Nur-Aiza A.

Alamhali
HUM reviewer

Unit 1: Lesson 1: Philippine Literary Timeline

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (BC to 1564)
- Oral Literature
- Riddle, proverbs, song.
- Oral literature was the language of daily life.
- Poetry recited, chanted, or sung.
Literary Works during pre-colonial period
 Riddle
- One or more measured lines with rhymes and consists of 4-12 syllables
- Showcase Filipino wit, literary talent, keen observation of surrounding
 Epigrams/Proverbs (Salawikain & Sawikain)
- Short poems used and served as laws or rules on good behavior
 Chants (Bulong)
- Witchcrafts and enchancements
 Myths
- Traditional oral literature
 Folk Songs
- Folk lyrics that express people’s hope, aspirations, and lifestyle
 Epic
- Heroic achievements
Famous Authors
- Passed down through storytelling from one person to another. The authors remain unknown,
COLONIAL PERIOD (1565-1946)
A. SPANISH OCCUPATION
- Story of the Passion of Christ
- Indio Literacy
- Creation of first written literary native text by Ladinos, because of their fluency in Spanish and
Tagalog, they published their works, mainly devotional poetry.
Literary works during Spanish occupation
 Christian Doctrine (Religious literature)
- Prayer book written in Spanish with Tagalog translation
 Senakulo (Religious Literature)
- Dramatization of the pasyon
 Pasyon (Religious literature)
- Long narrative poem about passion and death of Christ
 Awit
- Tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting
 Komedya (moro-moro)
- Secular literature from Spain in the form of medieval ballads inspired the narrative poetic-drama
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
Famous Writers
 Gaspar Aquino De Belen
- 1704 rendition of the Pasyon; poetic narrative about the passion, death and resurrection of Christ
 Jose Dela Cruz (1746-1829)
- Exponent of the komedya
- Poet of prodigious output and urbane style
 Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862)
- Master of traditional Tagalog poetry
- Caught between cultures, switch codes
Literary Themes and Styles
- Religion and European traditions
- Grammar books in Tagalog
PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
- Discovered Katipunan
- Literature nearly disappears during great revolution
- Other Filipinos revived Philippine Literature with own writings and inflaming Filipino’s emotion
- Literary masterpieces serve as ammunition and shield
Literary works during revolutionary period
 Political Essays (Propaganda Literature)
- Satires, editorials, and news articles written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule
 Political Novels (Propaganda literature)
- Criticizes an existing society or present and alternative
 Revolutionary Literature
- Propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded independence
Famous Authors
 Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and M.H. Del Pilar
- Rizal’s Novel and patriotic poems liberal reforms known as the Propaganda Movement waged by
the two.\
- The novels portrayed corruption and oppression
 Emilio Jacinto
- Political essays expressed in the language of folk
 Andres Bonifacio
- Social critic profoundly influenced by the liberal ideas of the French enlightenment, about human
dignity.
 Jose Palma
- Staff of La Indepedencia
Literary Styles and Themes
- Filipinos began to write novels and poems about love for their country.
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
B. AMERICAN OCCUPATION
- Free public education
- English language as Medium
Literary works during American occupation
 Short Story
- 1925-1941
- Poetry and short story
 Publication
- Philippine Free Press
 Drama
- Did not reach the heights attained by the novel and the short story
Famous Authors
 Fernando Ma. Guerero
- Crisalidas (collection of his poems)
- Inovacion A Rizal
 Manuel Bernabe
- Lyric poet
- Debate with balmori
 Lope K. Santos
- Father of the National Language Grammar
- Apo by the Tagalog writers
- Banaag at Sikat
 Jose Corazon De Jesus
- Huseng batute
- Poet of love
 Inigo Ed Regaldo
- Sumpong
Literary Styles and Themes
- Mastery of English writing

C. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (POST-WAR PERIOD)

