CA1:Basic concept of heat transfer

and conduction
Name- Arnab Hazra
Roll No.- 34900721009
Department - Mechanical Engineering
Year- 3rd (5th semester)
Subject - Heat Transfer(PC-ME501)
Introduction:
• The definition of heat is provided by classical thermodynamics. It is defined as an energy
that flows due to difference in temperature.
• Heat flows in a direction from higher temperature to lower temperature.
• Heat energy can neither be observed nor be measured directly. However, the effects
produced by the transfer of this energy are amenable to observations and
measurements.
• Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another and makes no reference to how long the
process will take.
• Where as the science of heat transfer deals with the rate of heat transfer, which is the
main quantity of interest in the design and evaluation of heat transfer equipment.
• The process of heat transfer taken as place by three distinct modes: Conduction,
convection and radiation.
Modes of heat transfer:
• Heat is energy that is transferred from one object to another as the result of a difference in
temperature. Heat is the actual energy and temperature is a measure of the amount of
energy. If two objects have different temperatures and are brought together, heat energy is
transferred. Heat flows from the hotter object to the colder. That’s why water that was once
cool is brought to boiling as heat from the flame is transferred to the cooler pot. And from the
pot to the water. And from the water to the eggs.
• In most cases, the transfer of heat means that the cooler object is warmed, while the warmer
object cools as energy is transferred. Inside a refrigerator, the hot eggs will warm the storage
container. But as energy is transferred from the eggs to the container and to the cooler
surroundings, both the eggs and the container will cool.
• Sometimes a substance can absorb heat without an increase in temperature. This happens if
the substance changes its physical state, such as when ice melts or when a liquid turns into a
gas, such as this boiling water.
Modes of heat transfer(contd.):
• Conduction: On a microscopic scale, heat conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating
atoms and molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their
energy (heat) to these neighboring particles. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when
adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to another.
Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects
in thermal contact. Fluids—especially gases—are less conductive. Thermal contact conductance is the
study of heat conduction between solid bodies in contac.The process of heat transfer from one place
to another place without the movement of particles is called conduction, such as when placing a hand
on a cold glass of water—heat is conducted from the warm skin to the cold glass, but if the hand is
held a few inches from the glass, little conduction would occur since air is a poor conductor of heat.
Steady state conduction is an idealized model of conduction that happens when the temperature
difference driving the conduction is constant, so that after a time, the spatial distribution of
temperatures in the conducting object does not change any further (see Fourier law).In steady state
conduction, the amount of heat entering a section is equal to amount of heat coming out, since the
change in temperature (a measure of heat energy) is zero.
Modes of heat transfer(contd.):
• Convection: The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational
fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire
plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called "natural convection". All
convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is forced
convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by using a pump, fan or other mechanical means.
• Convective heat transfer, or simply, convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by
the movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer. Bulk motion
of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as (for example) between a solid
surface and the fluid. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.
Although sometimes discussed as a third method of heat transfer, convection is usually used to
describe the combined effects of heat conduction within the fluid (diffusion) and heat transference by
bulk fluid flow streaming. The process of transport by fluid streaming is known as advection, but pure
advection is a term that is generally associated only with mass transport in fluids, such as advection of
pebbles in a river.
Modes of heat transfer(contd.):
• Radiation: Radiative heat transfer is the transfer of energy via thermal radiation,
i.e., electromagnetic waves. It occurs across vacuum or
any transparent medium(solid or fluid or gas). Thermal radiation is emitted by all
objects at temperatures above absolute zero, due to random movements of atoms
and molecules in matter. Since these atoms and molecules are composed of
charged particles (protons and electrons), their movement results in the emission
of electromagnetic radiation which carries away energy. Radiation is typically only
important in engineering applications for very hot objects, or for objects with a
large temperature difference.
• When the objects and distances separating them are large in size and compared
to the wavelength of thermal radiation, the rate of transfer of radiant energy is best
described by the Stefan-Boltzmann equation.
Phase transition:
• Phase transition or phase change, takes place in a thermodynamic
system from one phase or state of matter to another one by heat
transfer. Phase change examples are the melting of ice or the boiling of
water. The Mason equation explains the growth of a water droplet
based on the effects of heat transport on evaporation and condensation.
• Phase transitions involve the four fundamental states of matter:
• Solid – Deposition, freezing and solid to solid transformation.
• Gas – Boiling / evaporation, recombination/ deionization, and sublimation.
• Liquid – Condensation and melting / fusion.
• Plasma – Ionization.
Boiling:
• The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid
equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid evaporates resulting in an abrupt
change in vapor volume.
• In a closed system, saturation temperature and boiling point mean the same thing. The
saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a
liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy.
Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition.
• At standard atmospheric pressure and low temperatures, no boiling occurs and the heat
transfer rate is controlled by the usual single-phase mechanisms. As the surface
temperature is increased, local boiling occurs and vapor bubbles nucleate, grow into the
surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse. This is sub-cooled nucleate boiling, and is a very
efficient heat transfer mechanism. At high bubble generation rates, the bubbles begin to
interfere and the heat flux no longer increases rapidly with surface temperature (this is
the departure from nucleate boiling, or DNB).
Condensation:
• Condensation occurs when a vapor is cooled and changes its phase to a liquid. During
condensation, the latent heat of vaporization must be released. The amount of the heat
is the same as that absorbed during vaporization at the same fluid pressure.
• There are several types of condensation:
• Homogeneous condensation, as during a formation of fog.
• Condensation in direct contact with subcooled liquid.
• Condensation on direct contact with a cooling wall of a heat exchanger: This is the most
common mode used in industry:Filmwise condensation is when a liquid film is formed on
the subcooled surface, and usually occurs when the liquid wets the surface.
• Dropwise condensation is when liquid drops are formed on the subcooled surface, and
usually occurs when the liquid does not wet the surface.
• Dropwise condensation is difficult to sustain reliably; therefore, industrial equipment is
normally designed to operate in filmwise condensation mode.
Melting:

• Melting is a thermal process that results in the phase transition of

a substance from a solid to a liquid. The internal energy of a
substance is increased, typically with in heat or pressure, resulting
in a rise of its temperature to the melting point, at which the
ordering of ionic or molecular entities in the solid breaks down to a
less ordered state and the solid liquefies. Molten substances
generally have reduced viscosity with elevated temperature; an
exception to this maxim is the element sulfur, whose viscosity
increases to a point due to polymerization and then decreases
with higher temperatures in its molten state.
THANK YOU!