Final Review 2P

12/04/2016
Final Review
key concepts we’ve covered!
Note: this is not a complete list of things that are on the

exam
Electric Charge and Force

Electric Charge
• A scalar quantity
• Comes in “positive” and “negative”
Units: coulomb, C
“smallest unit of charge”, e  1.60210-19 C
Electric Force
• Like charges repel

• Unlike charges attract
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Physics 1E03 ‐ Review
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Coulomb’s Law
• Point charges q1 and q2 exert forces on each other:
 qq
F12  ke 1 2 2 rˆ
r
 
F12   F21
rˆ  unit vector
ke  8.988 109 N  m 2 / C 2
 Coulomb' s constant
3
Electric Field
• The “source” charge q produces an electric field in space.


• The field pushes on the “test” charge q0 .  F
E
q0
Electric Field produced by a point charge:
  q
E (r )  ke 2 rˆ
r
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Electric Field and Electric Force

 
q  0  Fe | | E
 
q  0  Fe ||  E
Electric Fields
 qi
Field of several point charges qi: E   ke 2
rˆi
i ri
 dq
E   k e 2 rˆ
Field of continuous charge distribution: r
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Electric Field of Uniformly-Charged Thin Rod
  dq
E  
d E  ke r 2 rˆ
rod rod
dq: charge on piece between “x” and “x+dx”

Q
dq    dx or   dx
L
b L dx  1
 b L k dx ˆ  -1
so... E   e 2 (iˆ)  ke  ( i ) 
x 2
 ke  (iˆ)   
b  L b 
x b
b
 L keQ
E  ke  (iˆ)  ( iˆ)
b(b  L) (b  L)b 6
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Electric Field of Uniformly-Charged Semicircle

dq  ds  Rd
 dq
| dE | k 2
R
 k dq k R
So .... dEy   dE sin   e 2 sin   e 2 sin d
R R

ke  2k
E y   dE y  
R 0
sin  d  
R
Ex  0
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Electric Field Lines

Rules for Drawing:
1) Lines start on (+) charges, end on (-) charges

2) (number of lines)  charge
3) Lines never cross
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Parallel Charged Plates and Electric Field
charge
  ; uniform
unit area
Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field

    q 
F  qE  ma i.e : a  E
m
If E is uniform, a is constant
 familiar kinematics
(but in general E is not uniform – check first!)

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Electric Flux
• The electric flux is proportional to the number of electric
field lines penetrating some surface.
• The field lines may make some angle θ with the
perpendicular to the surface.
• Then ΦE = EA cos θ (Units: N•m2/C)
 
For uniform E :  E  E  A

where A is the “area perpendicular to E .“
If E is not uniform, or surface is not flat, then:
  
ΦE   E  dA   E cos  dA
S S
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Gauss’s Law
The total outward electric flux through any closed surface
is proportional to the net charge enclosed.
• Gauss’s Law is a consequence of Coulomb’s Law (but is more
general)
For a closed surface
 S: take the outward direction as the positive
direction for dA ; then…: net charge enclosed
Total flus through S 

m2 1 1
ε  " permittivity of vacuum"  8.85 10 12 and ke  ,  
N  C2 4 4 ke
  Qenclosed
Gauss' s Law:   dA 
E

Closed
Surface
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Application of Gauss’s Law
i) Find E at point out of charged sphere
  Q Q
 E   E  dA   EdA  E dA E (4r 2 )   E
S S
0 40 r 2

  
S
E ||dA E cons on S
For any uniform distribution of charge Q within a sphere of radius R:

Q Qr
E (r )  for r  R E (r )  for r  R
40 r 2 40 R3
ii) Find E at point out of an infinite line charge
 
charge
E  constant
2 r  unit length
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Application of Gauss’s Law
iii) Find E at point out of an uniformly charged thin sheet

E
2 
iv) Find E at point immediately outside a charged conductor

E

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Electric Potential Energy
• The work done on a positive charge by the electric field changes
the electric potential energy.
Welec    U elec   (U f  U i )
f
 
