Grammar
Grammar
a) Unit 9 + 10 + 1:
1. Defining & Non-defining relative clauses:
-Defining relative clauses: Give essential information about the noun they
come immediately after (Without it, the sentence will lack meaning and sense)
-Non-defining relative clauses: Give extra information about the noun they
come after with a comma beforehand (Without it, the sentence will still make
sense)
-We use:
+ who or that for people
+ that or which for things
+ whose for possessions
+ where for places
+ when for time
(Non-defining relative clauses DON’T begin with “that”)
2. Participle clauses:
-Used as a shorter form for defining and non-defining relative clauses
-We use the present participle ( -ing form ) to replace relative clauses
containing active verbs
-We use the past participle ( -ed form ) to replace the relative clauses
containing passive verbs
3. Present simple:
-We use present simple for:
+Routines and habits
+Facts and general truths
+Verbs describing states
4. Present continuous:
-We use present continuous for:
+Actions happening now/around now
+Temporary/Changing/Developing situation
+Irritation habits
5. Present perfect:
-We use present perfect for:
+Actions happened at some unspecified point in the past
+Experiences
+Actions that began in the past, but continue to the present moment
6. Present perfect continuous:
-We use present perfect continuous for:
+ Actions that began in the past, but continue to the present moment
+Actions that happened repeatedly in the past and still happening now
+Recent actions which has either just finished or interrupted
7. Past simple:
-We use past simple for:
+A completed action that happened in the past
+Two or more actions that happened one after another
+Two connected actions that happened around the same time
8. Past continuous:
-We use past continuous for:
+A scene/action happening at a particularly time in the past
+An action in the past that was interrupted by another action
9. Past perfect:
-We use past perfect for:
+Completed events that happened before another event in the past
10. Past perfect continuous:
-We use past perfect continuous for:
+Ongoing events leading up to a more recent past event
+Give background information about an event
+Emphasize the duration of an activity
b) Unit 2:
1. Future continuous:
-We use future continuous for:
+An action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future
+A fixed or decided future action
2. Future perfect:
-We use future perfect for:
+A completed action/event in the future
3. Future perfect continuous:
-We use future perfect continuous for:
+An action that will continue up to a time in the future
+Use with time expression to emphasize on the duration
4. Gradable & Non-gradable adjectives:
-Gradable adjectives are words describing qualities that you can measure. We use
grading adverbs for these.
-Non-grading adjectives are words describing qualities that are absolute or
extreme. We use non-grading adverbs with these.
c) Unit 3:
1. Articles:
-We use a/an for:
+Non-specific things
+Someone’s job
+First time mentioning something
+Expressing each or per
-We use the for:
+Specific/Already mentioned things
+Only one person/thing
+Superlatives
+Adjective referring to a group of people sharing the same characteristic
+Names of (some) countries/famous places/families
-We use no article for:
+Something in general/Before general plural nouns
+Abstract nouns
2. Determiners:
-With uncountable nouns: Far too much, (a) little
-With countable nouns: Many, (a) few, far too much, several
-With both: a lot of, some, hardly any, (almost) none of, (almost) all of
*0% (none) -> almost none -> hardly any -> (a) little, few -> some -> several ->
many/much/a lot of -> far too much/many/almost all -> 100% (all, every)