FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

SPECIFICATION
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FSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION KIT (MODEL:BCT-11)
 Clock Generator
- TTL Clock Generation using IC 555
- Provides Carrier waveform output of 15 KHz.
 On-board Block features
- Four Nos. of Data Clock using IC 7490
- FSK -modulator circuit using IC 74163 and IC 7400
- FSK -Demodulator using IC TL084
- Block Description Screen printed on glassy epoxy PCB
 Interconnections
- All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords.
 Test points are provided to analyze signals at various points.
 All ICs are mounted on IC Sockets.
 Bare board Tested Glass Epoxy SMOBC PCB is used.
 In-Built Power Supply of ±12V/250mA with Power ON indication
 Attractive W ooden enclosures of Light weight Australian Pine Wood.
 Set of 2mm Patch cords for interconnections
 User’s Manual with sample experimental programs

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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

INTRODUCTION
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In radio transmission, it is necessary to send audio signal (e.g. Music, speech etc.) from a
broad casting station over great distances to a receiver. This communication of audio
signal does not employ any wire and is sometimes called wireless. The audio signal
cannot be sent directly over the air for appreciable distance. Even if the audio signal is
converted into electrical signal, the later cannot be sent very far without employing large
amount of power. The energy of a wave is directly proportional to its frequency. At audio
frequencies (20Hz to 20 KHz) the signal power is quite small and radiation is not
practicable.
The radiation of electrical energy is practicable only at high frequencies e.g. above 20
KHz. The high frequency signals can be sent thousand of miles even with comparatively
small power. Therefore, if audio signal is to be transmitted properly, some means must be
devised which, will permit transmission to occur at high frequencies while it simultaneously
allows the carrying of audio signal. This is achieved by imposing electrical audio signal on
high frequency carrier. The resultant waves are known as modulated waves or radio
waves and the process is called modulation. At the radio receiver, the audio signal is
extracted from the modulated wave by the process called demodulation. The signal is then
amplified and reproduced into sound by the loudspeaker.

MODULATION
Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce a new signal. This
new signal, conceivably, will have certain benefits of an un-modulated signal, especially
during transmission. If we look at a general function for a sinusoid:
f(t) = Asin(t + ) ————— eqn.A
we can see that this sinusoid has 3 parameters that can be altered, to affect the shape of
the graph. The first term, A, is called the magnitude, or amplitude of the sinusoid. The next
term, ù is known as the frequency, and the last term, ö is known as the phase angle. All 3
parameters can be altered to transmit data.
The sinusoidal signal that is used in the modulation is known as the carrier signal, or
simply “the carrier”. The signal that is being modulated is known as the “data signal”. It is
important to notice that a simple sinusoidal carrier contains no information of its own.
A high frequency carrier wave is used to carry the audio signal which is done by changing
some characteristic of carrier wave in accordance with the signal. Under such conditions,
the audio signal will be contained in the resultant wave. In modulation, some characteristic
of a carrier wave is changed in accordance with the intensity (i.e. Amplitude) of the signal.
The resultant wave is called modulated wave or radio wave and contains the audio signal.
Therefore, modulation permits the transmission to occur at high frequency while it simulta-
neously allows the carrying of the audio signals.

Types of Modulation
There are 3 different types of modulation: Amplitude modulation, Frequency modulation,
and Phase modulation. From the eqn.A we can see that there are three variable factors in
it and so modulation can be done to all this three parameters.

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 FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

NEED FOR MODULATION

Modulation is extremely necessary in communication system due to the following reasons.

1. PRACTICAL ANTENNA LENGTH

In order to transmit a wave effectively, the length of the transmitting antenna should be
approximately equal to the wavelength of the wave.
8
Velocity 3 x 10
Now Wavelength = ——————— = ——————— meters
frequency frequency (Hz)

As the audio frequencies range from 20Hz to 20 KHz, therefore, if they are transmitted
directly into space, the length of the transmitting antenna required would be extremely
large. For instance, to radiate a frequency of 20 KHz directly into space, we would need an
8 3
antenna length of 3 x 10 \ 20 x 10 = 15,000 meters. This is too long antenna to be
constructed practically. For this reason, it is impracticable to radiate audio signal directly
into space. On the other hand, if a carrier wave say of 1000 KHz is used to carry the
signal, we need an antenna length of 300 meters only and this size can be easily
constructed.

