PRE-DRILLING GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

FOR

WATER BOREHOLE

AT

LG PRIMARY SCHOOL
IMAKUN – OMI
OGUN WATERSIDE
OGUN STATE

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

REF: JT/220101/SM
ISSUE 01 / 12th JANUARY, 2022

JOSH -TOB GEOTECHNICS LIMTED

71A, Shyllon Street, 2nd Floor, Front Wing, Off Ikorodu Road, Ilupeju, Lagos-Nigeria
joshtobgeo@gmail.com Tel – 08033161106, 07088343226
 CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Site Description 1
1.2 Geology / Hydrogeology 3

2. THE PRINCIPLE OF MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD 4

2.1 Data Acquisition 5
2.2 Data Presentation and Interpretation 6

3. DISCUSSION OF RESULT 8

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 14

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The sketch map of the area surveyed area 2
Figure 2: The geological map of the surveyed area 3
Figure 3A: The profile maps beneath the sounded points 6
Figure 3B: The Electro Telluric Sounding Log Beneath The
Recommended Sounded Point 7
Figure 4: The Geo Electric Section Beneath the Sounded Point 9

APPENDICES
Appendix A: Site Pictures 12
 1. INTRODUCTION
The report presents the results of pre-drilling geophysical investigations for
borehole location at L.G Primary School, Imakun - Omi, Ogun State.
The objective of the survey include

(I) The reconnaissance survey of the geomorphology/geohydrology of the

premises with a view to locating suitable site for borehole.

(II) To delineate the groundwater aquifer(s) - its thicknesses.

(III) To delineate the freshwater/saline/brackish water interface

(IV) Recommend the borehole depth.

1.1 Site Description

The site surveyed is beside the new building within the compound. The area
used for the survey is an open field beside the building. The sketch map of the
area surveyed is as shown in figure 1, while the photograph of the crew and that
of the community and contractor representative during investigation is as shown
in the appendix.

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 7m

ROAD

Figure 1: The sketch map showing the area investigated (Not to scale)

 
 

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1.2 Geo
ology/Hy
ydrogeolo
ogy
The site
e surveyed straddle
es the reccent sedim
ments of m
mainly allu
uvium deposits
underlain by the sediments
s of Coastal Plain San
nds. The sa
and suite cconstitutess the
aquiferss beneath sounded locations. The sand intercalating with cclay to a depth
of 160m
m contain
ns saline and
a brack
kish waterrs and the
erefore no
ot potable
e for
domestic usage. while
w the sand
s interccalating wiith clay fro
om 160m tto 223m depth
containss fresh wa
ater

Figure 2:
2 The geoological ma ap showing
g the area where the
e investiga
ation
was carrried out (G
G.O Badmuus et. al,)

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2.0 THE PRINCIPLE OF MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD
The Magnetotellurics (MT) technique is a passive electromagnetic (EM) technique
that involves measuring fluctuations in the natural electric (E), and magnetic,
(B), fields of geomagnetic disturbances originating principally in the ionosphere
in orthogonal directions at the surface of the Earth as a means of determining
the conductivity structure of the Earth at depths ranging from a few tens of
meters to several hundreds of kilometers.

MT was first propounded by Tikhonov (1950) and, in more detail, by Cagniard

(1953). Central to the thesis of both authors was the realization that
electromagnetic responses from any depth could be obtained simply by
extending the Magnetotellurics sounding period. This principle is embodied in the
electromagnetic skin depth relation, which describes the exponential decay of
electromagnetic fields as they diffuse into a medium. These fields when
distributed far from the source are regarded as plane waves and its distribution
is approximately perpendicular to the ground and is subject to Maxwell’s
equation set.

These soundings are obtained by measuring the earth's surface electromagnetic

fields at different frequencies (PQWT 2019). These lower frequencies range
penetrate deeper into the earth before they are absorbed relative to higher
frequencies range. Thus information on earth resistivity variations with depth can
be effectively mapped.

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2.1 Data Acquisition
The natural electrical field survey data was acquired using audiomagnetotellurics
PQWT TC 500 2-D IMAGING INSTRUMENT.
The geomagnetic field generated can be regarded as plane waves and obey the
Maxwell set of equation because of its distance from the source. Thus the
resistivity of the earth at any point will be given by

ϱs = 1/5f {Ex/Hy} 2………………………….1

Where
ϱs is the resistivity
Ex is the electric component
Hy is the magnetic component
f is the operating frequency
However, the magnetic field component being basically stable in small area of
investigation and could be regarded as constant such that the qualitative
relationship between the electric field component and the resistivity can be used
to judge the high and low resistance characteristics of geologic formations.
Hence Electric field fluctuations are determined by measuring the potential
difference, U, between pairs of electrodes, which are connected via a shielded
cable to form a dipole and buried in the ground at known distances (d) typically
10–100 m apart:

E=U/d …………………………..2

Empirically, the effective depth of penetration of electromagnetic wave (ze) can

be defined as the maximum depth at which a conductor may lie and still produce
a recognizable electromagnetic anomaly and this is given
 
ze = 100 /√ો

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The insstrument is design for
f 500m
m and usess 56 freq
quencies compone
ents
with inter-elec
ctrode diistance of distance and a inter-station
o 10m d
ce of 1m.
distanc

2.2 Data Presen

ntation an
nd Interp
pretation
The data are presented as
a 2-D pro
ofile map is as sho
own in fig
gure 3a, w
while the
electrottelluric rock
k electrote
elluric log is as shown in figure
e 3b.

