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Grammar

The document summarizes grammar rules for defining and non-defining relative clauses, participle clauses, present and past verb tenses including simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms, future tenses, gradable and non-gradable adjectives, articles, and determiners. It provides explanations for when to use each grammar structure, such as using present continuous for ongoing actions or present perfect for completed actions with current relevance. Examples are given throughout to illustrate the different rules.

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Simba The Raccoon
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19 views

Grammar

The document summarizes grammar rules for defining and non-defining relative clauses, participle clauses, present and past verb tenses including simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms, future tenses, gradable and non-gradable adjectives, articles, and determiners. It provides explanations for when to use each grammar structure, such as using present continuous for ongoing actions or present perfect for completed actions with current relevance. Examples are given throughout to illustrate the different rules.

Uploaded by

Simba The Raccoon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grammar:

a) Unit 9 + 10 + 1:
1. Defining & Non-defining relative clauses:
-Defining relative clauses: Give essential information about the noun they
come immediately after (Without it, the sentence will lack meaning and sense)
-Non-defining relative clauses: Give extra information about the noun they
come after with a comma beforehand (Without it, the sentence will still make
sense)
-We use:
+ who or that for people
+ that or which for things
+ whose for possessions
+ where for places
+ when for time
(Non-defining relative clauses DON’T begin with “that”)
2. Participle clauses:
-Used as a shorter form for defining and non-defining relative clauses
-We use the present participle ( -ing form ) to replace relative clauses
containing active verbs
-We use the past participle ( -ed form ) to replace the relative clauses
containing passive verbs
3. Present simple:
-We use present simple for:
+Routines and habits
+Facts and general truths
+Verbs describing states
4. Present continuous:
-We use present continuous for:
+Actions happening now/around now
+Temporary/Changing/Developing situation
+Irritation habits
5. Present perfect:
-We use present perfect for:
+Actions happened at some unspecified point in the past
+Experiences
+Actions that began in the past, but continue to the present moment
6. Present perfect continuous:
-We use present perfect continuous for:
+ Actions that began in the past, but continue to the present moment
+Actions that happened repeatedly in the past and still happening now
+Recent actions which has either just finished or interrupted
7. Past simple:
-We use past simple for:
+A completed action that happened in the past
+Two or more actions that happened one after another
+Two connected actions that happened around the same time
8. Past continuous:
-We use past continuous for:
+A scene/action happening at a particularly time in the past
+An action in the past that was interrupted by another action
9. Past perfect:
-We use past perfect for:
+Completed events that happened before another event in the past
10. Past perfect continuous:
-We use past perfect continuous for:
+Ongoing events leading up to a more recent past event
+Give background information about an event
+Emphasize the duration of an activity
b) Unit 2:
1. Future continuous:
-We use future continuous for:
+An action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future
+A fixed or decided future action
2. Future perfect:
-We use future perfect for:
+A completed action/event in the future
3. Future perfect continuous:
-We use future perfect continuous for:
+An action that will continue up to a time in the future
+Use with time expression to emphasize on the duration
4. Gradable & Non-gradable adjectives:
-Gradable adjectives are words describing qualities that you can measure. We use
grading adverbs for these.
-Non-grading adjectives are words describing qualities that are absolute or
extreme. We use non-grading adverbs with these.
c) Unit 3:
1. Articles:
-We use a/an for:
+Non-specific things
+Someone’s job
+First time mentioning something
+Expressing each or per
-We use the for:
+Specific/Already mentioned things
+Only one person/thing
+Superlatives
+Adjective referring to a group of people sharing the same characteristic
+Names of (some) countries/famous places/families
-We use no article for:
+Something in general/Before general plural nouns
+Abstract nouns
2. Determiners:
-With uncountable nouns: Far too much, (a) little
-With countable nouns: Many, (a) few, far too much, several
-With both: a lot of, some, hardly any, (almost) none of, (almost) all of
*0% (none) -> almost none -> hardly any -> (a) little, few -> some -> several ->
many/much/a lot of -> far too much/many/almost all -> 100% (all, every)

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