 U U f  U i   q0  E . d s
i
Electric Potential Energy is the energy stored in an electric field.
i) Potential energy of point charges
q1q2
U  ke
r12
ii) Potential energy of multiple point charges
qi q j
U  ke
rij
pairs ij
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Electric Potential
• Electric potential V: V 
potential energy
V 
U
charge q
Units: 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb (V)
In general: The potential difference V between two points:
U B  
V  VB  V A      E  ds
q A
i) Potential difference in uniform field: V  VB  V A   E d||

 
ii) Potential difference (in general): dV   E  d s , so E   dV
x
dx
iii) Potential due to a point charge: V  ke q
r
iv) Potential due to a group of point charges: V  ke  qi
i ri
v) Electric Potential due to continues charge distribution:
dq
V  ke 
r 15
Capacitance
Capacitance: the property of a conductor or set of conductors and
insulators to store electric charge.
Capacitor: an electronic component that has the ability to store
charge.
Capacitance C between two conductors: C  Q
V
Capacitance is always a positive quantity!
V = potential difference created when charge +Q is on one conductor,
and –Q is on the other.
Unit: coulomb  1 farad (F) 1 F  106 F , 1 pF 10 12 F

volt
Q a
Capacitance of the charged sphere conductor of radius a is: C    4 0 a
V ke
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Capacitance
• Parallel Plates: Q 0 A
C 
V d
1
• Concentric Spheres: C  4  1  1 
 R1 R2 
• Concentric Cylinders: C  2
L
ln(R2 R1 )
Capacitance with Dielectric:


E is smaller in many materials than it would be in a vacuum, for the
same arrangement of charges.   A
E C  C   C0
• Dielectric Constant:   d
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Capacitors in Circuits
Symbols:
Capacitor  Battery 
Battery 
Switch 
Capacitor Combinations
Parallel:  Ceff  C1  C2  ...

1 1 1 1
Series:      ...
Ceff C1 C2 C3
1 Q2 1 1
Energy Stored in a Capacitor U 
2 C 2
 QV  CV 2
2
1 Q02 1 1 U
With inserted dielectric: U   Q0 V0   C0 V0   0
2
2  C0 2 2  18
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Electric Current
Current I is the charge per unit time flowing along a wire: I  dQ
dt
Units: 1 ampere (A) = 1 C/s
The Current : I  n q A vd
vd  average drift velocity
 
Current Density J (a vector): J  I so J  nqv
A d
Units: Amps/m2
In normal conductors, J is caused by an electric field in the conductor,
which is not in equilibrium.
  
Since v d is proportional to the electric field: J   E
Where  is a constant, called: material conductivity
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Ohm’s Law
•Current density  field: J=E

•Current  potential difference: V = RI
volt
R = “resistance”; unit, 1 ohm ()  1 amp
A
m2  1
 = “conductivity”; units, V m
m
 L  L
V  I  R I  R   (Uniform wire, Length L, cross‐section A)
 A  A
volt
Unit of resistance R is: 1 ohm ()  1
amp
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Electrical Work and Power

Potential Energy : U  QV
Electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy.
QV
Power: dissipated by a resistor:  P  IV
t
Units: 1 volt (=1J/C)  1 amp = 1 watt (= 1 J/s)
 P  IV  I 2 R  V 2 R
Electromotive force” (emf)
E  electromotive force (historical term)
 Potential difference in volts
Emf E  The maximum possible voltage the battery
can provide between its terminal 21
Electromotive force” (emf)

E  external work per unit charge
Units: J/C = volts
(not actually a force) but it “pushes” the charges through
the circuit.
Real Batteries
   IR  V [ (V A  VB )]

I  and  P  Pr  PR
rR
A well-known theorem: Maximum power transfer is achieved when
the load resistance matches the source resistance.
 dPL
I
r  RL
 PL  I 2 RL   2
RL
0  RL  r
( r  RL ) 2 dRL
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Combinations of Resistors
Resistors in Series: Reff  R1  R2  R3  ...
1 1 1 1
Resistors in Parallel:     ...
Reff R1 R2 R3
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules

Junction Rule: total current in = total current out at each junction
(from conservation of charge).
Loop Rule: Sum of potential differences around any closed loop is
zero (from conservation of energy).
Charge q moves through circuit changing its potential energy qV

but eventually there is no overall change.
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Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules
Junction Rule: conservation of charge.
I1 = I2 + I3
Sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum of currents leaving
the junction
Loop Rule: conservation of energy.  (Vi )  0

Follow a test charge q around a loop:
 ( V )  0 around any loop in circuit.
i
ΔV = -IR ΔV = Q/C
ΔV = 
loop going from left to right 24

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RC Circuits
Discharging a Capacitor:
dq q where q = q(t), q(0) = q
 o
dt RC
 t 
 
q (t )  q o e   (discharging).
  RC
Charging a Capacitor:
dq q  
t

 R  0 q (t )   C 1 e RC 
dt C  
  
t
Qf   C
q (t )  Q f 1 e  
    RC
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Magnetic fields
Magnets and Magnetic Forces:
Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Dipoles:
Electric charge and Magnetic fields

Moving electric charges create magnetic fields.
A current loop acts like a magnetic dipole.
Magnetic fields exert forces on moving electric charges.
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Magnetic Field B
Define B by the force that an external field exerts on a moving charge:
  
F  qv  B (vector product)
 
1) F  B
 
2) F  v  NO work done!

3) F  q v B sin 
4) For a negative charge, the force
is in the opposite direction.
UNITS: N weber  Wb 
 tesla (  )   2
C m m2 m 
s
Also… 1 gauss (G) = 10-4 T
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Magnetic Field B
Vector Diagrams
The three vectors F, v, B never lie in a
single plane, so the diagrams are always
three-dimensional.
The following convention helps with drawing the vectors.
For vectors perpendicular to the page, we use:
X into the page ( tailfeathers of arrow)
out of the page ( point of arrow)
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Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

Uniform external field B, straight wire of length L; charges q moving
at velocity v.
  
F  I LB
Force on a current-carrying wire (general case)

If B not uniform, and/or wire not straight: the force dF on a short
segment of vector length ds is dF  I (d s )  B
The total force on the wire is:

  
F  B
Id s
along wire
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Torque on a Current Loop (Uniform B)
A rectangular loop
  ( I h B) w  I (hw) B  IAB
Suppose the uniform magnetic field makes an angle  with the magnetic field.
Torque (about any pivot; e.g., at “a”)
  I (hw) B sin   I (area ) B sin 

 
  I A  B (, cw)

Where A (the surface vector) is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and has
a magnitude equal to the area of the loop.
Magnetic (dipole) Moment

 
  IA Note the right-hand rule!
fingers follow I, thumb points in μ
Unit: A.m2 30
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Magnetic (dipole) Moment

The magnetic dipole moment is a measure of the “magnetic strength”
of a current loop or magnet.

The Torque,  exerted on a current-

carrying loop in a magnetic field B
is:   
  B
Motion of Charged Particles in uniform Magnetic Fields

  
Magnetic Force : F  qv  B
The force is perpendicular to the motion, so:

•no work is done
•kinetic energy is constant
•speed is constant
Only the direction of the motion changes due to the magnetic force.
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Motion of Charged Particles in uniform Magnetic Fields

1) Uniform B, v perpendicular to B
F qvB
Radial acceleration ( v ): ar   (consatnt )
m m
But ar = v2/r , so the radius of curvature r is constant.  Motion is a circle.
2) Uniform B, v Not perpendicular to B, (Helical Motion)

The magnetic force on the charge:

FB  q v B
 
Since , there is no acceleration along the ||–axis; so the particle has a uniform
FB
motion along this axis
  axis  
vB
In , since , so the particle has a circular motion in the plane perpendicular to
the field direction.
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The Cyclotron
• As the speed of the proton
increases inside the gap,
the radius of its path inside the
Dees increases.
• Potential difference across the gap between Dees is V .
• Kinetic energy that proton gets across the gap , in each passing,
is K  q V  eV .
• In each orbit, the gain in kinetic energy is: K  2 e V .
• The radius of the path in each dee is: r  (m v) (q B) .

