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REFUSE DISPOSAL
 INTRODUCTION
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 Solid waste includes rubbish or materials that are

not economically useful, present in solid, liquid or
gaseous form, which originates from wide range of
human operation, such commerce, transport,
agriculture, medicine and domestic activities.
 It contains food waste, demolition products, dead
animals, manure and other discarded material but
should not contain night soil.
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 In most of the countries the per capita daily solid

waste produced is between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg
 The output depends on the degree of urbanization,
dietary habits, lifestyles and living standards.
 Environmental impact of solid waste disposal
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 Contamination of ground water and Surface

water.
 It favors fly breeding, attracts rodents and pests.
 It is aesthetically unpleasant and generates foul
odor
 Generation of methane and green house gases
inside the waste dump
 Bird menace on the dump, which affect the flight
of aircraft
 Transmission of disease through pests, stray
animals and cattle
 DEFINATIONS
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 Refuse
 Rubbish

 Garbage

 Ashes
 Refuse
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 Generated from street sweepings, markets, stable

litter comprising of animal droppings and left-over
feeds,
 Industrial refuse ranging from inert to toxic and
explosive compounds
 Commercial refuse from retail stores, hotels,
warehouses and offices
 Rubbish
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 A general term applied to solid wastes originating

in houses, commercial establishments and institutions,
excluding garbage and ash
 It includes paper, clothing, bits of wood, metal,
glass, dust and dirt
 Garbage
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 A term used to describe animal and vegetable

wastes resulting from the handling, storage, sale,
preparation, cooking and serving of food
 It contains organic matter, which decomposes to emit
foul odor and hence requires urgent disposal.
 Ashes
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 The residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal,

coke and other combustible materials used for
cooking and heating purposes in domestic,
commercial and industrial establishments
 Ashes consist of a fine powdery residue, cinders
often mixed with small pieces of metal and glass
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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 Solid waste management includes the handling

transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of
waste generated from residential, commercial and
industrial area.
 The functional elements of solid waste management are
as follows
1. Generation
2. Storage
3. Collection
4. Transportation processing and recovery
5. Disposal
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 Modern Waste Management Systems
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1. RE USE
2. REDUCE

3. RECYCLE
 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
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 Sources of solid waste are

1. Residential
2. Institutional
3. Commercial
4. Industrial
5. Agricultural
6. Municipal
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 Residential
 Institutional Sources
 School
 Municipal offices
 Hospital etc

 Commercial sources:
 Retail stores
 Service station
 Offices
 ware houses etc.
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 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
 Consumer Goods
 Agricultural Goods

 Agricultural Sources
 Farm operation
 Food, animal and poultry farm

 Municipal Sources
 Demolition construction
 Street sweepings
 Water and sewage treatment solids
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Solid waste can be classified into different types

depending on their source:
1. Household waste or municipal waste: includes
food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather,
glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc.
2. Industrial waste: includes toxic chemicals, oil, debris
from construction site, packaging waste, ashes etc.
3. Biomedical waste or hospital waste: medicine
bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical
instruments such as scissors, blades etc.
 4.Agriculture waste:
includes pesticides, crops, water coming from the
fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals.
 5.Nuclear waste:
includes radioactive substances coming from reactors,
fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly
dangerous and requires proper disposal.
 6.Hazardous waste:
includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and
reactive materials, gases etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO
THEIR PROPERTIES

1. Bio-degradable - can be degraded

paper, wood, fruits and others

2. Non-biodegradable- cannot be degraded

plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and
others
 CONSTITUENTS OF SOLID WASTE
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1. House refuse
Ashes, cinder rubbish debris from cleaning and
demolition of structure, vegetable and animal waste
matters etc.
2. Street refuse
1. Street sweeping, dirty materials dropped from vehicles
free leaves , empty match boxes, fruit peels etc.
3. Trade refuse
1. Solid waste from factories, business centers, slaughter
houses , etc.
SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION
 EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED PROPERLY
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1. Affects our health

2. Affects our socio-economic conditions

3. Affects our coastal and marine environment

4. Affects our climate

EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

 When hazardous wastes are released in the air,

water, or on the land, they can spread or contaminate
our environment.
 When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it can carry
hazardous waste deeper into the ground and the can
pollute groundwater.
 Every year, major health problems result from
hazardous waste like cancer, repertory condition,
heart diseases etc, so it required proper disposal.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
 COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
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 To keep the environment clean and healthy, the solid

waste should be removed as early as possible.
 The frequency of collection mainly depends upon,
quantity of solid waste generated, size of storage
facilities, seasons, and funds available.
 In order to prevent the start of odour and fly
breeding problems, solid waste must be collected as
early possible.
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 Thus to collect solid waste properly and

systematically following points should be kept in
mind:
1. Collection routes must be as short as possible, to
economies the solid waste collection.
2. The training of workers and maintenance of
equipments is necessary for proper and safe
collection of the solid waste.
3. The collection must be daily in commercial areas and
twice a week in residential areas.
4. Awareness programs must be organized for local
peoples
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 Factors affecting the collection of dry refuse

1. Location of dust bins
2. Collection frequency
3. Population density
4. Number of works used per dumper
5. Time of collection
6. Collection routes
7. Cost of collection
 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
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1.House to house collection

