Metadata

Metadata is data about data.

It provides information about the attributes, context, and structure of a particular dataset, making
it easier to manage and understand.
Data

 DATA is a raw facts which are composed of alphabets, digits, image, audio, video and other
symbols .

 It may or may not give any sense.

 It is statically raw and unprocessed information.

 It serves as the foundation for making informed decisions, understanding patterns, and deriving
insights across various fields as science, business, technology, and everyday life.

 For example – name, class, marks, etc. In computer language, a piece of information that can be
translated into a form for efficient movement and processing is called data. Data is interchangeable
information.
Information

Information is a collection of organized/ structured or processed data that has been interpreted pr analyzed
in a meaningful context, often used to make decisions or gain insights.

It gives a complete sense.

The output of data processing is information.

For example, analyzing sales data to determine which products are the best seller in a certain region
provides valuable information for business decision making.
Database
A database is a collection of data stored in a standardized format designed to be shared by multiple user.

A database is an organized collection of data stored in a computer system and usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS).

A database is actually a place where related piece of information is stored and various operations can be performed
on it

The Database is an essential part of our life. We encounter several activities that involve our interaction with
databases, for example in the bank, in the railway station, in school, in a grocery store, etc. These are the instances
where we need to store a large amount of data in one place and fetch these data easily. The database are designed to
manage large body of information.

the example of database are an online telephone directory uses a database to store data of people, phone numbers ,
and other contact details, your electricity service provider uses a database to manage billing, client-related issues,
handle fault data , etc.
DBMS=

DBMS stands for Database management system.

Database management system is computerized records keeping system.

It is a software that enables users to interact with databases.

It is a software that defines, manipulates and manages the database.

DBMS is a software that provides a systematic way to create, retrieve, update, and manage data.

Some examples of DBMS are MS-Access, MY-SQL, SQL- server, oracle, Postgre SQL, fox pro, D base, DB 2, ETC.
A Database Management System (DBMS)

 Dbms is a computerized records keeping system.

 It is a software that defines, manipulates and manages the database.

 it allows the files, update the records and retrieve data as requested.

 In other words, DBMS is defined shortcut the collection of interrelated data and set of programs to
access those data.

 DBMS is a software system that is designed to manage and organize data in a structured manner. It
allows users to create, modify, and query a database, as well as manage the security and access controls
for that database.
 DBMS provides an environment to store and retrieve the data in convenient and efficient manner.
 Some oexamples are foxpro, Dbase, Sybase, MS Access, My SQL Server, Oracle and DB2 ect.
Advantages of DBMS

1) Sharing data: Using DBMS, data stored in database can be shared among multiple users or computer.
For example, branches of bank share data from database.
2) Reduce data redundancy: Data redundancy refer to duplication or repetition of same data over and
over. DBMS reduces such type of unnecessary repetition of data.
3) Data backup and recovery: Using DBMS, we can easily create spare copy of original files and
documents that can be later used in case of accidental or intentional loss and damages.
4) Data security: Using DBMS we can restrict use of database to the unauthorized person. It helps to
ensure date security.
5) Multiple user interface: DBMS facilitates sharing of data which means same data can be accessed
from multiple device and location. Hence, user can experience multiple interface to access same set of
data.
6) Data Integrity: Data Integrity refers to consistency of data. Using database we can arrange same sort
of data in a like order. We can define and enforce constraints for data integrity.
Disadvantages of DBMS
1) Expensive: It may be expensive to run and operate DBMS for any organization.
2) Changing Technology: It is very much difficult to incorporate latest changing
technology in existing system. In order to create and maintain database technical
manpower and trainings are required.
3) Backup is needed: Since data maybe damage anytime accidentally or intentionally. So,
it is mandatory to create a backup.
Database Model
A database field refers to a set of values arranged in a table and has the same data type. A field is also known
as a column or attribute.
Most databases also allows fields to hold complex data like pictures, entire files, and even movie clips.
It is not necessary for the values included in a field to be in the form of text alone, as this is not a requirement.
Some databases have the capability of having fields that contain images, files, and other types of media, while
others have the capability of having data that links to other files that can be accessed by clicking on the field
data.
Record:
Each row of a table is a record.
A record is a group of related field of information treated as a unit. It represents complete information about
particular entity. Records are an efficient wat to store and access data. Since each record may contain
multiple data types, a single record may include many different types of information .
For example, a personnel record may contain an ID number, name, date of birth, and photo, which are all
different data types. Individual fields within the personnel record can be easily accessed or compared with
other records using a database query. Additionally , records can be easily created, modified, and deleted
without affecting other data in the database.
Hence, a record is a collection of related fields, which data processing treats as a single unit.
A database object is any defined object in a database that is used to store or reference
data. Anything which we make from create command is known as Database object. It
can be used to hold and manipulate the data.
Some of the examples of database objects are : view, sequence, indexes, etc.

•Table – Basic unit of storage; composed rows and columns

•View – Logically represents subsets of data from one or more tables
•Sequence – Generates primary key values
•Index – Improves the performance of some queries
•Synonym – Alternative name for an object