Integers. 1.

1 
  Definition
   
  Positive and negative whole numbers including 00.
 
Positive numbers:
 
 Numbers written with the '++' sign or without any sign.
 Examples: +12,4,+7,1+12,4,+7,1
 Positive integers are integers that have a value greater than 00.

 
Negative numbers:
 
 Numbers written with the '−−' sign.
 Examples: −6,−2,−15,−27−6,−2,−15,−27
 Negative integers are integers that are lower than 00.

 
  Example
   
Determine whether the following numbers is an integer.

(i) 7227
 
(ii) 6.86.8

(iii) −12−12
   
(i) 7227 is not an integer because it is a fraction.

  (ii) 6.86.8 is not an integer because it is a decimal.

(iii) −12−12 is an integer.

 
Integers on a number line:
 
 On a number line, the numbers in the positive direction are always greater than
 the numbers in the negative direction.

Integers in order:
 
 A positive number always has a larger value than a negative number.

Integer in questions example:

The temperature decrease by 9 degree Celsius= -9

Profit of RM2332= +2345

Loss of RM 1000= -1000

Priced dropped 70 sen= -0.70

If +300 represents 300 km for a flight from Tawau town to the east, how can you write the flight from
Tawau to the opposite direction, namely towards the west as far as 300 km?

Ans= (-300)

 
Addition of integers:
 
 Positive integers is represented by moving towards the right.
 Negative integers is represented by moving towards the left.
Example: 7+7= 14 -3+(-2)= -5

Subtraction of integers:
 
 Positive integers is represented by moving towards the left.
 Negative integers is represented by moving towards the right.

Example= 8-1=7 -9-(-4)=(-5)

Solve:

(-9) + 6 = (-9) – 6 [ or (+6) ]

= (-3)

(-6) – 1 = (-6) + (-1)

= (-7)

1 + (-4) = 1 – 4

= (-3)

2 – (-4) = 2 + 4

=6

2 – 8 = (-6)

Multiplication of integers:
 
Operation Sign of the product
(+)×(+)(+)×(+) ++
(+)×(−)(+)×(−) −−
(−)×(+)(−)×(+) −−
(−)×(−)(−)×(−) ++
 

Division of integers:
 
Operation Sign of the quotient
(+)÷(+)(+)÷(+) ++
(+)÷(−)(+)÷(−) −−
(−)÷(+)(−)÷(+) −−
(−)÷(−)(−)÷(−) ++
 
In general,

 The product or quotient of two integers with the same signs is a positive integer.
 The product or quotient of two integers with different signs is a negative integer.

 
  Example
   
Calculate:

(i)

9 × (−11) = −(9×11)

  = (−99.9)
(ii)

−48 ÷ (−8) = +(48÷8)

=6
Brackets () × or ÷ + or –

Solve:

(i)

 49÷ (−8+1) = 49÷ (−7)

=−7.

Laws of arithmetic operations:

 
Commutative Law

a+ba×b=b+a=b×a
 
Associative Law

(a+b)+c(a×b)×c=a+(b+c)=a×(b×c)
 
Distributive Law
a×(b+c)a×(b−c)=a×b+a×c=a×b−a×c
 
Identity Law

a+0=a

ax0=0

ax1=1

a + (-a) = 0

a x 1/a = 1
1.3 positive and negative fractions

 Positive fractions are fractions more than 00.

 Negative fractions are fractions less than 00.

(insert pg 6 and 8 latihan position fractions here) and increasing order

Positive and negative decimals 1.4

Example:

1.5 Rational Numbers

Examples: ½ , 7, 5, 4

< = less than

> = more than

(don’t follow some of the questions that seem weird, look up to the link

2.1 Factors, Prime Factors and Highest Common factor (HCF)

Factors
  A number that divides another number completely.
 The factors of 1212 are 1,2,3,4,61,2,3,4,6 and 1212.

 
Example
Is 1212 the factor of 3636?
36÷12=336÷12=3

Thus, 1212 is the factor of 3636.

 
Prime Factor
Factor that is a prime number.
 
Example
The factors of 1818 are 1,2,3,6,91,2,3,6,9 and 1818.

Between these factors, 22 and 33 are prime numbers.

Thus, the prime factors of 1818 are 22 and 33.

 
Solution Methods
 
Repeated division:
 
Express 6060 in the form of prime factorisation.
 
Perform division repeatedly by dividing with the smallest prime number.

Division is continued until the quotient is 11.