q2 B2 R2
• Kinetic energy gain by the proton is: K  m v  1
2
2
.
2m
– Where R is the radius of Dee.
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Mass Spectrometer
A charge particle is shot into a

magnetic field region.
v2
F qvB  m
r
mv m rB
 r  
qB q v
The “Velocity Selector”


Need F  0 for straight path
E
v for straight path
B
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Sources of magnetic Field (B)

• B exerts a force on moving charges.
• But also, moving charges create magnetic fields, B.
Two equivalent ways of calculating B produced by currents:
i) Biot-Savart Law: Field of a “current element”
(analagous to a point charge in electrostatics).
ii) Ampère’s Law: An integral theorem.
Biot-Savart Law
 
i) d B  d s
  Id s  rˆ ii)
 
d B  r
dB  o
4 r 2  1
iii) d B 
r 2
  I  
d s  rˆ d B  sin 

iv)
B  o
4 r2  
v) d B  I & d s
35
Biot-Savart Law (Example)

Find B at a distance R from a long straight wire
  Id s  rˆ
dB  o
4 r 2
 o I sin 
dB  dx (in z - direction)
4 r 2
  Id x ( R r )  IR dx ˆ (note sin θ = R/r = cos f )
dB  o kˆ  o k
4 r 2
4 r 3
0 I  Rdx I 0 I
B
4   ( R  x )
2 2 3 / 2
 0
2R
B
2R
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Circular loop in y-z plane. Find B at:
a) at the origin
  o Id s  rˆ
b) at point (x, 0, 0) dB 
4 r 2
a) at the origin
  I ds   I
dB  0 iˆ  B  0 iˆ
4 R 2 2R
b) at point (x, 0, 0)
 o I ds
dB x    cos 
4 r 2
oI R2
Bx  ; By  0
2 ( R 2  x 2 )3 / 2
37

Find B at point C:

i) For ab: No contribution, d s  r̂  0, sin 0  0

ii) For cd: No contribution, d s  r̂  0, sin   0
iii) For bc: into the page X
  Id s  rˆ
iv) For db: out of the page dB  o
4 r 2
o I  0
Bbc  , into the page ( RHR )
4 R2
o I  0
Bad  , out of the page ( RHR )
4 R1
o I  0 1 1 Bad  Bbc
BTotal   B  (  ) out of the page
4 R1 R2
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Parallel Long Wires

Force on segment ab (magnitude & direction)
0 I2
B2  ( from I 2 )
2 d
F1 force on L of I 1 due to B 2 from I 2 :
  
F1  I 1 L  B 2  I 1 L B 2 sin 90 
 0 I1 I 2 L Down , toward wire 2 

F1 
2 d
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Ampère’s Law (an integral theorem)

For any closed path:  
path
  d s   o I encircled
B
The current calculated this way flows through the

surface bordered by the path.
positive current is out of the page
through the shaded surface
Calculating B from Ampere’s Law

The steps are:
i) use symmetry to choose an appropriate path
ii) determine the direction of B from 
RHR.

iii) calculate  B  d s (in terms of B )
iv) calculate Iencircled
path
v) apply Ampere’s Law to get B

Ampere’s Law holds only for steady currents
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The RHR shows the direction

of the magnetic field of a
current on a wire.
Physics, Ohanian 41
Ampère’s Law
1) Long Straight Wire: 0I

B 
2 r
2) Wire, radius a, uniform current density


Find B for i) r  a
ii) r  a
i) r < a  I  B  ds   0 I cir
B   0 total r

 2 a
2

ii) r > a  0 I total B 
 0 I total
B  on surface
2 r 2 R
o IT
B r ( r  a )
2a 2
 I
B  o T (r  a)
2r
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Solenoid

 B  ds   0 NI
   N Number of turns in l
 B .d s  B l  0 (N I )  
 I : Current in each turn
N
Binside   0 ( I )  0 n I Boutside  0
l
Toroid (coil on a doughnut)
inside the toroid: 
 B  ds   0 NI

 B  ds   B ds  B  ds  B ( 2 r )   0 NI
 o NI
B (N = total number of turns)
2 r
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Magnetic Flux
- represents “number of magnetic field lines through surface S”
 