- Philippine’s literature in English stopped.
- Liwayway was place under surveillance until it was managed by Ishiwara
- Use of Filipino language
- Literatures were often about life in the provinces
Literary works during Japanese occupation
 Haiku
- Poem of free verse
- 17 syllables divided into three lines
- 5-7-5 syllable by lines
- About nature, simplicity, intensity, directness of expression
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
 Tanaga
- Has measure and rhyme
- 7,8, or 9 syllables
 Filipino Drama
- Reproduction of English plays to Tagalog
Famous Authors
 Macario Pineda
- Suyuan sa Tubigan
 Narciso Reyes
- Lupang Tinubuan
 Liwayway Arceo
- Canal de la Reina and Titser
Literary styles and themes
- Nationalism, country, love, life in barrios, faith, religion, and arts.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1946 – Present)
A. LATE 20th century (Martial Law)
- Publications and Mass media were shut down
- Socio-political realities
- Problems of exploitation, injustice and appropriated
- Various forms of repression and violence
- Pen names
Literary works during post-colonial period
 Protest Literature
- Revolutionary literature
- Engagement, combat, committed, resistance, socially conscious literature
 Proletarian Literature
- People in the working class/ laborers
 Prison Literature
 Circumvention Literature
- Literature of Circumvention began to appear
- Secretly written, illegally published
Famous Authors
 Ponciano Pineda
- Father of the Commission of Filipino language
 Bienvenido Ramos
- Liwayway, Ilang-ilang and other magazines
 Jose Y. Dalisay Jr.
- Butch Dalisay
Literary styles and themes
- Patience, native cultures, customs, and other beauties of nature and surrounding
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
B. 21st CENTURY LITERATURE
- Bilingual Education
- Deterioration of English
- Essays, debates, and poetry
- Writers continue to show dynamism and innovation
Literary Works during 21st century
 Poetry
- Topic’s change and uses free form
 Fiction works
- Based on imagination
 Theses
- Foundational idea of an argument, presentation, or piece of writing
- Used in education
 Games
- Literary art which can be virtually and in reality
 Comic
- Used to express ideas by images
Famous Authors
 Carlo J Caparas
- Comic creator
 Mars Ravelo
- Darna
- Dyesabel
 Gilda Olvidado
- Love stories
 Bob Ong
- Pseudonym of an anonymous Filipino contemporary author
- Humorous and reflective depictions of life
Literary Styles and Themes
- Draw inspiration and ideas from writers before them
- Present and evoke introspection
Unit 2: Lesson 2: LITERARY GENRES AND THEMES
LITERARY THEME
 Theme
- Real-life struggles
- Binds the various elements of a narrative and is often about the general truths across cultures
LITERARY THEMES
1. Identity
- Cultures, women’s rights, LGBT rights
2. Social Evils
- War, terrorism, racial discrimination, and other misdoings in the society
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
3. Catastrophe
- Natural or man-made catastrophe
4. Personalization of Narratives
- Personal experiences told in first persons
5. Perils of technology
- Downside of technology
6. Fracturing
- Different perspectives and angles of different scenarios
7. Effects of Capitalism
- Political and Economic system
8. History Memory
- Look back on history
9. Migration and Diaspora
- Lives of immigrants and the difficulties they encountered abroad
CONVENTIONAL LITERARY GENRES
A. Poetry
- Imaginative awareness of experience
- Employ meter and rhyme
B. Prose
- Composed freely
- Does not have any measurement scheme
C. Drama
- Composition in prose and verse
- To be acted on stage
D. Fiction
- Created from the imagination
- not presented as fact
E. Non- Fiction
- Based on facts
- Author’s opinion about a subject
- To inform and to persuade
21st CENTURY LITERARY GENRES (New forms of fiction)
A. Flash Fiction
- Category of short story
- Limit to 1000 words
Types of Flash Fiction
 Six-wordy Story – 6 words
 Dribble – 50 words
 Drabble – 100 words
 Sudden Fiction – 750 words
 Nano Fiction/ Twitterature – 280 characters

B. Young Adults
- Personal development, high emotional stakes
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
C. Speculative Fiction
- Strays strongly away from reality
- Deals with supernatural or technologies that does not exist
D. Comic Books or Graphic Fiction
- Told with the mixture of words and pictures
E. Chick Lit
- Heroine narrative
- Addresses the modern woman
F. Popular Fiction
- Based on wattpad.com stories
G. Slam Poetry
- Competition that requires skill
- Original and recited
H. Flip Top
- Freestyle and on-the-spot rap battle
- Creativity and wit
I. Chat Fiction/Textulas
- SMS format or in Chat Boxes
J. Fan Fiction (FanFic)
- The story or characters of a certain piece of work
Unit 2: Lesson 3: INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURES IN MINDANAO
- Requires knowledge and appreciation of its history
- Least influenced by Western Cultures
- Tradition of orality among the indigenous peoples of Mindanao
- Glimpse of pre-Islamic and pre-Christian life
- Oriented study of literature
Contemporary writers from Western Mindanao
Antonio Reyes Enriquez
- 1982 and 1993 won the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial grand prize for literature
- 1996 recognized with the Pambasangg Alagad ni Balagtas Award for Fiction in English by
Unyon ng mga manunulat sa pilipinas
- 2000 presented by Thai royal family with the S.E.A write award in Bangkok, Thailand
- 2013, Fr. Eduardo Hontiveros Sj. Award for Culture and Arts
His Works:
1. Surveyors of the Liuasan Marsh
- Depicts less of the charm and hospitality of Zamboanga in particular those of the tensions and
frustration of people
- Strong antagonism is seen between the Christians and Muslims
2. Subanons
- Depicts the lives of the Subanons in Mindanao during the Martial Law
- Main theme is to expose the conflicting situation, demand for revolutionary taxes and killings of
innocent residents
- Solidarity and individuality; rational and emotional reactions; preservation of cultural and values
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
HUM reviewer
3. The Unseen War
- 17th century Spanish colonial dats
- Conflict with religion, tradition, and custom and a war fought between Moro and Christian
warriors
Marion Bais Guerrero
- Awarded cum laude and batch valedictorian
- First Manuel E. Buenafe Fellow at the 15th Iligan National Writer’s Workshop
- 3rd Western Mindanao Writers Workshop
- 1st AdZU Creative writing workshop
- He wrote in Chavacano
His works:
1. Fonda 1
2. A song for Zamboanga
- Protest Poetry