Title of the Course: THERMAL TURBOMACHINERY 1 – THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTS

Course has been accredited by: Commission for Accreditation of Serbian Ministry for Education,
Science and Technological Development
Lecturer: Dr. Vojin Grkovic, Full Professor
Lecturers were hold: 2008/09 through 2013/14 school year in Serbian and 2014/15 in English
Summary of the course: The course is divided in seven chapters as described below.

In the first introductory chapter are defined

Schematic presentation of energy transformation in thermal
apprehension and classification of thermal turbomachines
turbomachines. Fields of application of thermal
turbomachines as machines, as well as the fields of TURBINES

application of knowledge on thermal turbomachinery are POTENTIAL KINETIC MECHANICAL

ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY
overviewed. COMPRESSORS

ΔEp=mΔh ΔEk=mΔc2/2 A=Mzφ (J)

STREAM OF THE FLUID ROTOR OF THE

MACHINE

In the second chapter are explained basics of Sloped shock wave

thermodynamic and gas flow including compressibility p p 1 2

c2
phenomena at high speeds. Thermodynamic basics M 1 α2 a1
M 1 a2

c1 p2
comprise first law of thermodynamics, second law of α1
p1
thermodynamic, Irreversible changes of state, energy, δ
exergy and anergy, as well as polytrophic changes of state.
 2  
tg      1  1   tg
   1  Ma sin  
Gas flow basics comprise equation of continuity, 1
1
2 2 1
1 1
momentum equation, moment of momentum equation,
δ→0 → sin α = 1/Ma
equation of conservation of energy and stagnation
properties. Characteristics of compressible fluid flow
comprise explanations on Mach's waves, standing shock wave and sloped shock waves and sloped
decompressed waves. Fanno's process and Rayleigh's process are also explained and discussed.

In the third chapter is given analytical interpretation of transformation of enthalpy into kinetic
 
 1

 p   1
energy and transformation of kinetic energy into enthalpy, 
Isentropic efficiency of 

   
 
1
compression as function of
   
both in the cases of reversible and irreversible expansions pressure ratio and polytropic
p 0

 
 1 1

 p 
and compressions. Polytropic efficiency, isentropic
 1
efficiency: s
 

 p  
p
1

 
efficiency, isothermal efficiency and efficiency of nozzles 0

and of diffusers are defined and corresponding analytical

 
 
1

1   p  


Isentropic efficiency
  p 
p


expressions derived are given. Finally, a number of of expansion as function of 0


 
 
pressure ratio and 1

 
exercises are numerically solved.  1

1   p0   1
polytropic efficiency: s


  p1  
 
 In fourth chapter is explained transformation of b
c2u
c1u t
a
fluids ki etic e ergy i to shaft’s echa ical work a d
c1u
a d

shaft’s mechanical work into fluids kinetic energy. Thereby c2 cm c1

δ
ca c1
δ1
c1a ν

is used classic method, as well as aerodynamic method. Δcu/2

Δcu Fu
Further are derived analytical expressions for force, Fx
δ
γ
moment and power on the bladed vane as function of the t
Fz
FR
blades geometry. Similarly, are derived analytical t
c2u
expressions for force, moment and power on the bladed δ2
b c

The effect of aerodynamic forces on the

vane with film or effusion cooled blades as function of the c2 c2a blades of thermal turbomachine
blades geometry. The chapter is ended with a number of
exercises numerically solved.

In fifth chapter is considered efficiency of energy transformation at the stage blading of thermal
turbomachines. The analytical expressions for efficiency 0 M ,h , 1’ 1 2’ 2 cg cg
T
are derivate as function of the stage geometry and cg

velocity ratio. Thereby are considered impulse stages

(single and in group), Parson’s stages (single and in group), M ,h ,T 0 0 m 0 M ,h ,T 1 2 2 2

and comparison of impulse and Parso ’s stages.

M ,h ,T
Appropriate solved calculation procedures and numerical cm cm cm

r
examples are also given. Typical values of the main design c 0
w
w 2’
2’c

parameters of axial turbine stages are also given. Further c

w
1’c
1

c 1’
are considered Curtis's (two row, impulse) stage and
general axial turbine stage with air-cooled blades both
exemplified with appropriate numerical calculation procedures, as well as the comparison of stages with
several velocity degrees (several rows, impulses). The analytical expressions for efficiency of
Ljungstrom's stage of radial turbine and the stage of centripetal radial turbine are developed as function
of the stage geometry and velocity ratio. Further are considered a compressor stage, as well as the
dimensionless parameters of thermal turbomachinery stages.

In sixth chapter is treated transformation of u2lt w1lt u2lt

v
w1gt c2vl
energy in the stage of the turbomachines. The u1gt c1lt
c1gt
c2gt
u2gt
w2lt
parameters, that influence the magnitude of the losses
w2gt
occurring in the stage are identified and discussed. The c2l m u2lm  Moisture phase
c2gm m
w1lm u2g relative velocity
losses are also considered as losses in a turbine cascade. u1lm w1gs c1gm
w2lm w1ltip > w1gtip
c1lm
w2gm
The analytical expressions for efficiency as function of the u1gm w1l root< w1groot

influencing parameters are developed. Thereby are c2lr c2gg u

2l
r  Moisture phase
u2gr
w2lr absolute velocity
considered energy losses at the blading, losses due to w1lr c1gr
w2gr
c2lroot < c2groot
w1gr c1vlr
moisture in the steam, losses due to friction and u1lr
c2ltip > c2gtip

ventilation, losses due to partiality admission and losses u1gr

through the gaps (packing losses). The calculation procedures with appropriate numerical examples are
presented too.

In seventh chapter is treated transformation of energy in the thermodynamic cycles of thermal

turbomachinery. Rankine-Clausius cycle is considered as The effect of cooling on the basic characteristics
of the Recuperative Joule’s cycle
non-reheat, single reheat and double reheat. Appropriate 6
10
14
18

analytical expressions for cycle efficiency calculations are 40 6 10

14 T3=1773 K
14
6 10 10
6
theoretically developed and explained. A numerically 6 14 18 18

EFFICIENCY [%]
6
10 18 T3=1573 K
14
solved procedure for single reheat cycle efficiency 40 3 14
18
18
3 3
calculation is also given. In the scope of gas turbine cycles 3 3 T3=1373 K
Without cooling
With cooling

are considered: basic Joule’s cycle, basic Joule’s cycle with Numbers by curves denote
compressor’s pressure ratio

30
non-adiabatic expansion (case of cooled blades) Joule’s 100 200 300 400 500
SPECIFIC USEFULL WORK [kW/kg]
cycle with heat recuperation, Joule’s cycle with
intercooling, Joule’s cycle with reheating, Joule’s cycle with
intercooling and reheating and Joule’s cycle with steam injection. Appropriate analytical expressions for
cycle efficiency calculations are also theoretically developed and explained. Dependence of efficiency on
the specific useful work is used as the main thermodynamic characteristics of the cycle, as well as for the
comparison of the cycles. The numerically solved procedures for efficiency calculation of basic Joule’s
cycles with adiabatic and with non-adiabatic expansions are given too. The effects of cooling on the
basic characteristics of the Joule’s cycle are also explained. Finally is considered combination of Joule’s
and Rankine-Clausius cycles.