Magnetic Flux through a surface S:  B   B  dA
S

( dA is the “area vector”, perpendicular to the surface.)
- units: 1 T·m2 = 1 weber (Wb)

Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
The magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
 
Magnetic Flux through a closed surface S: B
S
 dA  0
Magnetic Flux Through a Rectangular Loop:

 
B || dA ( any point within the loop) Bby I  ( 0 I ) ( 2 r ) dA  b dr
   Ib ca dr
B   B  d A   B dA  0 c
2 r  0 Ib a
S B  ln(1  )
2 c
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Magnetic Induction
Move a magnet at constant speed through a coil attached to a
voltmeter:
Result of experiment:
1. A current appears only if there is a relative motion between the loop and the
magnet.
2. Faster motion produces a greater current.
3. If moving magnet’s North pole toward the loop causes clockwise current,
moving the North pole away causes counter-clockwise current.
4. Moving the south pole toward or away from the loop also causes currents, but
in the reversed direction
45
Faraday’s Law
When the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, the emf induced
in the circuit is:
d B
 
dt
    BA cos  
d
dt
d B
(for a coil with N turns:   N
dt
)
Note ΦB changes if:
1) B changes
2) the area (A) of the circuit changes
3) the orientation (θ) of the circuit changes
The ε is an “induced” emf in the loop. (There is no specific point

in the circuit where the voltage (emf) increase happens – an induced
current starts flowing).
46
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Motion emf
• emf induced in a conductor moving through a magnetic
field.
Conductor moving in uniform B :
Force on charge carrier: Fm  qvB

The emf (work per unit charge) is
 W q  vl B
(uniform field; B, v, and length all

mutually perpendicular)
47
Review
Faraday’s Law:
A changing magnetic flux induces an emf in a circuit:
d B
 
dt
Moving Conductor:
The induced emf in a straight conductor moving through a
uniform field is equal to BLv, if B, L, and v are all mutually
perpendicular.
48
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Lenz’s Law (the negative sign)

(for the direction of the induced emf)
The induced emf and induced current direction in the loop is such that
the magnetic flux it produces inside the loop opposes the change in
flux inside the loop produced by the external field.
The induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of the

magnetic flux thought the circuit.
Thus, Lenz’s Law is:

The induced emf tends to cause a current which would
oppose the change in flux.
49
Direction of induced current:

According to Right Hand Rule, the induced field gives you the
direction of the induced current
A CW current:
induces a downward- A CCW current:
pointing magnetic field induces an upward-
pointing magnetic field
Physics 1E03 ‐ Review 50
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Lenz’s Law
There is an induced current in a closed, conducting loop if and only if
the magnetic flux through the loop is changing.
The direction of an induced current is such that the magnetic field due
to the induced current opposes the change in the magnetic flux that
induced the current .
Using Lenz’s Law
i. Determine the direction of the applied magnetic field passing
through the loop.
ii. Determine how the flux is changing, increasing, decreasing, or
staying the same.
iii. Determine the direction of an induced magnetic field that opposing
the flux change.
i. Opposite the applied field for increasing flux.
ii. Same direction of applied field for decreasing flux
iv. Determine the direction of the induced current
51
Review
Faraday’s Law:
A changing magnetic flux induces an emf in a circuit:
d B
 
dt
Lenz’s Law: (for direction of ε)
Lenz’s’s Law:
The induced emf causes an induced current whose
flux would oppose the change in external flux
through the loop.
52
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Self Induction
- A circuit carrying current I generates its own magnetic field B; so
there will be a flux ΦB through the circuit.
- if I changes, an emf E is induced in the same circuit.
(“self-inductance”)
- Lenz’s Law: E tends to oppose the change in I.
(self-inductance gives “inertia” to currents)
The self-inductance L is the proportionality constant:

dI
ε  L (definition of L)
dt
unit: 1 henry (H) = 1 volt/(A/s) = 1 (V·s)/A
53
Self Induction
• So: the self-induced emf is proportional to the rate of change
of the current:
L
L
dI dt
From Faraday’s Law for N loops and the definition of inductance:

d dI
  N  L
dt dt
An equivalent definition of L uses the flux produced per ampere of
current. For a coil with N identical turns, with flux F through each
turn produced by current I , we can write
N (so 1 henry = 1 weber-turn/ampere)