         Figu
ure 3A: Th
he profile maps
m bene
eath the so
ounded point

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 Frequency Amplitude (Hz‐mV) 
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0 0.156, 0 
0.006, 8.9 
20 0.016, 17.9 
0.023, 26.8 
0.018, 35.7 
40
0.021, 44.7 
0.029, 53.6 
60 0.03, 62.5 
0.032, 71.4 
80 0.033, 80.4 
0.036, 89.3 
100 0.039, 98.2 
0.042, 107.2 
0.045, 116.1 
120 Inflection point
0.063, 125.0 
0.066, 134.0 
140 0.065, 142.9 
Depth (m) 

0.079, 151.8 
160 0.09, 160.7  Inflection point
0.224, 169.7 
180 0.262, 178.6 
0.269, 187.5 
200 0.355, 196.5 
0.367, 205.4 
0.353, 214.3 
220
0.369, 223.3 
0.326, 232.2 
240 0.29, 241.1 
0.281, 250.0 
260 0.319, 259.0 
0.4, 267.9 
280 0.424, 276.8 
0.55, 285.8 
0.523, 294.7 
300
0.521, 303.6 
0.374, 312.6 
320

Figure 3B: The Electrotelluric Sounding Log beneath the recommended

sounding point at Imakun-Omi, Ogun State.

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3.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Four horizons were delineated in the course of this investigation stemming from
the water quality that was detected

The first layer is loose sand. The frequency amplitude value is 0.156 Hz-mV. The
depth to the base of this layer is 8.9m. This horizon constitutes the shallow
freshwater aquifer. This will believe is as a result of direct recharge
from rainfall. It is prone to pollution and will fluctuate due to seasonal
changes.

The second layer consists of sand and clay intercalations. It has very low
frequency amplitude value ranging from 0.006 Hz-mV to 0.045 Hz-mV. The
depth to the base of this layer is 116.1m under the sounded points. This very
low frequency amplitude is diagnostic of saline water with attendant
high concentration of dissolved solids.

The third layer also consists of sand and clay intercalations. It has low frequency
amplitude value ranging from 0.045 Hz-mV to 0.090 Hz-mV. The depth to the
base of this layer is 160.7m under the sounded points. This low frequency
amplitude is diagnostic of brackish water with attendant high
concentration of dissolved solids.

The fourth layer is another band of sand and clay intercalations. It has high
frequency amplitude value ranging from 0.224 Hz-mV to 0.55 Hz-mV. This layer
was explored to 320m depth under the sounded points. This high frequency
amplitude is diagnostic of fresh water with attendant low
concentration of dissolved solids.

The geoelectric sections are as shown in figures 4 below

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 DEPTH 
0m SA ND (FRESHW
WATER AQUIFER) 
8.9m

SA
AND INTERCA
ALATING WIITH CLAY CO
ONTAINING 
SA
ALINE WATER  

1166.1m

SA ND INTERCA
ALATING WITTH CLAY CON
NTAINING 
BR ACKISH WATTER  

1600.7Mm

232.2m
2 SSAND INTER
RCALATING W
WITH CLAY C
CONTAINING
G 
259m
FFRESH WATER  

315m

Figurre 4: The Geo-electri

G ic section beneath
b th
he sounded
d point

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4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The site surveyed is underlain by four subsurface layers, which consists of sand
and clay intercalating with each other. The sand suites constitute the aquifers.

Two freshwater aquifers were delineated in the course of this survey.

The first aquifer is the sand that lies between 0m and 8.9m.

The second freshwater aquifer is the sand intercalating with clay that lies
between 160m and 320m.

In between these two aquifers is a thick band of sand and clay containing saline
and brackish water

In view of the above parameters, the borehole is therefore recommended to be

drilled at the proposed borehole point to a depth of between 220m and 280m.
The screens should be set at appropriate intervals below 180m. The upper saline
water and brackish water zone should be sealed off with cement grout.

Finally we advise that the borehole be logged using the down-hole wireline of
gamma and resistivity (short normal and long normal) suite before installation of
casing and screens. This will assists the driller in the final borehole design.

For: JOSH – TOB ASSOCIATES NIGERIA

Femi Ilesanmi Shola Matthew

Hydrogeologist Principal/Geo - Engineer

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 APPENDICES

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 APPENDIX A:
SITE PHOTOS

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