Class-XI Notes and Assignment (Computer Science)

UNIT I CHAPTER I COMPUTER SYSTEM

Introduction to computer and computing

Computer are the machines that have revolutionized the world around us. It ia an
electronic device that can be programmed to accept data(input), process it and generate
result(output).

A Computer along with hardware and software together is called a computer system.

A Computer system comprises of four basic components-

i) Input device
ii) Output device
iii) Central processing unit
iv) Memory unit
- Primary memory
- Secondary memory

COMPUTER SYSTEM (fig: Block Diagram of components of computer system)

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CONTROL UNIT(CU)

INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE

ARITHMETIC AND

LOGIC UNIT(ALU)

PRIMARY MEMORY

SECONDARY MEMORY

i) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the electronic circuitry of a computer that carries out the actual processing and usually
referred as the brain of the computer. The CPU stores the data as well
as instructions in its local memory. It has two main components — Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) and Control Unit (CU). ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations that need

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 Class-XI Notes and Assignment (Computer Science)
to be done as per the instruction in a program. CU controls sequential instruction execution,
interprets instructions and guides data flow through the computer’s memory, ALU and input
or output devices.
CPU is also popularly known as microprocessor.

ii) Input Devices

The devices through which control signals are sent to a computer are termed as input
devices. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch
screen, etc., we can now enter data through voice, e.g., Google voice search to search the
web.
iii) Output Devices
The device that receives data from a computer system for display, physical production, etc.,
is called output device. It converts digital information into human understandable form. For
example, monitor, projector, headphone, speaker, printer, etc.

Evolution of Computer
Computing devices have evolved in a relatively short span of time. The evolution of
computing devices is shown below:-
i. ABACUS(500BC) - A mechanical device capable of doing simple arithemetic
calculation only.
ii. PASCALINE(1642) – A mechanical device capable of doing addition and
subtraction of two numbers directly and multiplication and division through
repeated addition and division subtraction.
iii. ANALYTIC ENGINE(1834) – A mechanical device capable of inputing,
processing, storing and displaying the output. It was invented by Charles
Babbage.
iv. TABULATING MACHINE(1890) – This machine was designed by Herman
Hollerith for summarizing the data stored on the punched card.
v. TURING MACHINE(1937) – This machine was capable of solving any problem
by executing the program stored on the punched cards.
vi. EDVAC/ENIAC(1945) – These two computers were developed by John Von
Newmann capable of storing data as well as program in the memory.
vii. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT(IC)1970 – IC is a silicon chip which contains entire
electronic circuit on a very small area.
viii. TRANSISTOR(1947) – Transistors were used in 3rd generation of computer in
replace of vacuum tubes.

JOHN VON NEWMANN ARCHITECTURE

The John Von Newmann architecture consists of a central processing unit (CPU)
for processing arithmetic and logical instructions, a memory t store data and programs, input
and output devices and communication channels to send or receive the output data.e.g.,
ENIAC.
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 Class-XI Notes and Assignment (Computer Science)

fig: Newmann Architecture

CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT(CPU)

INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE

MEMORY

COMPUTER MEMORY

A computer memory is used to store data and information for processing.

Units of Memory: Byte is the unit of memory. It is measured in Kilobyte(KB),

Megabyte(MB), Gigabyte(GB) etc. 8 bits makes a byte. ½ of the byte is called a nibble.

1KB=1024 byte

1Megabyte= 1024Kbyte

1Gigabyte=1024 Mbyte

1Terabyte=1024 Gbyte

1Pentabyte=1024Tbyte

1Exabyte=1024Pbyte

1Zetabyte=1024Ebyte

1Yottabyte=1024Zbyteyrome

TYPES OF MEMORY

i. Primary Memory – A temporary memory that directly interacts with the CPU to
perform read or write operation. It is of two types – RAM & ROM
ii. Cache Memory – To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high speed memory
is placed between the CPU and the Primary memory is known as Cache.
iii. Secondary Memory – A computer memory which is used to store the data or
instructions permanently is the secondary memory.
e.g., Hard Disk drive(HDD), Solid state drive(SDD), Pen drive, DVD etc.

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DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN MEMORY AND CPU

Data are transferred between different components of a computer system using physical wires,
called bus.

Bus is of three types:-

i. Data Bus – It carries data to transfer between a hard disk and main memory and
other components.
ii. Address Bus – It carries addresses to transfer address of data between CPU and main
memory.
iii. Control Bus – It is the bus which is used to communicate control signals between
different components of a computer.

MICROPROCESSORS

It is a small-sized electronic component inside a computer that carries out various

tasks involved in data processing as well as arithmetic and logic operations.

Specifications: - Microprocessors are classified on the basis of different features which

include the followings –

a) Word size – It is the maximum number of bits that a microprocessor can process at a
time.
b) Memory size – This size depends on the word size. As the word size increased, the size
of RAM also increased.
c) Clock speed – The number of pulses generated per second by the clock inside a
computer. It indicates the speed at which the computer can execute instructions. It is
measured in GHz.
d) Cores – Core is a basic computation unit of the CPU. Each of the processors had only
one computation unit, thereby capable of performing only one tasks at a time. Processor
with two, four, & eight words are called dual-core, quad-core, and Octa-core processor
respectively.