2235603015512235−60301551
Thus, 

60=2×2×3×560=2×2×3×5.
 
Factor trees:
 
Express 6060 in the form of prime factorisation.
 
 
Thus, 

60=2×2×3×560=2×2×3×5.
 
Common Factor
A number that is a factor of a few other numbers.
 
Example
Determine whether 66 is a common factor of 2424 and 3636.
24÷6=436÷6=624÷6=436÷6=6

2424 and 3636 can be divided completely by 66.

Thus, 66 is a common factor of 2424 and 3636.

 
Highest Common Factor (HCF)
The greatest number among the common factors.
 
Example
(i) Determine the highest common factor of 1818 and 2424.

Listing the common factors:

Factors of 18:1,2,3,6,9,1818:1,2,3,6,9,18
Factors of 24:1,2,3,4,6,8,12,2424:1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24

So, the common factors of 1818 and 2424 is 1,2,31,2,3 and 66.

Thus, HCF is 66.

 
(ii) Determine the highest common factor of 30,6030,60 and 7272.

Repeated division:

22336,60,7218,30,369,15,183,5,6223−36,60,7218,30,369,15,183,5,6

Thus, HCF of 36,6036,60 and 7272 is

2×2×3=122×2×3=12.

 
(iii) Determine the highest common factor of 48,6448,64 and 8080.

Prime factorisation:

48=2×2×2×2×348=2×2×2×2×3

64=2×2×2×2×2×264=2×2×2×2×2×2

80=2×2×2×2×580=2×2×2×2×5
Thus, HCF is

2×2×2×2=162×2×2×2=16.

2.2 Multiples, Common Multiples and Lowest common multiples (LCM)

Multiples
The product of a number multiplied by a given number.
 
Example
9×1=99×2=189×3=279×1=99×2=189×3=27

99 is multiplied by 1,2,3,..1,2,3,.. will produce 9,18,27,..9,18,27,...

Thus, 9,18,27,..9,18,27,.. is the multiples of 99.

 
 Common Multiples
A number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.
 
Example
Is 2424 the common multiple of 66 and 88?
24÷6=424÷8=324÷6=424÷8=3

2424 can be divided completely by 66 and 88.

Thus, 2424 is the common multiple of 66 and 88.

 
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
The smallest common multiple obtained and it is the first common multiple if listed.
 
Solution Methods
 
Listing the common multiples:
 
(i) Determine the LCM of 22 and 33.

Multiples of 2:2,4,6,8,..2:2,4,6,8,..

Multiples of 3:3,6,9,..3:3,6,9,..

Thus, the lowest common multiple of 22 and 33 is 66.

 
Repeated division:
 
(ii) Determine the LCM of 3,63,6 and 99.

3233,6,91,2,31,1,31,1,1323−3,6,91,2,31,1,31,1,1

LCM of 3,63,6 and 99 is

3×2×3=183×2×3=18.
 
Prime factorisation:
 
(iii) Determine the LCM of 3,83,8 and 1212.

3=38=2×2×212=2×2×33812=3=2×2×2=2×2×3

LCM of 3,83,8 and 1212 is
2×2×2×3=242×2×2×3=24.
 
3.1 Square and square roots

Squares: 

  Definition
   
  A number that indicates a number is multiplied by the number itself.
 

 Examples: 22,92,5222,92,52

 Perfect squares: 
  Defintion
   
  A number that is equal to the square of a whole number.
 

 Examples: 1,4,91,4,9

 Determine a number is a perfect square: 

 Perfect square can be written as a product of two equal factors.

 
  Example
   
144=12×12=122.
 
144 is a perfect square.
 Relationship between squares and square roots: 

 Finding the square and finding the square root are inverse operations.

 
 
  Example
   
The square of 88 is 6464.

The square root of 6464 is 88.

  8×8=64
Thus,

64=8×8=8.
 The square of a number: 
  Example
   
Calculate:

(i)
 
32=3×3=9.

 The square root of a number: 

  Example
   
  Solve: don’t follow these questions
 (i)

121=11×11=112=11.121=11×11=112=11.
(ii)

2549=57×57=(57)2=57.4925=75×75=(75)2=75.
 Generalisation when two square roots are multiplied: 
Square roots of the same numbers

 The product of two equal square root numbers is the number itself.
 �×�=�a×a=a

 
Square roots of different numbers

 The product of two different square root numbers is the square root of the product of the two numbers.
 �×�=��a×b=ab