L
I
54
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Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule terms (again);
energy change/charge in going from left to right:

(voltage changes in going along path from left to right)
- resistor, V   I R
I
q q
- capacitor, q
V 
C
- inductor, V   L
dI I
dt
55
Energy
How much work is done to increase the
current from 0 to Ifinal ?
Power supplied by inductor: PL = εL  I= -IL dI/dt

Power supplied by external circuit: Pext = - PL= +IL dI/dt
The work done by the battery in time dt is dW  Pext  dt  LI dI  dt  LI  dI
dt
If
The total work done by the battery is W   dW  L  I dI  12 LI f2
0
This work is stored as potential energy in the inductor: U L  1 LI 2

2
(stored in B –field of inductor)
56
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Energy Density of the Field B

Taking a long solenoid as an example (N turns, length l , area A):
Inside the coil, B  o N I  I  B

 o N
The inductance is N NBA

L 
I I
And the potential energy is: U  12 LI 2  12 NBA  I  B  A 

2
2 o
The field is uniform inside the coil, zero outside (approximately). So the field
occupies a volume equal to (Al) . If the energy is stored in the field, the energy
density (energy per unit volume) is
U B2
uB  
Volume 2o
57
Inductance of a coaxial cable

oI
In the gap (a < r < b): B 
2 r
Inductance: L 
o
2
ln b
a
 
Inductors in Series and Parallel
LT, series = L1 +L2….
1/LT, parallel = 1/L1 + 1/L2…
58
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RL circuits: time dependence

The switch is closed at t =0; Find I (t).
Kirchhoff’s loop rule:   L dI  IR  0

dt
dI R
separate the variables:  dt
( R )  I L
I 

R
1  e (R / L) t

L
Time Constant:   note H/Ω = seconds
R
I (t ) 

R

1 e   t /
59
RL circuits: current decreasing

I
Assume the initial current I0 is known.
Find the differential equation for I(t) L R
and solve it.
Kirchhoff’s loop rule:  L dI  IR  0
dt
I ( t ) dI R t L
 I 0 I

L 0
dt Time Constant:   R

I (t )  I o e  t /  
60
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Waves
The propagation of disturbance through medium with a well-defined speed.
Types of traveling waves: Transverse Wave, Longitudinal
Reflections:
1) Soft boundary: No phase change
2) Hard boundary: phase change, opposite
tension T
Wave speed, stretched string: v  
mass/unit length 
Wave Equation: y (x,t) = f (x ± vt)
61
Traveling wave
Sinusoidal wave:
( x  vt ) y = f (x – vt)
y ( x, t )  A sin ( 2  0 )

x t
y ( x, t )  A sin (2 (  )  0 )
 T
The wave number of the wave: k  2    
v 
The Angular frequency of the wave:   2 T T k
y ( x, t )  A sin (k x   t  0 )
62
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“Standard” sine wave:

y  A sin( kx   t   0 )
dy
vy    A cos( kx   t   0 )
dt
dv y
ay    2 A sin( kx   t   0 )   2 y
dt
maximum displacement, ymax = A
maximum velocity, vmax = w A
maximum acceleration, amax = w 2 A
Phase and Phase difference
  k x   t  0
1 x  x
   x &  
x   2 
   2  1  2

63
Energy
The total energy : dE = ½( dx) ω 2A2
Thus the total energy per unit length is: Energy dE 1

   2 A 2
length dx 2
1
Energy density   2 A 2
2
Power: Energy travels at the wave speed v,  Energy

P  

  v
 length 
waves on a string, P  12  2 A2 v
dE
Energy density   A2
dx P  A2
64
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Principle of Superposition
y1(x,t) + y2(x,t) = y(x,t) (for a “linear medium”)
 y 1  A sin( kx   t )

 y 2  A sin( kx   t   )
      
 y  y 1  y 2  2 A cos   sin  kx   t   A R  2 A cos  
2   2 2
Standing wave:
 y 1  A 0 sin( kx   t )