MICROCONTROLLERS

The microcontroller is a small computing device which has a CPU, a fixed amount of
RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single chip, e.g., keyboard, Mouse,
Washing machine etc.

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DATA AND INFORMATION

‘Data’ are zero facts. It may be meaningful or not meaningful. Anything we entered is called
data. Whereas ‘Information’ are meaningful data.

TYPES OF DATA :- There are types of data. They are-

i. Structured data – Data which follows a strict record structure is called structured
data. E.g., list in a table.
ii. Unstructured data – Data which are not organized in a pre-defined record format is
called unstructured data.
e.g., text documents, video files etc.
iii. Semi-Structured data – Data which have no well-defined structure but maintain
internal tags or markings to separate data elements are called semi-structured data.
E.g., email document, HTML, page etc.

OPERATIONS ON DATA:

i. Data capturing
ii. Data storage
iii. Data Retrieval
iv. Data Deletion
v. Data Recovery

SOFTWARE

Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system
and make the hardware run.

NEEDS/PURPOSE OF SOFTWARE:-

The main purpose of a software is to make the computer hardware useful and operational.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE:-

Depending on the mode of interaction with hardware and function to be performed, the
software can be broadly classified in three categories. Viz.

i. System software: The software that provides the basic functionality to operate a
computer by interacting directly with its constituent hardware is termed as system
software.
System software has the following types:-

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a) Operating system – It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
E.g., Windows 7, Linux etc.
b) System utilities – Software used for maintenance and configuration of the
computer system is called system utilities. E.g., Defragmenter, Antivirus etc.
c) Device Drivers – It acts as an interface between the device and the operating
system.
ii. Programming tools:- Programming tools are the computer programming languages
that are developed for writing instructions which are applied on the input data to get
the desired outcome.
Programming languages can be categorized into- loe-level language and high-level
languages.

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS

Assembler – It is the translator used to convert the code written in assembly language to
machine language.

Compiler – Compiler is also the translator used to convert the code written in high-level
language to low-level language in one go.

Interpreter – It is also the translator used to convert the code written in gigh-level language to
low-level language line-by-line.

iii. Application software – This type of software pertains to enable computer to perform
a specific tasks such as processing words, calculations, medical accounting, etc.

Types of Application software –

a) General purpose software – The software developed for generic application, to cater to a
bigger audience in general are called general purpose software.
e.g., MSOffice, LibreOffice, Mozilla Web browser, Adobe Photoshop etc.

b) Customised Software – These are custom or tailor-made application software that are
developed to meet the requirements of a specific organization or an individual. E.g., School
management software, Pharmaceutical software etc.

PROPRIETARY OR FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Proprietary software – The software which has to be purchased from the vendor who has the
copyright of the software. E.g., Windows, Tally etc.

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FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

The software that is freely available with their source code to public, with an aim to
develop and improve further with each other’s help is known as Free and Open source
software(FOSS).

e.g., Python, LibreOffice, Mozilla Firefox etc.

OPERATING SYSTEM

It is a resource manager which manages all the resources of the computer.

The primary objectives are-

i. To provide services for building and running application programs.

ii. To provide an interface to the user through which the user can interact with the
computer.

OS USER INTERFACE

a) Command-based Interface(CUI) – This requires a user to enter the commands. E.g.,

MS-DOS, UNIX
b) Graphical-User Interface(GUI) – It lets the user to run programs or give instructions in
the form of icons, menus and other visual options. E.g., Windows 10 etc.
c) Voice-based Interface – It use voice-based commands to make a computer work in the
desired way. E.g., Android(Ok Google)
d) Gesture – based Interface – It lets the user to interact with the devices using gestures
like waving, tilting, eye motion and shaking.
e.g., Smartphones based on Android & ios.

Functions of OS

a) Process Management : It concerns the management of multiple processes, allocation of

required resources, and exchange of information among processes.
b) Memory Management: Its main task is to give and take memory from running
processes.
c) File Management: The system manages the files in the secondary memory like creating
files, updating, deleting as well as protection.
d) Device Management: It manages I/O devices and hardware connected to the system.

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ASSIGNMENT
1. Name the software required to make a computer functional. Write down its two primary

services.

2. How does the computer understand a program written in high level language?

3. Name the input or output device used to do the following:

i. To output audio.

ii. To enter textual data.

iii. To make hard copy of a text file.

iv. To display the data or information.

v. To enter audio-based command.

4. Which of the following memory has a very high speed?

a) RAM b)ROM c) CACHE d) PROM

5. What is Operating system? What are the functions of Operating system?

6. What is the need of RAM? How does it differ from ROM?

7. What is the need for secondary memory?

8. What is the role of system bus? Why is data bus is bidirectional while address bus is

unidirectional?