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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Mango (disambiguation).
Mango fruits – single and halved
A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It
is believed to have originated in southern Asia, particularly in eastern India,
Bangladesh, and the Andaman Islands.[1] M. indica has been cultivated in South and
Southeast Asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango
cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".[2][3] Other species in
the genus Mangifera also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the
majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.[4]
Worldwide, there are several hundred cultivars of mango. Depending on the cultivar,
mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin color, and flesh color, which
may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange.[1] Mango is the national fruit of
India, Pakistan and the Philippines,[5][6] while the mango tree is the national
tree of Bangladesh.[7]
Etymology
The English word mango (plural "mangoes" or "mangos") originated in the 16th
century from the Portuguese word, manga, from the Malay mangga, and ultimately from
the Tamil man ("mango tree") + kay ("fruit").[8][9] The scientific name, Mangifera
indica, refers to a plant bearing mangoes in India.[9]
Description
Mango trees grow to 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) tall, with a crown radius of 10–15 m
(33–49 ft). The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300
years.[10]
In deep soil, the taproot descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft), with profuse, wide-
spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil.[1] The
leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 centimetres (6–14 inches) long, and
6–16 cm (2+1⁄2–6+1⁄2 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink,
rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature.[1] The
flowers are produced in terminal panicles 10–40 cm (4–15+1⁄2 in) long; each flower
is small and white with five petals 5–10 millimetres (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) long, with a
mild, sweet fragrance.[1] Over 500 varieties of mangoes are known,[1] many of which
ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.[11] The fruit takes four to five
months from flowering to ripening.[1]
The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, color, sweetness, and
eating quality.[1] Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange,
red, or green.[1] The fruit has a single flat, oblong pit that can be fibrous or
hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp.[1] The fruits may
be somewhat round, oval, or kidney-shaped, ranging from 5–25 centimetres (2–10 in)
in length and from 140 grams (5 oz) to 2 kilograms (5 lb) in weight per individual
fruit.[1] The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colors ranging
from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of
red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.[1]
Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive resinous, sweet smell.[1] Inside the pit
1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick is a thin lining covering a single seed, 4–7 cm (1.6–
2.8 in) long. Mangoes have recalcitrant seeds which do not survive freezing and
drying.[12] Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with germination success highest
when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.[1]
Flowers and immature fruits on an 'Alphonso' tree
Flowers and immature fruits on an 'Alphonso' tree

Unripe mangos in Rincón, Puerto Rico
Unripe mangos in Rincón, Puerto Rico

The seed inside of a mango pit
The seed inside of a mango pit

A mango stone
A mango stone
Taxonomy
'Carabao', a typical "Southeast Asian type" polyembryonic mango cultivar
'Langra', a typical "Indian type" monoembryonic mango cultivar
Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and
northeastern India.[2][3] The mango is considered an evolutionary anachronism,
whereby seed dispersal was once accomplished by a now-extinct evolutionary forager,
such as a megafauna mammal.[13]
From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct
populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group.
The Indian group is characterized by having monoembryonic fruits, while
polyembryonic fruits characterize the Southeast Asian group.[2][3]
It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single domestication

event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found
no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher
unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars,
indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast
Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors also cautioned
that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons
(like interspecific hybridization with other Mangifera species native to the
Malesian ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic
populations also identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the
mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple
domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.[2][3]
Cultivars
Main article: List of mango cultivars
There are many hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango orchards, several
cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are
monoembryonic and must be propagated by grafting, or they do not breed true. A
common monoembryonic cultivar is 'Alphonso', an important export product,
considered "the king of mangoes."[14]
Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian
cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual fungicide
treatments to escape the lethal fungal disease anthracnose in Florida. Asian
mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.[15]
The current world market is dominated by the cultivar 'Tommy Atkins', a seedling of
'Haden' that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected
commercially by Florida researchers.[16] Growers and importers worldwide have
embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, shelf
life, transportability, size, and appealing color.[17] Although the Tommy Atkins
cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers
for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.[14][17]
Generally, ripe mangoes have an orange-yellow or reddish peel and are juicy for
eating, while exported fruit are often picked while underripe with green peels.
Although producing ethylene while ripening, unripened exported mangoes do not have
the same juiciness or flavor as fresh fruit.

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Mango

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Flowers and immature fruits on an 'Alphonso' tree

Flowers and immature fruits on an 'Alphonso' tree

Unripe mangos in Rincón, Puerto Rico

The seed inside of a mango pit

It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single domestication

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