 y 2  A 0 sin( kx   t )
y ( x , t )  y 1  y 2  2 A 0 sin( kx ) cos(  t )
65
Resonance
If we apply an external periodic force at frequency f, the mass will
oscillate at the frequency f of the external force, but the amplitude will
be small unless f fo .
1 g 1 k spr
f0  f0 
2 Lswing 2 mspr
Beats
Temporal interference will occur when the interfering waves have
slightly different frequencies
1 2
 y1  A cos(1t ) v   wave velocity
 k1 k2
 y2  A cos(1t )
   2     2 
y  y1  y 2  2 A0 cos  1 t  cos  1 t
 2   2 
f1  f 2
beat frequency : f b  f 1  f 2 Frequency of combined waves :
2
66
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Interference
Double Slit:
Constructive Interference: (bright)
d sin θ = mλ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, …

Destructive Interference: (dark)
d sin θ = (m + ½) λ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, …

L
For bright fringes: ybright  m ( m  0,  1,  2,    )
d
L
For dark fringes: ydark  ( m  12 ) (m  0,  1,  2,    )
d
d sin 
The intensity: I R  I max cos 2 ( 
)
I R  4 I 0 cos 2 ( 12  )
r d sin 
with   2  2
  67
Diffraction
sin (  / 2) 2
destructive interference: I I
(  / 2)
max 2
m
sin   , m  1,2,3... 2
a and  = a sin 

Diffraction through a circular aperture:

 min  1.22
D
Intensity distribution for a single slit of width a
sin 2 (  2) 2
I  I max and   a sin 
(  2) 2 
Intensity of two-slit Diffraction Patterns

  d sin    sin(  a sin   ) 
2
a  slit width
I  I max cos  2
 
    ( a sin   ) 
d  distance between two slits 68
34

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12/04/2016

key concepts we’ve covered!

Note: this is not a complete list of things that are on the

Electric Charge and Force

• Like charges repel

• The “source” charge q produces an electric field in space.

Electric Field and Electric Force

Electric Field of Uniformly-Charged Thin Rod

dq: charge on piece between “x” and “x+dx”

Electric Field of Uniformly-Charged Semicircle

Electric Field Lines

1) Lines start on (+) charges, end on (-) charges

Parallel Charged Plates and Electric Field

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field

(but in general E is not uniform – check first!)

• Then ΦE = EA cos θ (Units: N•m2/C)

For any uniform distribution of charge Q within a sphere of radius R:

ii) Find E at point out of an infinite line charge

iv) Find E at point immediately outside a charged conductor

i) Potential difference in uniform field: V  VB  V A   E d||

Unit: coulomb  1 farad (F) 1 F  106 F , 1 pF 10 12 F

Capacitance with Dielectric:

Parallel:  Ceff  C1  C2  ...

Units: 1 ampere (A) = 1 C/s

•Current density  field: J=E

Electrical Work and Power

Electromotive force” (emf)

Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules

Charge q moves through circuit changing its potential energy qV

Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules

Junction Rule: conservation of charge.

Loop Rule: conservation of energy.  (Vi )  0

loop going from left to right 24

Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Dipoles:

Electric charge and Magnetic fields

Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

Force on a current-carrying wire (general case)

The total force on the wire is:

Torque on a Current Loop (Uniform B)

  I (hw) B sin   I (area ) B sin 

Magnetic (dipole) Moment

Magnetic (dipole) Moment

Motion of Charged Particles in uniform Magnetic Fields

The force is perpendicular to the motion, so:

Motion of Charged Particles in uniform Magnetic Fields

But ar = v2/r , so the radius of curvature r is constant.  Motion is a circle.

2) Uniform B, v Not perpendicular to B, (Helical Motion)

• The radius of the path in each dee is: r  (m v) (q B) .

A charge particle is shot into a

The “Velocity Selector”

Sources of magnetic Field (B)

Biot-Savart Law (Example)

Biot-Savart Law (Example)

Biot-Savart Law (Example)

Parallel Long Wires

 0 I1 I 2 L Down , toward wire 2 

Ampère’s Law (an integral theorem)

The current calculated this way flows through the

Calculating B from Ampere’s Law

v) apply Ampere’s Law to get B