological: boring repetitive tasks, lack of recognition. 3 most important= 1. toxicity of agent 2. duration of exposure 3. Concentration or intensity of exposure. 1) Inhalation (#1 route of exposure for chemical!!!) 2) Ingestion top 3 are most common 3) Absorption (skin) 4) Injection All used to control we must recognize, measure and control workplace environments, to prevent hazards and diseases.

Occupational safety Occupational health CRBOH BCRSP 3 main occupational disease categories

LIST: 5 types of Occupational hazards/stress factors (w/ ex.)

Factors that influence the risk of occupational exposure 4 potential routes of exposure to Toxic chemical agents

Adverse effects of occupational exposure on the human body

PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ System Body Mind

EXAMPLES OF EFFECTS

DNA damage Membrane function, cell cycle disruption Fluid retention, Necrosis, Tumors Heart rate, Lung function Respiratory rate Loss/gain weight, Impact Stress, Perception, Attitude

HAZARDOUS PATHWAY

- Hazard Pathway describes the source, the path, and the receiver (the worker) of the exposure. -The first and the preferred control alternative are to control the hazard at its source. - The second alternative is to control the hazard along its path towards the worker. - The third alternative is to limit the exposure at the receiver. Source: 1. Situation with less harmful materials. E.g. use water based chemical instead of the more volatile organic solvent based chemical. 2. Isolation of process. Such as to locate the process in a separate room. Air path: 1. Housekeeping immediate clean up of residual volatile chemicals d/t material handing activities. 2. Adequate maintenance program scheduled preventive maintenance program to ensure effective operation of equipment such as general exhaust fans. Receiver: 1. Training and education to train worker about good practice to minimize exposure. 2. Personal protective equipment: worker wears respiratory protective equipment to control the exposure.

Acute & chronic

Acute exposure = large amount of agent is rapidly contacted by human body which overwhelm the bodys defensive system

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and dramatically impact on body. It results in harmful effects which we call it Acute effects. It shows either temporary or permanent impact. Chronic exposure = means exposing to low level of toxic agent over a long time. The harmful effects develop slowly and/or gradually which are referred to chronic effects.

PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY PREVENTION (measures to prevent disease!!!)

PRIMARY preventative measures

- Activities focused on reducing the risk of diseases. This is commonly done by reducing the magnitude of exposure to hazardous agents. Ex. Reduction and control measures are typically managed by occupational hygiene personnel. - Activities that identify health problems before they become clinically apparent. Ex. occupational disease surveillance: blood lead levels in workers exposed to lead.

SECONDARY preventative measures TERTIARY preventative measures

Health hazards associated with a substancethey depend on many factors, like!!-

- are taken to minimize the adverse clinical effects on health of a disease or exposure or to prevent disability or further progression. Such as lead poisoning by administration of chelating medication, rehabilitation after medical treatments as well as planning of the affected worker's ultimate return to work. 1. Physical/Chemical Propertiesthey can exist in chemical, physical or biological forms and each one of them affects the body differently. 2. Exposure Dose, all substances are toxic, the amount of the dose determines whether the substance acts as a poison or a remedy. 3. Exposure Condition 4. Route of Entry 5. Individual Susceptibility 6. Effects of Chemical Interaction

3 types of transport mechanism of chemical agents in the body= Difference b/w mutagen & teratogens 4 interrelated factors that are required to CAUSE DISEASE!!! Bodys 4 defense mechanisms (that can be employed to defend against toxic substances PPE Define & describe the following:

