SAN JUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 1.

MEASURING TOOLS
Sitio Sapinit, Brgy. San Juan, Antipolo City  Pull-push rule. This flexible rule when extended will
support itself, but may also be used to measure curved,
irregular surfaces. Steel tape rule blade is usually ½ inch
TLE 8 – Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) wide and 72 inches long. The graduation is sixteenths,
except for the first 6 inches which are graduated in thirty-
LESSON 1: USE BASIC HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT (4 DAYS) seconds of an inch.

LO 1. Select and classify hand tools and equipment

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  Steel tape is similar to a steel tape rule except for its flexible
number of feet that are marked on the tape. The tape is 3/8-
Hand tools selected are appropriate to the requirements of the task.
inch-wide and available in lengths from 25 to 100 feet.

Pretest LO 1 (30 Mins.)

Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct  Steel rule. This is the most common tool used in tool
answer on a separate sheet of paper. room. It is made of tampered steel about 1/8-inch-
thick and ¾ inch wide and 6 to 12 inches long. The
same style maybe obtained in length from 1 to 48
inches.

 Try square is an instrument used to measure the

square of an object.

 Combination square. It is an instrument

combined with 45°, 90° and a protractor.

Information Sheet 1.1 (1 Hour)  Micrometer caliper. It is a precision

measuring instrument used to measure
A list of common hand tools and their uses are provided with picture illustration for dimensions in thousandths of an inch.
your
better comprehension.

Hand tools are classified into four:

1. Measuring tools
2. Cutting tools  Vernier caliper is a precision measuring
3. Driving tools and instrument used to measure the inside,
4. Holding tools outside diameter, as well as depth of hole
and slot.
Each classification has different types and uses.
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 a. All hard in this type, the entire blade is hardened and tempered,
making it very brittle. Use this type in cutting steel and cast iron.
b. Flexible back. In this type, only the teeth portion is hardened
and tempered, making the blade springy and less likely to break.
 Dividers. These are used for measuring or setting of
distances, and to lay out arcs and circles. The following are the recommended teeth-per-inch of blades for
different kinds of stocks to be cut:
a. 14 teeth-per-inch. It is used for brass, aluminum, cast iron and
soft iron.
b. 18 teeth-per-inch. It is used for drill rod, mild steel, tool steel
and general work
2. CUTTING TOOLS c. 24 teeth-per-inch. It is recommended for thin tubing and pipe.
1. Hacksaw is a tooth cutting tool usually with a solid and adjustable frame. The
main parts are handles, blade, tightening screw and nuts. The tool is mainly
used in cutting metals like plates, pipes, rods, bars, angular, etc. but of minimal
thickness, width and length. Sometimes this tool is used for cutting plastic pipes
and other materials that suit to its purpose.
 Frame. It is the main body of the hacksaw which holds the blade. The
different types of frames are the following:
a. Fixed or solid frames are intended  Files are made of high-grade steel which are hardened and tempered. Each file
to hold only one size of blade at has rows of teeth that form, shape and finish metal by removing small chips and
about 10 inches long smoothing rough edges of the metal surface. They differ in length, shape, cut
and coarseness.
Kinds of files:
1. Mill file a single-cut file used for filing
and finishing brass and bronze.

b. Adjustable frame is frame that can

be adjusted to hold blades of 2. Flat file is usually rectangular in shape
different sizes such as 10, 12 and and tapered slightly in width and
14 inches in length. thickness. It is one of the most
commonly used files for general work.

 Blade. It is made of thin, high grade steel usually 1.27 mm thick and
30.48cm long with an inclined row of teeth serving as cutter. 3. Square file is intended for filing square or rectangular
holes.

The two types of blades are:

4. Round file is used primarily for enlarging holes.

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 1. For the removal of the high
spots on metal surface.

5. Half-round file is used for filing curved 2. For scraping the surface of
or concave surfaces. cylindrical bearing when fitting
shafts into place.

