Iso 4411

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4411
Third edition
2019-10
Hydraulic fluid power — Valves

— Determination of differential
pressure/flow rate characteristics
Transmissions hydrauliques — Distributeurs — Détermination des
caractéristiques de pression différentielle/débit
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Reference number
ISO 4411:2019(E)
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2019

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ISO 4411:2019(E)

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ii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 4411:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and units................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5 Test installations................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.1 Selection, calibration and installation of equipment.............................................................................................. 2
5.2 Test circuit.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.3 Pressure-tapping points.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
6 Test procedures...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1 Measurement accuracy..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Test fluid........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
6.3 Temperatures............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
6.4 Steady-state conditions.................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.5 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.6 Pressure differential calculation............................................................................................................................................... 6
6.7 Presentation of the test results.................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.7.2 Presentation.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
7 Identification statement (Reference to this document)............................................................................................... 7
Annex A (informative) Use of practical units................................................................................................................................................ 8
Annex B (informative) Pre-test checklist.......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
ISO 4411:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso
.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee
SC 5, Control products and components.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4411:2008), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— “volume flow rate” is replaced with “flow rate”;
— "flow rate symbol “qv ” is replaced with “q”;
— updated and improved quality of Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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iv
ISO 4411:2019(E)

Introduction
In hydraulic fluid power systems, power is transmitted and controlled through a liquid under pressure
within an enclosed circuit. Hydraulic valves control the direction, pressure or flow rate of the fluid in
the system.
When fluid flows through a valve, it encounters some resistance, which results in a loss of pressure;
this loss is called the pressure differential.
This document is intended to unify testing methods for hydraulic fluid power valves to enable the
pressure differential/flow characteristics of different valves to be compared.
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© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Copyright International Organization for Standardization v
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4411:2019(E)
Hydraulic fluid power — Valves — Determination of

differential pressure/flow rate characteristics
1 Scope
This document specifies methods for determining, under steady-state conditions, the pressure
differential caused by the flow through any given path in a hydraulic fluid power valve. Requirements
for test installations, procedures and presentation of results are specified.
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2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4401, Hydraulic fluid power — Four-port directional control valves — Mounting surfaces
ISO 5598, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary
ISO 5781, Hydraulic fluid power — Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle
valves and check valves — Mounting surfaces
ISO 6263, Hydraulic fluid power — Compensated flow-control valves — Mounting surfaces
ISO 6264, Hydraulic fluid power — Pressure-relief valves — Mounting surfaces
ISO 9110-1, Hydraulic fluid power — Measurement techniques — Part 1: General measurement principles
ISO 9110-2, Hydraulic fluid power — Measurement techniques — Part 2: Measurement of average steady-
state pressure in a closed conduit
ISO 10372, Hydraulic fluid power — Four- and five-port servovalves — Mounting surfaces
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5598 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
tare pressure differential
pressure loss between the pressure-tapping points as generated by the test equipment exclusive of the
test valve
3.2
measured pressure differential
measured pressure loss between the pressure-tapping points, including the pressure loss through the
test valve and the test equipment
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
ISO 4411:2019(E)

3.3
flow rate
q
rate of flow at the point of measurement
3.4
pressure differential
Δp
pressure loss attributed to the test valve
4 Symbols and units
4.1 The symbols and units used throughout this document are shown in Table 1.
4.2 The graphical symbols used in Figures 1 to 3 are in accordance with ISO 1219-1.
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Table 1 — Symbols and units

Reference
Quantity Symbol Dimensiona Unit b
subclause
3.3 Flow rate q l3t−1 m3/s
3.4 Pressure differential Δp ml−1t−2 Pac
— Inside diameter of tube d l m
— Temperature θ Θ °C
— Kinematic viscosity ν l2t−1 m2/s
— Mass density ρ ml−3 kg/m3
a m signifies mass, l signifies length, t signifies time.
b The use of practical units for the presentation of results is described in Annex A.
c 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
5 Test installations
NOTE Annex B provides a checklist for the selection of appropriate items upon which agreement between
the parties concerned is recommended prior to testing.
5.1 Selection, calibration and installation of equipment
5.1.1 Equipment shall be selected in accordance with ISO 9110-2.
5.1.2 Calibration shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 9110-1.
5.1.3 The test set-up shall be in accordance with ISO 9110-2.
5.2 Test circuit
5.2.1 A circuit suitable for testing valves as shown in Figure 1 shall be used. The requirements for the
position of the pressure-measuring connections and the flow meter shown in Figure 1 and referred to in
5.2.5 to 5.2.9 apply only to Class A measurement accuracy.
Figure 1 illustrates a basic circuit that does not incorporate all the safety devices necessary to protect
against damage in the event of component failure. It is important that those responsible for carrying
out the test give due consideration to safeguarding both personnel and equipment.
2
ISO 4411:2019(E)

Key
1 controllable flow supply, at controlled fluid temperature
2 relief valve (circuit protection)
3 stop valve (normally fully open)
4 differential pressure measuring device
5 test valve
6 temperature measuring device
7 flow meter
Figure 1 — Test circuit diagram
5.2.2 On subplate-mounted valves and sandwich-mounted valves, measurements should be carried

out using standard pressure-tapping plates (intermediate plates) as shown in Figure 2. In this case, the
requirements given in 5.2.5 to 5.2.8 and 5.3 do not apply.
Dimension A shall be the maximum port size specified in ISO 4401, ISO 5781, ISO 6263, ISO 6264 or
ISO 10372 for the valve being tested.
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Dimension B shall be appropriate for the selected interface O-ring.
The threaded port size shall be appropriate for the flow rating of the valve.
Only one port is shown, which would be typical for P, T, A and B ports.