2. OPERATING RANGE
The energy of a wave depends upon its frequency. The greater the frequency of the wave,
the greater is the energy possessed by it. As the audio signal frequencies are small,
therefore these cannot be transmitted over large distance if radiated directly into space.
The only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency carrier wave with audio signal
and permit the transmission to occur at this high frequency (i.e. carrier frequency).

3. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
One desirable feature of radio transmission is that it should be carried without wires i.e.
radiated into space. At audio frequencies radiation is not practicable because the
efficiency of radiation is poor. However, efficient radiation of electrical energy is possible
at h ig h f r eq ue nc ie s (> 20 K Hz ). F or t hi s re as on , mo du la ti on i s al wa ys d on e in
communication systems.

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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

CONCEPT OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

3
Digital Communications became important with the expansion of the use of computers and
data processing and have continued to develop into a major industry providing the
interconnection of computer peripherals and transmission of data between distant sites.
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital
data.

Introduction
There are three major classes of digital modulation techniques used for transmission of
digitally represented data:
 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
 Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital
information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The FSK
mode was introduced for use with mechanical teleprinters in the mid-1900s. The standard
speed of those machines was 45 baud, equivalent to about 45 bits per second. W hen
personal computers became common and networks came into being, this signaling speed
was tedious. Transmission of large text documents and programs took hours; image
transfer was unknown. During the 1970s, engineers began to develop modems that ran at
faster speeds, and the quest for ever-greater bandwidth has continued ever since. Today,
a standard telephone modem operates at thousands of bits per second. Cable and
wireless modems work at more than 1,000,000 bps (one megabit per second or 1 Mbps),
and optical fiber modems function at many Mbps. But the basic principle of FSK has not
changed in more than half a century.

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 FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog
waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is
represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a
computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or wireless
media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states,
which the computer can “understand.”

Binary Frequency-Shift Keying

The simplest FSK is BINARY FSK (BFSK). As suggested by the name, BFSK uses two
discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and1s) information. W ith this scheme, the “1” is
called the mark frequency and the “0” is called the space frequency. The time domain of
an FSK modulated carrier is illustrated in the figures at the right.
In frequency-shift keying (FSK), the bit affects the frequency of a carrier sinusoid.

Figure-1

The frequencies f , f are usually harmonically related to the bit interval. In the depicted
0 1
example,

As can be seen from the transmitted signal for our example bit stream (Figure-2), the
transitions at bit interval boundaries are smoother than those of BPSK.

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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

Figure-2 : This plot shows the FSK waveform for same bit stream used in the
BPSK example.

To determine the bandwidth required by this signal set, we again consider the alternating
bit stream. Think of it as two signals added together: The first comprised of the signal s (t)
0
, the zero signal, s (t) , zero, etc., and the second having the same structure but
0
interleaved with the first and containing s (t) (Figure-3).
1

Figure-3 : The depicted decomposition of the FSK-modulated alternating bit

stream into its frequency components simplifies the calculation of its bandwidth.

Each component can be thought of as a fixed-frequency sinusoid multiplied by a square

wave of period 2T that alternates between one and zero. This base band square wave has
the same Fourier spectrum as our BPSK example, but with the addition of the constant
term c . This quantity’s presence changes the number of Fourier series terms required for
0
the 90% bandwidth: Now we need only include the zero and first harmonics to achieve it.
The bandwidth thus equals, with

If the two frequencies are harmonics of the bit-interval duration,

If the difference between harmonic numbers is 1, then the FSK bandwidth is smaller than
the BPSK bandwidth. If the diff erence is 2, the bandwidths are equal and larger
differences produce a transmission bandwidth larger than that resulting from using a BPSK
signal set.

