Database Data Management

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First Understand What is Database?

A database is a collection of information that is organized so


that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated.
Another Definition Of Database.
A structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is
accessible in various ways.
A Database
 Is an organized form of such data.
 may consist of one or more related data items called
records.
 Is a data collection to which different questions can be
asked.
For Example,

 What are the phone numbers and addresses of the five


nearest post offices?
 Do we have any books in our library that deal with health
food?
Data, Information & Database
DATA: Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be
processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random
and useless until it is organized. Example: 71000 – no meaning,
unorganized
INFORMATION: When this data is gathered, analyzed and processed, it yields information.
Example: 71000 postal code of Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan.
DATABASE: A database is an organized collection of data such that its contents can be easily
accessed, managed, and updated.

Real Life Example Of Database


 A phone book is a database consisting of names, addresses, and
telephone numbers.
Data Management
Data management deals with managing large amount of information, which involves:

 the storage of information


 the provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of
information
 providing safety of information stored under various
circumstances
The two different approaches of managing data are as follows:

1. File-based systems
2. Database systems
File Based Systems
In a file-based systems data is stored in discrete files and a
collection of such files is stored on a computer.
Rows in the table were called records and columns were called fields.

 Data redundancy and inconsistency


 Data isolation
 Concurrent access anomalies
 Security problems
 Integrity problems
Database Systems
 Database Systems evolved in the late 1960s to address
common issues in applications handling large volumes of
data, which are also data intensive.
 At any point of time, data can be retrieved from the
database, added, and searched based on some criteria in
these databases.
 Databases are used to store data in an efficient and
organized manner. A database allows quick and easy
management of data.
 Data stored in this form is not permanent. Records in such
manual files can only be maintained for a few months or
few years.
Advantages Of Database Systems
 The amount of redundancy in the stored data can be
reduced
 No more inconsistencies in data
 The stored data can be shared
 Standards can be set and followed
 Data Integrity can be maintained. (no repetition and null
values)
 Security of data can be implemented
What is Database Table?
 Database table is a tabular format and it is used to store the
data of our application, software, organization etc.
 Table is made of rows and columns.
 A row represents a record.
 A column represents a field.
What is Entity ?
 An entity is a person, place, thing, object, event, or even a
concept, which can be distinctly identified.
 Each entity has certain characteristics known as attributes.
 For example, the student entity might include attributes
like student number, name, and grade. Each attribute
should be named appropriately.
 For example, the entities in a university are students,
faculty members, and courses.
 A grouping of related entities becomes an entity set. Each
entity set is given a name. The name of the entity set
reflects the contents.
What is SQL ?
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
 SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
standard.
What Can SQL do?
 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
What is RDBMS - Relational Database Management
System ?
RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database
systems such as MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL,
and Microsoft Access.
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.
A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of
columns and rows.
Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The
fields in the Customers table consist of CustomerID,
CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode and
Country. A field is a column in a table that is designed to
maintain specific information about every record in the table.
A record, also called a row, is each individual entry that exists in
a table. For example, there are 91 records in the above
Customers table. A record is a horizontal entity in a table.
A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all
information associated with a specific field in a table.

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