A triangular file is used for filing 3. For the removal of burrs and sharp internal edges from soft brushing and
surfaces that meet at least 90º. It is similar parts
exclusively used for sharpening
wood saws and for smoothening  Punches are used for permanent marking on the
rectangular opening. It is also known surface of metal.
as three-square file.

 Cold chisel. A wedge-shaped tool used to shear, cut, and chip metal
KINDS AND USES OF PUNCHES
Types of cold chisel and their particular functions:
 Prick punch. A small center punch which is also
1. Flat chisel is used for chipping flat surfaces; known as a layout puncher. Its point is placed an
cutting off rivets or metal fasteners, thin sheets, and angle of 30 degrees.
small bars; and for general purposes. Its cutting-
edge ranges from 13 to 25mm.

2. Cape chisel has a narrow edge suited for cutting

narrow grooves or slots.  Center punch has one end guard to a 90 degrees
conical point.

3. Diamond-point chisel has a diamond-shaped cutting edge intended to cut V-

grooves. 3. DRIVING TOOLS
 Hammers
1. Ball peen hammer is used for
4. Round-nose chisel has a round nose cutting edge for cutting round and semi- straightening bending and deforming
circular grooves. metals. It has two faces. One is flat
in striking cold chisels and punches.
The other side the “peen” is rounded
 Scraper is used in removing points, burrs and sharp edges from metal surface for bending and shaping metals. Ball
and similar parts. This tool is made of hardened steel of various shapes that fit peen hammer generally has a wood
according to each purpose. There are bearing scrapes, flat, sharper, three- or fiberglass handle measuring 10-16
connected scraper. Below are types of scrapers and their uses:

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 inches long. Head weight ranges from 2-48 oz. A 20oz hammer is good for Single-ended
general purpose.
5. Socket wrench is a tool with a usually
2. Chipping hammer is used for removing slag interchangeable socket to fit over a nut or bolt.
on weld and with two faces, the tapered from
one side and round pointed on the other side.

 Screwdriver is hand tool that is designed to turn screws. The blade is made
of steel, attached to one end of a wooden or plastic handle. The other end is
 Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts. flattened to fit slots in the heads of screws on bolts. The other kinds of screw
There are different kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according to uses and drivers are called a Phillips screw driver and helical-ratchet screw driver.
functions.
4.
1. An adjustable wrench has a movable jaw which makes it adjustable to
various sizes of nuts. A heavy type of adjustable wrench is the monkey/pipe
wrench.

HOLDING TOOLS
 Clamps are made of different sizes and appearance that are fitted to its
purpose. These devices have been designed to hold work securely which
performing skills through grinding, bending, fitting and cutting of metals.
Adjustable Wrench Pipe Wrench Some types of clamps and metal vises are:

2. Oxy acetylene wrench- A type of wrench 1. Tool maker clamp is used for holding small
used for tightening hose and fitting connection parts both at the bench and at the machine. This
on oxy-acetylene unit. tool is also known as a parallel clamp.

3. An open-ended wrench is one that is made to fit one size of nut or bolt.
This is the most inexpensive type of wrench that is quite efficient in ordinary 2. C-Clamp is an all-purpose clamp that is
situations. generally used for all kinds of work.

3. Drill vise is a sturdy steel vise

with movable jaw that easily goes
back or forth by raising the
handle.
Single-ended Double-ended

4. A closed-end wrench is similar to a single ended wrench, but as it entirely

encloses a nut, there is a little danger of the wrench slipping off the nut or
the jaws spreading apart.

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 4. Machinist vise is a work holding tool for machining activity. Safety Measures:
Tighten the wing nut securely enough to prevent from buckling and breaking.