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 FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

Minimum-Shift Keying
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particularly spectrally
efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK the difference between the higher and lower
frequency is identical to half the bit rate. As a result, the waveforms used to represent a 0
and a1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period. This is the smallest FSK modulation index
that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal. A variant of MSK
called GMSK is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.
FSK is commonly used in Caller ID and remote metering applications: see FSK standards
for use in Caller ID and remote metering for more details.

Audio Frequency-Shift Keying

Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is
represented as changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded
signal suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio
alternates between two tones: one, the “mark”, represents a binary one; the other, the
“space”, represents a binary zero.
AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in that the modulation is performed at
baseband frequencies. In radio applications, the AFSK-modulated signal is normally used
to modulate an RF carrier (using a conventional technique, such as AM or FM) for
transmission.
AFSK is not generally used for high-speed data communications, as it is much less
efficient in both power and bandwidth than most other modulation modes. In addition to its
simplicity, however, AFSK has the advantage that encoded signals will pass through
AC-coupled links, including most equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.

Applications
Most early telephone-line modems used audio frequency-shift keying to send and receive
data, up to rates of about 300 bits per second. The common Bell 103 modem used this
technique, for example. Some early microcomputers used a specific form of AFSK
modulation, the Kansas City standard, to store data on audio cassettes. AFSK is still widely
used in amateur radio, as it allows data transmission through unmodified voiceband
equipment. Radio control gear uses FSK, but calls it FM and PPM instead.
AFSK is also used in the United States’ Emergency Alert System to transmit warning
information. It is used at higher bitrates for Weathercopy used on Weatheradio by NOAA
in the U.S., and more extensively by Environment Canada.
The CHU shortwave radio station in Ottawa, Canada broadcasts an exclusive digital time
signal encoded using AFSK modulation.

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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

BLOCK DESCRIPTION
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Carrier Clock Generator
In BCT – 11, The Carrier Clock frequency of 15 KHz is generated using IC 555.
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation.
Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay
mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.
For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are
accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to
200mA or drive TTL circuits.

LM555
Sampling Data
In BCT – 11, Four Nos. of fixed sampling Data is generated using Decade counter IC 7490
The DM7490A monolithic counter contains four master-slave flip-flops and additional
gating to provide a divide-by two counter and a three-stage binary counter for which the
count cycle length is divide-by-five. The counter has a gated zero reset and also has gated
set to nine inputs for use in BCD nine’s complement applications. To use the maximum
count length (decade or four-bit binary), the B input is connected to the QA output. The
input count pulses are applied to input A and the outputs are as described in the
appropriate Function Table. A symmetrical divide-by-ten count can be obtained from the
counters by connecting the QD output to the A input and applying the input count to the B
input which gives a divide by ten square wave at output QA.

IC-7490

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 FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

FSK Modulator
In BCT – 11, The FSK Modulation is done using IC 74163 and IC 7400

T h e 7 41 6 3 i s a h i gh - s p e e d s y n ch r o n o u s m o d ul o - 1 6 b i n a r y c o u n t e r. T he y a r e
synchronously pre-settable for application in programmable dividers and have two types
of Count Enable inputs plus a Terminal Count output for versatility in forming synchronous
multistage counters. The 74163 has a Synchronous Reset input that overrides counting
and parallel loading and allows the outputs to be Simultaneously reset on the rising edge
of the clock.

IC-74165

IC 7400 is a Quad 2-Input NAND Gate. This device contains four independent gates each
of which performs the logic NAND function.

IC-7400

FSK De-modulator
In BCT – 11, The FSK De-modulation is done using TL084. This is a Low Pass Filter
The TL084 is a quadruple operational amplifier fabricated on a single monolithic chip. It is
specified over a temperature range from -40°C to +85°C. They have finite differential
inputs and remain in the linear mode with an input common – mode voltage of 0V DC. Both
NPN and PNP external current boost transistors can be used to extend the power

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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

capability of the basic amplifiers. Application of this IC is in the circuits of AC amplifiers,

RC active filters, low frequency triangle, square wave and pulse waveform generation
circuits, tachometers and low speed high voltage digital logic gates.