Copyright International Organization for Standardization 3
ISO 4411:2019(E)

Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 2 — Standard pressure-tapping plate for subplate-mounted valves
5.2.3 A fluid supply with controllable flow rate shall be used.
5.2.4 A relief valve shall be installed to protect the circuit from excessive pressure.
5.2.5 To establish a steady flow pattern at the upstream tapping, a visibly straight, uniform-bore tube
length of at least 10d shall be used.
5.2.6 A visibly straight, uniform-bore tube length of at least 5d shall be used between the upstream
pressure tapping and the valve.
5.2.7 To ensure adequate pressure recovery, a visibly straight, uniform-bore tube length of at least 10d
shall be used between the test valve and the downstream pressure tapping.
5.2.8 A visibly straight, uniform-bore tube length of at least 5d shall be used between the downstream
pressure tapping and the temperature measuring point.
5.2.9 A flow meter shall be installed to measure the flow rate at a point at least 5d downstream of the
tube length described in 5.2.8. Turbines or thermal meters that do not contain flow straighteners should
be installed at least 10d downstream.
5.2.10 Tubes and connectors consistent with the port size of the valve shall be used.
5.3 Pressure-tapping points
5.3.1 Static pressure measuring connections shall be used in accordance with ISO 9110-2.
5.3.2 For all classes of measurement accuracy, single pressure tapping shall be used.
5.3.3 Tapping shall not be installed on the lowest point of the tube.
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ISO 4411:2019(E)

6 Test procedures
6.1 Measurement accuracy

The test shall be carried out to one of three classes of measurement, A, B or C, as defined in ISO 9110-1.
The measurement class shall be as agreed between the parties concerned. Permissible systematic
errors for the measurement classes shall be as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 — Permissible systematic errors of measuring instruments as determined during

calibration
Permissible systematic errors for classes
Parameter of measuring instrument of measurement accuracy
A B C
Flow rate, q, expressed in percent ±1,0 ±2,0 ±3,0
Differential pressure, Δp, expressed in percent ±1,0 ±3,0 ±5,0
Temperature, expressed in kelvins ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
6.2 Test fluid
6.2.1 A test fluid approved by the manufacturer of the valve shall be used when carrying out the tests.
A description of the fluid shall be recorded, and its mass density, ρ, and kinematic viscosity, ν, for the
range of temperature used in the test shall be stated.
6.2.2 The fluid cleanliness level shall be maintained within the limits recommended by the valve
manufacturer.
6.2.3 For class A or B measurement accuracy, the mass density, ρ, and the kinematic viscosity, ν, from
fluid samples taken from the test installation shall be measured immediately before the test.
6.2.4 For class C measurement accuracy, it is permissible to use density and viscosity data obtained
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from the fluid supplier.
6.3 Temperatures
6.3.1 The fluid temperature shall be controlled during the test within the limits specified in Table 3.
Table 3 — Permissible variation in indicated fluid temperature

Class of measurement accuracy A B C
Variation in temperature indication, expressed in kelvins ±1,0 ±2,0 ±4,0
6.3.2 The test shall be carried out within the range of fluid temperatures recommended by the valve
manufacturer for the intended application of the valve.
6.4 Steady-state conditions
6.4.1 All readings shall only be recorded after steady-state conditions have been reached.
6.4.2 When steady-state conditions are reached for a specific test condition, only one set of readings
of individual quantities shall be taken over concurrent common time periods. Each reading shall be
recorded as the mean value of each quantity being measured.
Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 5
ISO 4411:2019(E)

6.5 Procedure
6.5.1 Install the test valve in the test circuit using the upstream and downstream ports in the valve or
in the tapping plate as required.
6.5.2 Set the valve control for the flow path (or flow rate) required, if applicable.
6.5.3 The number of sets of readings to be taken and their distribution over the range shall be selected
to give a representative indication of the performance of the valve over the full range of flow selected for
the test.
6.5.4 For each flow selected in 6.5.3, measure the upstream pressure and the downstream pressure. If
the test valve is a subplate-mounted type, skip 6.5.5 and 6.5.6.
6.5.5 If the test valve is a line-mounted type, remove it from the test circuit and connect the lines as
specified in 6.5.1 to complete the test circuit without the test valve. This step is not necessary when a test
circuit in accordance with 5.2.2 is used.
6.5.6 Repeat the pressure measurements of 6.5.4.
6.6 Pressure differential calculation

