CH 32 Knight 4th

PHYSICS
FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E
Chapter 32 Lecture
RANDALL D. KNIGHT
Chapter 32 AC Circuits
IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about and analyze AC

circuits.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-2
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Chapter 32 Content, Examples, and
QuickCheck Questions

AC Sources and Phasors
 Circuits powered by a
sinusoidal emf are
called AC circuits,
where AC stands for
alternating current.
 Steady-current circuits
studied in Chapter 28
are called DC circuits,
for direct current.
 The instantaneous emf
of an AC generator or
oscillator can be written

 An alternative way to
represent the emf and
other oscillatory quantities
is with a phasor diagram,
as shown.
 A phasor is a vector that
rotates counterclockwise
(ccw) around the origin at
angular frequency ω.
 The quantity’s value at
time t is the projection of
the phasor onto the
horizontal axis.

 The figure below helps you visualize the phasor rotation
by showing how the phasor corresponds to the more
familiar graph at several specific points in the cycle.

Resistor Circuits
 In Chapter 28 we used the symbols I and V for DC current
and voltage.
 Now, because the current and voltage are oscillating, we will
use lowercase i to represent the instantaneous current and v
for the instantaneous voltage.

Resistor Circuits
 The figure
shows a resistor
R connected
across an AC
generator of
peak emf equal
to VR.
 The current through the resistor is
where IR = VR/R is the peak current.

Resistor Circuits
 The resistor’s
instantaneous
current and voltage
are in phase, both
oscillating as
cosωt.

Resistor Circuits
 Below is the phasor diagram for the resistor circuit.

 VR and IR point in the same direction, indicating that
resistor voltage and current oscillate in phase.

Capacitor Circuits
 The figure shows current iC charging a capacitor with

capacitance C.

Capacitor Circuits
 The figure shows

a capacitor C
connected across
an AC generator
of peak emf equal
to VC.
 The charge sitting on the positive plate of the capacitor at a
particular instant is

Capacitor Circuits
 The current is the rate at which charge flows through

the wires, iC = dq/dt, thus
 We can most easily see the relationship between the

capacitor voltage and current if we use the
trigonometric identity
–sin (x) = cos (x + π/2)
to write

Capacitor Circuits
 A capacitor’s
current and
voltage are not in
phase.
 The current peaks
one-quarter of a
period before the
voltage peaks.

Capacitor Circuits
 Below is the phasor diagram for the capacitor circuit.

 The AC current of a capacitor leads the capacitor
voltage by π/2 rad, or 90º.

Capacitive Reactance
 The peak current to

and from a capacitor
is IC = ωCVC.
 We can find a
relationship that looks
similar to Ohm’s Law
if we define the
capacitave reactance
to be

Example 32.2 Capacitive Reactance

Example 32.3 Capacitor Current

Example 32.3 Capacitor Current

RC Filter Circuits
 The figure shows a circuit

in which a resistor R and
capacitor C are in series
with an emf oscillating at
angular frequency ω.
 If the frequency is very low, the capacitive reactance will be

very large, and thus the peak current IC will be very small.
 If the frequency is very high, the capacitive reactance
approaches zero and the peak current, determined by
the resistance alone, will be IR = 0/R.
Using Phasors to Analyze an RC Circuit
Step 1 of 4
 Begin by drawing a current phasor of length I.

 This is the starting point because the series circuit
elements have the same current i.
 The angle at which the phasor is drawn is not relevant.

Step 2 of 4
 The current and voltage of a resistor are in phase, so draw

a resistor voltage phasor of length VR parallel to the current
phasor I.
 The capacitor current leads the capacitor voltage by 90º,
so draw a capacitor voltage phasor of length VC that is 90º
behind the current phasor.
Step 3 of 4
 The series resistor and capacitor are in parallel with the

emf, so their instantaneous voltages satisfy vR + vC = .
 This is a vector addition of phasors.
 The emf is = 0 cos ωt, hence the emf phasor is at angle ωt.

Step 4 of 4
 The length of the emf phasor, 0, is the hypotenuse

of a right triangle formed by the resistor and
capacitor phasors.
 Thus 0
2 = VR2 + VC2

RC Filter Circuits
 The relationship 02 = VR2 + VC2 is based on the peak values.

 The peak voltages are related to the peak current by VR = IR
and VC = IXC, so
 This can be solved for the peak current, which in turn gives
us the two peak voltages:

RC Filter Circuits
 The figure shows a graph of the resistor and capacitor peak

voltages as functions of the emf angular frequency ω.
 The frequency
at which VR = VC
is called the
crossover frequency:

RC Filter Circuits
 The figure below shows an RC circuit in which vC is the

output voltage.
 This circuit is called a low-pass filter.

RC Filter Circuits
 The figure below shows an RC circuit in which vR is the

output voltage.
 This circuit is called a high-pass filter.

Inductor Circuits
 The figure shows the instantaneous current iL through an

inductor.
 If the current is changing, the instantaneous inductor voltage
is
 The potential decreases in

the direction of the current if
the current is increasing, and
increases if the current is
decreasing.

Inductor Circuits
 The figure shows

an inductor L
connected across
an AC generator of
peak emf equal
to VL.
 The instantaneous inductor voltage is equal to the emf:

Inductor Circuits
 Combining the two previous equations for vL gives
 Integrating gives
where IL =VL/ωL is the peak or maximum inductor

current.

Inductor Circuits
 An inductor’s
current and voltage
are not in phase.
 The current peaks
one-quarter of a
period after the
voltage peaks.