1. Passive transportinclude 2 types passive transportsuch as simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. 2Active transport means cells drive transportation process need energy. 3Specialized transport: it is also a defense mechanism. E.g. Phagocytosis (cell eating) for large particles. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) for liquid or small particles. Mutagen= agent that can induce/increase frequency of mutation in organism by changing its DNA (genetic code). Teratogens= agent, drug, or radiation that causes malformation of a FETUS!! Four factors are agent, body system, physiological response and body/agent interaction. Chemical or physical agent target some biological system or organs, then produce the physiological response or disease process which consider to be pernicious to the body system, these response or disease process is bio-chemical reaction means body and agents are interacting together, so that occupational disease will develop. The 4 defense mechanisms of the body, also employed as defense for toxic agents are; 1. Elimination of the toxicants by expiring air, perspiration or through urine or faces. 2. Modifying toxicants by de-toxify it or make it water soluble and excrete them via kidney. 3. The immune system reacts or fights off the agents or tolerates to live with them without being damaged. 4. The defense mechanism to encapsulate the agents and eliminate them through respiratory or digestive system. PPE HAS THE GREATEST INFULENCE ON TOXIC SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE THROUGHT THE ROUTE OF INGESTION!!!! Toxicokinetics is the study of "how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body". Four processes are involved in toxicokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/elimination of toxicants in the body. When we are exposed to an environmental toxicant, there must be some mode of input, such as inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption, for anything further to happen. Biotransformation: Chemical alteration of a substance within the body, as by the action of the structural modification of toxicants that occurs as part of the defense mechanisms of the body. Metabolism is also used for the process of biotransformation and the products of this process. This is the biochemical process by which the body converts the foreign chemical agent into forms which are more easily eliminated. However, sometimes more toxic compounds can be produced. Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism. Rather than leaving the body, various chemicals show an affinity for storage sites in fat tissue, bones, or plasma proteins. Sometimes these areas become sites of action or they may remain as storage sites for the toxicants to take due effect at a different place.

Acclimatization: The physiological adaptation of an animal or a plant to changes in climate or environment, such as light, temperature, or altitude or toxic environment in which changes take place but these changes do not impede the normal bodily function. Like the early stages of chronic bronchitis where the respiratory system has acclimatized to the irritant insult on the bronchioles and there is some lung dysfunction occurring, but not enough to interfere with normal bodily functions. Occupational exposure limits (OEL) Sources for the development of OELs. 1. Human experimental studies 2. Animal experimental studies 3. Industrial experience and epidemiological data 4. Chemical properties OELs are intended to prevent respectively. Chemical agents: Acetone, toluene, lead Health conditions: Mucous membrane irritations, central nervous system effects, cancer. LD50 LD50 is the amount of material, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals. It is a way to measure the short term poisoning potential of a material. It must never be considered as an indicator of the likelihood of chronic effects. LC50 is the concentration of a substance (gases or vapours in air) cause the death of 50% of the test animal population. It is only indicator of acute toxicity to animals and need to be interpreted carefully regarding to the likelihood of acute effect on humans. Anything above a certain dose of toxin is dangerous, and anything below is considered safe. Straight line model- for each dose there is a relative increased possibility of response. -REFERED TO AS THE NO SAFE LEVEL MODEL - level to which it is believed that a worker can be exposed day after day, without adverse effects. Is the time-weighted average concentration for normal 8hr day & 40 hr work week, to hich nearly all workers will be exposed, day after day. With no adverse effects. 15-minute time-weighted average exposure, no more than 4 times per day, also at least 60 minutes between successive exposures in this range.

LC50

Threshold model= Linearity model = TLV (threshold limit value) Time-weighted average limit= Short-term exposure level=

Ceiling limit= (b)

Ceiling limit: This is the concentration not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. This means that there should be no exposure to that value at any time, not even for an instant. toxic agent that affects the bodys ability to transport oxygen (think of asphyxiation- ie. Strangling) Used to test for this cell and tissue disorder called - mutigenicity Used to describe the process of hydroxylation of benezene to form phenol Are used as a guideline to assist in the control of health hazards. Applies to contaminants in a gaseous state. Proactive type of hygiene assessment trigger. Work task and process analysis Smoke, fumes, dusts Example is air sampling using a liquid medium

Aspyhxiants (c) Ames test (d) (e) biotransformation (f) TLVs (g) LC50 Compliance (h) assessment= (i) When to sample??? Aerosols= (j) Absorption (k) sampling techniques (l)

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