IC-TL084

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 D0

D1 FSK MOD FSK

INPUT FSK DEMOD
TO CRO

DATA DATA DEMOD

INPUT OUTPUT
BLOCK D2 BLOCK

D3 MIN MAX

FSK MOD FSK MOD FSK MOD.

BLOCK OUTPUT ADJUST

11
CLOCK
INPUT MIN MAX
EXPERIMENT

CLOCK FSK DEMOD.

CLOCK SIGNAL ADJUST

BLOCK DIAGRAM - 1
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING MODULATION & DEMODULATION
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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit
FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

AIM OF EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING MODULATION & DEMODULATION.

CONCEPT
Digital communication system are system representing the information by the Binary dig-
its, 1 (one) & (zero). The principles of Digital communication of sampling, multiplexing,
encoding error control coding, data conditioning, carrier modulation etc. There are various
modulation techniques. This kit is for explaining the functions of Frequency shift keying
modulation & demodulation techniques.
In Frequency shift keying (FSK), modulation techniques, the modulated output shift be-
tween two frequencies for all 1(one) & 0(zero) transition. The carrier frequency for FSK
modulation are greater then twice the modulating frequency. The FSK modulator is built
around the 2 to 1 multiplexer which switches between the two signals for all 1(one) to
0(zero) transitions.
FSK demodulator employs PLL logic for the recovery of data. The digital phase locked
loop forms the heart of this logic. The PLL center frequency the lock range are fixed. Thus
the phase detector output at the PLL directly gives the detected data.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the AC Supply to the Kit
2. Make connections and settings as shown in Block Diagram - 1
3. Connect the CLOCK SIGNAL output from CLOCK BLOCK to the ‘CLOCK Input’ post
of FSK Modulator block
4. Connect one of four data outputs i.e. either D0, D1, D2 or D3 say ‘D0’ from DATA
BLOCK to the DATA INPUT post of FSK Modulator block
5. Switch ON the power
6. Connect the FSK MOD O/P to the FSK MOD I/P of FSK DEMODULATOR section
7. Adjustments can be done using the Pots provided to obtained the desired FSK Mod
and De-mod Output
8. Change the DATA I/P to D1, D2, D3 and observe the FSK O/P changes accordingly
9. Observe the following waveforms on oscilloscope.
a. Clock SIGNAL O/P.
b. DATA O/P D0, D1, D2, D3
c. FSK MOD O/P at FSK Modulator.
d. FSK Demodulated signal at FSK DEMOD BLOCK.

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 FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

Fig.-A (Carrier Signal)

Fig.-B (Sample Data)

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FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit

Fig.-C (FSK Mod. Output)

Fig.-D (FSK Demod. Output)

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 C5
AC GND

C1 C3

D1
D3

D2
D4
C6 C7

555
555
C4
7812 7912 7805 7905
C2
Tl084
7490 7400
74163

R1
R2
+ + + + + +

C9

C10
C8

R3
R4
R5
R6
Z1
R7
Z2
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
Z3
C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16

R18
R17
R16
R15
+
R15

7414 POWER LED

D0

15
D1 FSK MOD FSK
DATA INPUT DEMOD FSK DEMOD
DATA OUTPUT
INPUT BLOCK
BLOCK D2

D3 MIN MAX

FSK MOD FSK MOD FSK MOD.

BLOCK OUTPUT ADJUST

CLOCK
INPUT MIN MAX

CLOCK FSK DEMOD.

CLOCK SIGNAL ADJUST
FSK Modulation & Demodulation Kit
 Table of Contents

1 SPECIFICATION ...................................................................................... 1

2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 2-3

3 CONCEPT OF TDM MODULATION .................................................... 4-7

4 BLOCK DESCRIPTION ..................................................................... 8-10

5 EXPERIMENT ................................................................................... 11-14

BLOCK DIAGRAM ................................................................................15