1. Crub system
2. Alley system
3. Set-out system
4. Set out set back system
5. Backyard system

2. Storage bin system

 METHODS OF TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE
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 Treatment techniques used for municipal solid waste

include
1. Mechanical volume reduction
2. Thermal volume reduction
3. Manual component separation
 Mechanical volume reduction
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 This is also known as compaction method

 This is done to increase the useful life of landfills
where waste are compacted
 This is done by mechanical size alteration a
instrument that shredders the solid waste which
reduces the size
 Thermal volume reduction
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The volume of combustible municipal waste can be

reduced more than 90 % by this method
 Manual component separation
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 Manual separation is done by

 Where the solid waste are generated
 At a transfer station
 At a centralized processing station
 At the disposal site
 Manual sorting at the source of generation is useful
for the recovery and reuse of material
 Disposal methods
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 Different method of solid waste disposal are

1. Sanitary land fill method
2. Incineration
3. Composting
4. Trenching /ploughing
5. Dumping into sea
6. Grinding and discharging to sewer
7. By salvaging
8. Hog feeding
 SANITARY LAND FILL METHOD
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 In sanitary landfill method, the solid waste and

earth are placed in alternate layers.
 Decomposition of the waste take place and it is
converted into stable form.
 This method is suitable for reclamation of low lying
area
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 Advantages of sanitary landfill:
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 Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the

local council.
 Jobs will be created for local people.
 Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of
by landfill in comparison to other waste disposal
methods.
 The gases given off by the landfill site could be
collected and used for generating power.
DISADVANTAGES

 The site will look ugly while it is being used for

landfill.
 Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that
cause local air pollution and contribute to global
warming.
 Local streams could become polluted with toxins
seeping through the ground from the landfill site.
 Once the site has been filled it might not be able to
be used for redevelopment as it might be too
polluted.
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 INCINERATION
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 In this method combustible material is

separated from the solid waste.
 It is then burned in incinerator.

 Incinerator consists of a furnace provided with

a grating and chimney.

 Only one third material remains in the form of

ash.
ADVANTAGES

 Minimum of land is needed compared to other

disposal methods.
 The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the
initial value.
 No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters
as in landfills.
 Incineration plants can be located close to residential
areas.
 Gases are used to generate power.
DISADVANTAGES

 Expensive
 Required skilled labour.
 The chemicals that would be released into the air
could be strong pollutants and may destroy ozone
layer (major disadvantage).
 high energy requirement
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 Composting
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 It is a method where in the combined disposal of

solid waste is carried out along with stable litter,
night soil and sludge
 Compost is humus like material, which is generated
due to the breakdown of organic matter under
bacterial action, and is rich manure
 The compost could be sold at a price to
agriculturists.
 Composting uses aerobic method of digestion
Methods of composting

 Bangalore method
 Mechanical composting
 Vermicomposting
 Effective Microorganisms (EM) Technology
 Bangalore method
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 It was evolved under the auspices of Indian Council

of Agricultural Research at the Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore
 Also known as the hot fermentation process
Vermicomposting
 It is a method of disposal of kitchen and plate
wastes, which serves the dual purpose of
disposing off the garbage as well as proving
eco- friendly
 Here a suitable area is chosen which is bound by a 2 to 3
feet high brick wall and few hundred earthworms are
introduced in it
Effective Microorganisms (EM) Technology

 This is a modern eco-friendly technology consisting

of use of friendly microorganisms such as
phototropic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria,
Actinomyces and yeasts
 EM technology also has the advantage of keeping
the drains clean by decomposing the sewage and
suppressing its bacterial content
 Trenching /ploughing
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 Trenches are deep.

 The solid waste is dumped in the trenches and then
covered from top with soil or any non-combustible
material.
 After about six months the refuse is converted into
compost by anaerobic bacteria. Compost can be
sold and trench can be reused
 Dumping into sea
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 The disposal of refuse by dumping into a sea is possible

only in case of coastal cities. While dumping the solid
waste care is taken to take the solid waste, sufficient
distance away (15 to 13 km) from the beach.
 It is necessary to prevent the shores from waste
nuisance, because the sea waves may carry the solid
waste to the shore and Create the naisunce.
 This method is not satisfactory in rough weather,
because the waste cannot be easily discharged into the
sea.
 The waste may be washed ashore under tidal conditions
 ADVANTAGES

 Convenient
 Inexpensive
 Source of nutrients for fishes and marine mammals.
 Vast amount of space is available.
 All type of wastes are disposed.
DISADVANTAGES

 There are three main direct public health risks from

ocean dumping:
 occupational accidents, injuries, and exposures
 exposure of the public to hazardous or toxic
materials washed up on beach sand.
 human consumption of marine organisms that have
been contaminated by ocean disposal.
 Highly dangerous for aquatic life.
 Grinding and discharging to sewer
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 This method is not common in india

 Refuse is well grinded in house or commercial
grinders and is discharged in sewers.
 By salvaging
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 This method not practiced by local bodies

 Usually the labour of salvage dealers collects the
paper, metal glass metals rags plastic cotton pieces
etc from the dustbin refuse along the road.
 Proper care is taken to store from the materials
depending on their utilization.
 Hog feeding
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 In this method the garbage is fed to the animals like

hog swing etc.
 In western countries it is common