Inductor Circuits
 Below is the phasor diagram for the inductor circuit.

 The AC current through an inductor lags the inductor
voltage by π/2 rad, or 90º.

Inductive Reactance
 We define the
inductive reactance,
analogous to the
capacitive reactance,
to be

Example 32.5 Current and Voltage of an
Inductor

Inductor

Inductor

The Series RLC Circuit
 The circuit shown,

where a resistor,
inductor, and capacitor
are in series, is called
a series RLC circuit.
 The instantaneous current of all three elements is the

same: i =iR = iL = iC
 The sum of the instantaneous voltages matches the
emf: =vR + vL + vC
Using Phasors to Analyze an RLC Circuit
Step 1 of 4
 Begin by drawing a current phasor of length I.

 This is the starting point because the series circuit elements
have the same current I.
 The angle at which the phasor is drawn is not relevant.

Step 2 of 4
 The current and voltage of a resistor are in phase, so draw a

resistor voltage phasor parallel to the current phasor I.
 The capacitor current leads the capacitor voltage, so draw a
capacitor voltage phasor that is 90º behind the current phasor.
 The inductor current lags the voltage, so draw an inductor
voltage phasor that is 90º ahead of the current phasor.
Step 3 of 4
 The instantaneous voltages satisfy = vR + vL + vC.

 This is a vector addition of phasors.
 Because the capacitor and inductor phasors are in opposite
directions, their vector sum has length VL – VC.
 Adding the resistor phasor, at right angles, then gives the
emf phasor at angle ωt.
Step 4 of 4
 The length of the emf phasor, 0, is the hypotenuse of a

right triangle.
 Thus 0
2 = VR2 + (VL – VC)2

The Series RLC Circuit
 If VL < VC, which we’ve assumed, then the instantaneous

current i lags the emf by a phase angle ϕ:
 Based on the right-triangle, the square of the peak

voltage is
where we wrote each of the peak voltages in terms of

the peak current I and a resistance or a reactance.
 Consequently, the peak current in the RLC circuit is

Phase Angle in a Series RLC Circuit
 It is often useful to know

the phase angle ϕ
between the emf and the
current in an RLC circuit:

Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
 Suppose we vary the emf

frequency ω while keeping
everything else constant.
 There is very little current at
very low or very high
frequencies.
 I is maximum when XL = XC,
which occurs at the
resonance frequency:

 Below is a graph of the instantaneous emf and
current in a series RLC circuit driven below the
resonance frequency: ω < ω0
 In this case, XL < XC, and ϕ is negative.

 Below is a graph of the instantaneous emf and current
in a series RLC circuit driven at the resonance
frequency: ω = ω0
 In this case, XL = XC, and ϕ = 0

 Below is a graph of the instantaneous emf and current in
a series RLC circuit driven above the resonance
frequency: ω > ω0
 In this case, XL > XC, and ϕ is positive.

Power in AC Circuits
 The graphs show the

instantaneous power loss
in a resistor R carrying a
current iR:
 The average power PR is

the total energy dissipated
per second:

Power in AC Circuits
 We can define the root-mean-
square current and voltage as
IR VR
I rms = Vrms =
2 2
 The resistor’s average power loss
in terms of the rms quantities is
The power rating on a
lightbulb is its average
power at Vrms = 120 V.
 The average power supplied by
the emf is

Example 32.7 Lighting a Bulb

Example 32.7 Lighting a Bulb

Capacitors in AC Circuits
 Energy flows into

and out of a capacitor
as it is charged and
discharged.
 The energy is not
dissipated, as it would
be by a resistor.
 The energy is stored
as potential energy in
the capacitor’s electric
field.

Capacitors in AC Circuits
 The instantaneous power flowing into a capacitor is

The Power Factor in RLC Circuits
 In an RLC circuit, energy is supplied by the emf and
dissipated by the resistor.
 The average power supplied by the emf is:
 The term cos ϕ, called the power factor, arises

because the current and the emf are not in phase.
 Large industrial motors, such
as the one shown, operate
most efficiently, doing the
maximum work per second,
when the power factor is as
close to 1 as possible.
Chapter 32 Summary Slides

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PHYSICS

FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about and analyze AC

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-3

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 The current through the resistor is

where IR = VR/R is the peak current.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-14

 Below is the phasor diagram for the resistor circuit.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-15

 The figure shows current iC charging a capacitor with

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-16

 The figure shows

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-17

 The current is the rate at which charge flows through

 We can most easily see the relationship between the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-18

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-19

 Below is the phasor diagram for the capacitor circuit.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-20

 The peak current to

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-21

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-22

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-23

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-24

 The figure shows a circuit

 If the frequency is very low, the capacitive reactance will be

 Begin by drawing a current phasor of length I.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-26

 The current and voltage of a resistor are in phase, so draw

 The series resistor and capacitor are in parallel with the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-28

 The length of the emf phasor, 0, is the hypotenuse

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-29

 The relationship 02 = VR2 + VC2 is based on the peak values.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-30

 The figure shows a graph of the resistor and capacitor peak

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-31

 The figure below shows an RC circuit in which vC is the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-32

 The figure below shows an RC circuit in which vR is the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-33

 The figure shows the instantaneous current iL through an

 The potential decreases in

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-34

 The figure shows

 The instantaneous inductor voltage is equal to the emf:

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-35

 Combining the two previous equations for vL gives

where IL =VL/ωL is the peak or maximum inductor

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32-36