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6.6.1 Where appropriate, correct each pressure reading for pressure head effects in accordance with
ISO 9110-2.
6.6.2 Calculate the measured pressure differential for each reading in 6.5.4 by subtracting the
downstream pressure from the upstream pressure. If the test valve is a subplate-mounted type, skip
6.6.3 and 6.6.4.
6.6.3 If the test valve is a line-mounted type, calculate the tare pressure differential for each reading in
6.5.6 by subtracting the downstream pressure from the upstream pressure. Use a value of zero when a
test circuit in accordance with 5.2.2 is used.
6.6.4 If the test valve is a line-mounted type, calculate the pressure differential, Δp, for each reading
by subtracting the tare pressure differential obtained in 6.6.3 from the measured pressure differential
obtained in 6.6.2.
6.7 Presentation of the test results
6.7.1 General
All test measurements and the results of calculations therefrom shall be tabulated by the testing agency
and preferably also presented graphically as described in 6.7.2.
6.7.2 Presentation
The test results shall be presented dimensionally as a graph of pressure differential, Δp, against the
flow rate, q. See Annex A for practical units. The kinematic viscosity and mass density at the controlled
fluid temperature shall also be stated. An example is shown in Figure 3.
For pilot check-valve cartridges, pilot relief valves or multifunctional valves with external drains, it is
important to ensure that the characteristics are system independent and generally valid.
6
ISO 4411:2019(E)

Valve manufacturer:
Valve type:
Valve model:
Test fluid:
Fluid kinematic viscosity:
Fluid mass density:
Fluid temperature:
Measurement class:
Valve state:
Key
X flow rate, q
Y differential pressure, Δp
1 flow path from B working port to T port
2 flow path from P port to A working port
Figure 3 — Example of the presentation of test results
7 Identification statement (Reference to this document)

It is strongly recommended to manufacturers who have chosen to conform to this document that the
following statement be used in test reports, catalogues and sales literature:
“Test for the determination of pressure differential/flow characteristics of hydraulic valves conforms
to ISO 4411:2019, Hydraulic fluid power — Valves — Determination of differential pressure/flow rate
characteristics.”
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ISO 4411:2019(E)

Annex A
(informative)
Use of practical units
The results of tests in either tabular or graphical form may be presented using practical units as given
in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Practical units

Quantity Symbol Practical unit
Nominal diameter of valve D mm
Flow rate q l/min
Pressure differential Δp kPa (bar)
Tube length l m
Inside diameter of tube d mm
Temperature θ °C
Kinematic viscosity ν mm2/s (cSt)
Mass density ρ kg/m3
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ISO 4411:2019(E)

Annex B
(informative)
Pre-test checklist
The following list constitutes a checklist for the selection of appropriate items upon which agreement is
recommended between the parties concerned prior to testing.
a) valve manufacturer’s name;
b) manufacturer’s identification (type number, serial number);
c) manufacturer’s description of valve;
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d) valve port sizes;
e) test circuit (see 5.2.1);
f) inside diameter of tube;
g) pressure-tapping positions (see 5.3);
h) cleanliness level of test fluid (see 6.2.2);
i) test fluid (by name and description) (see 6.2.1);
j) test fluid kinematic viscosity at test temperature (see 6.2.1 and 6.2.4);
k) test fluid mass density at test temperature (see 6.2.1 and 6.2.4);
l) test fluid temperature during test (see 6.3);
m) range of flow for test (see 6.5.3);
n) presentation of test results (see 6.7 and Annex A);
o) class of measurement accuracy (see 6.1).

ISO 4411:2019(E)

Bibliography
[1] ISO 1219-1, Fluid power systems and components — Graphical symbols and circuit diagrams —
Part 1: Graphical symbols for conventional use and data-processing applications
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ISO 4411:2019(E)

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ICS 23.100.50
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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Hydraulic fluid power — Valves

Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2019

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Hydraulic fluid power — Valves — Determination of

3 Terms and definitions

4 Symbols and units

Table 1 — Symbols and units

5.1 Selection, calibration and installation of equipment

5.1.1 Equipment shall be selected in accordance with ISO 9110-2.

5.1.2 Calibration shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 9110-1.

5.1.3 The test set-up shall be in accordance with ISO 9110-2.

5.2 Test circuit

Figure 1 — Test circuit diagram

5.2.2 On subplate-mounted valves and sandwich-mounted valves, measurements should be carried

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Figure 2 — Standard pressure-tapping plate for subplate-mounted valves

5.2.3 A fluid supply with controllable flow rate shall be used.

5.3 Pressure-tapping points

6.1 Measurement accuracy

Table 2 — Permissible systematic errors of measuring instruments as determined during

6.2 Test fluid

from the fluid supplier.

Table 3 — Permissible variation in indicated fluid temperature

6.4 Steady-state conditions

6.5.6 Repeat the pressure measurements of 6.5.4.

6.6 Pressure differential calculation

6.7 Presentation of the test results

Figure 3 — Example of the presentation of test results

7 Identification statement (Reference to this document)

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Use of practical units

Table A.1 — Practical units

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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