Steps in Fixing Stock in Metal Vise and Operation Position

1. Fasten the stock in vise with lay-out line as close as possible to the end of the
5. Hand vise V block with clamp is used to hold used vise jaws.
metal stocks for small machining operation. 2. Stand with your feet 25 to 30 centimeters apart and one foot forward.
3. Lean the body a little forward as shown in the drawing
Steps in Sawing the Stock
1. Start the saw by
guiding the blade with
the thumb of your left
hand while taking one
6. Vise Grip is a tool used to grip the stock tight or two light strokes with
enough to hold the object. your right hand.
2. Move the saw with a light steady and even motion of
about 40 to 50 strokes per minute.
3. Apply pressure during the forward stroke and
release during the return strokes.
4. Hold the stock with your left hand to avoid cuts upon sawing with your right hand
7. Tong is used to hold the metal to be forged
and must be held securely while working.
Steps in Bending 90o with Ball Peen Hammer
1. Force the metal over the vise jaws using left-hand.
8. Pliers are used for holding, cutting and twisting wires.
2. Strike it several times near the hand with flat head of
a hammer.

Steps in Squaring off a 90o Bend

1. Place the metal in the bench vise and tighten
Side Cutting pliers Long Nose Pliers strongly.
Combination pliers Slip joint pliers/
pliers 2. Strike the metal with the flat head of a hammer in the Mechanical Pliers
direction of the arrow indicated.
Operation Sheet 1.1 (2 Hours)
Direction: Perform at least 2 of any of the following procedures on using different
hand tools and equipment. Circular Bend
Hacksaw
Steps in Mounting Blade to the Metal Frame
1. Select the correct type of blade.
2. Attach the blade to the frame by pointing the teeth away from the handle.
3. Tighten the wing nut of the handle until the blade is tight
enough.

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1. Place the metal over a pipe or round bar and clamp in a deck lid bolt in an automobile. The ends of the wrench are offset (the hand is lower
bench vise. than the handle). In this way, the worker’s hand is above the surface of any object
2. Strike the metal with a glancing blow using the flat head of as the nut of bolt is turned.
a hammer until the desired curve is obtained.
A combination wrench of open-end and a
box-end will tell the advantage of box-end
Cold Chisel over open lid. Box-end wrench has
complete contact with six points on the
bolt head. This completely surrounds the
Cold Chisel is used for cutting and chipping cold metals grip of the bolt head or nut allowing less
chances of wrench slippage.
The illustration presents the Two Hands Positioning in cold
chiseling which shows the proper grip in using the tool. For
heavy work, hand gripping of tool should be strong and tight; Screw Drivers
for fine and small work, hold the tool lightly. Screw drivers are usually made in different sets. This tool is used to tighten and
loosen screws by pushing or pulling screws in a rotating manner.
Screwdriver is driven by fully turning the blade in clockwise motion until the entire
screw is removed from the wood and metal. The purpose is to hold or fix two pieces
Look at the person work with the ball peen hammer and the
and by no chances
chisel, as shown in the illustration above. A cold chisel will cut metals only if you
to space apart even opposing force occurs.
strike it with the flat head of a ball peen hammer. The complete safety protection
device and the body position when performing the task (chiseling) are evidently Answer the following questions:
done.
1. What are the tools or equipment you used to perform the activity?

2. How did you acquire those tools and equipment?

3. Based on the tools or equipment available in your area, what is the most
difficult and easiest to use? Why?

Self-Check 1.1 (30 Mins.)

Wrench
Directions: Match the name of the hand tools with the correct pictures. Write the
Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts. There letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
are various kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according to use and function. It
is tool steel on movable jaws.
1. Phillips screw
2. Box wrench

A repair worker often uses tools to remove and replace damaged parts. The 3. Scraper
wrenches are used to tighten and loosen the nut and bolts that hold the parts in 4. Square file
place. Other tools are used to hold parts for cutting, welding and other works. J.
5. C-clamp
Wash type of wrench is usually used for only one or two different jobs. Figure 6. Steel tape
shows a repair worker using a box of wrench and an open-end wrench to remove a
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7. Cold chisel
8. Machinist vise
9. Ball peen hammer
10. Hand vise
11. Open- ended wrench
12. Hack saw
13. Steel rule
14. Helical-ratchet screw driver
15. Chipping hammer