INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 4409

Third edition
2019-07

Hydraulic fluid power — Positive-

displacement pumps, motors and
integral transmissions — Methods of
testing and presenting basic steady
state performance
Transmissions hydrauliques — Pompes, moteurs et variateurs
volumétriques — Méthodes d'essai et de présentation des données de
base du fonctionnement en régime permanent

Reference number
ISO 4409:2019(E)

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

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2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and units................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
5 Tests.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.1 Requirements............................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.1.2 Installation of the unit under test...................................................................................................................... 3
5.1.3 Test fluids................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5.1.4 Temperatures....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1.5 Casing pressure.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
5.1.6 Steady-state conditions............................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1.7 Pump inlet pressure....................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Pump tests................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2.1 Test circuits........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2.2 Inlet pressure....................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2.3 Test measurements......................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2.4 Variable capacity............................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2.5 Reverse flow......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2.6 Non-integral boost pumps........................................................................................................................................ 7
5.2.7 Full-flow, integral boost pump.............................................................................................................................. 7
5.2.8 Secondary-flow, integral boost pump............................................................................................................. 7
5.3 Motor tests................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.3.1 Test circuit.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
5.3.2 Outlet pressure................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3.3 Test measurements......................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3.4 Variable capacity............................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3.5 Reverse rotation................................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.4 Integral transmission tests............................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.4.1 Test circuit.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
5.4.2 Test measurements......................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.4.3 Boost pumps...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.4.4 Reverse rotation............................................................................................................................................................. 10
6 Expression of results......................................................................................................................................................................................10
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2 Pump tests................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
6.2.1 Pumps tested at one constant, rotational frequency...................................................................... 10
6.2.2 Pumps tested at several different, constant rotational frequencies.................................. 11
6.3 Motor tests................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
6.4 Integral transmission tests......................................................................................................................................................... 12
7 Identification statement.............................................................................................................................................................................12
Annex A (normative) Errors and classes of measurement accuracy................................................................................13
Annex B (informative) Pre-test checklist.......................................................................................................................................................15
Annex C (informative) Suggested formatting for reporting test data...............................................................................17
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

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constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www​.iso​
.org/iso/foreword​.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee
SC 8, Product testing.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4409:2007), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— The normative references in Clause 2 have been updated and revised to reflect the changes made to
this document.
— The terms and definitions in Clause 3 were updated and correctly referenced to agree with the
existing ISO standards.
— Clause 4 now correctly references the appropriate standard for symbols and units and the
corresponding table has been revised to display symbols and units correctly.
— The general description of Clause 5 was revised to include various types of conduits. A table with
recommendations for the test fluid to be used is now provided, and the circuit diagrams have been
revised for technical accuracy.
— The suggested expression of results has been updated in Clause 6 to include meaningful values
obtained from the data gathered with the tests.
— The Bibliography has been updated.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/members​.html.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Introduction
In hydraulic fluid power systems, power is transmitted and controlled through a liquid under pressure
within an enclosed circuit. Pumps are components that convert rotary mechanical power into hydraulic
fluid power. Motors are components that convert hydraulic fluid power into rotary mechanical power.
Integral transmissions (hydraulic drive units) are a combination of one or more hydraulic pumps and
motors and appropriate controls forming a component.
With very few exceptions, all hydraulic fluid power pumps and motors are of the positive-displacement
type, i.e. they have internal sealing means that make them capable of maintaining a relatively constant
ratio between rotational speed and fluid flow over wide pressure ranges. They generally use gears,
vanes or pistons. Non-positive displacement components, such as centrifugal or turbine types, are
seldom associated with hydraulic fluid power systems.
Pumps and motors are available either as “fixed-” or “variable-displacement” types. Fixed-displacement
units have pre-selected internal geometries that maintain a relatively constant volume of liquid passing
through the component per revolution of the component's shaft. Variable-displacement components
have means for changing the internal geometries so that the volume of liquid passing through the
component per revolution of the component's shaft can be changed.
This document is intended to unify testing methods for hydraulic fluid power positive displacement
hydraulic pumps, motors and integral transmissions to enable the performance of the different
components to be compared.

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 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4409:2019(E)

Hydraulic fluid power — Positive-displacement pumps,

motors and integral transmissions — Methods of testing
and presenting basic steady state performance

1 Scope
This document specifies methods for determining the performance and efficiency of hydraulic fluid
power positive displacement pumps, motors and integral transmissions. It applies to components
having continuously rotating shafts.
This document specifies the requirements for test installations, test procedures under steady-state
conditions and the presentation of test results.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1219-1, Fluid power systems and components — Graphic symbols and circuit diagrams — Part 1:
Graphic symbols for conventional use and data-processing applications
ISO 4391, Hydraulic fluid power — Pumps, motors and integral transmissions — Parameter definitions and
letter symbols
ISO 5598, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary
ISO 9110-1, Hydraulic fluid power — Measurement techniques — Part 1: General measurement principles
ISO 9110-2, Hydraulic fluid power — Measurement techniques — Part 2: Measurement of average steady-
state pressure in a closed conduit
ISO 11631, Measurement of fluid flow — Methods of specifying flowmeter performance

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 4391 and ISO 5598 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:​//www​.electropedia​.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:​//www​.iso​.org/obp

4 Symbols and units

The symbols and subscripts listed in Table 1 are as specified in ISO 4391. Units as shown in Table 1 are
in accordance with ISO 80000-1 and ISO 80000-4.
The letters and figures shall all be used as subscripts to the symbols listed in Table 1 are as specified
in ISO 4391. The graphical symbols used in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 shall be used in accordance with
ISO 1219-1.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Table 1 — Symbols and units

Description Symbol Unit
Volume flow rate qV m3 s−1
Derived capacity Vi m3 r−1
Rotational frequency n s−1
Torque T N·m
Pressure p Paa
Power P W
Mass density ρ kg m−3
Isothermal bulk modulus secant KT Paa
Kinematic viscosity ν m2 s−1b
Temperature θ K
Volume coefficient of thermal expansion α K−1
Overall efficiency c ητ —
Volumetric efficiency ης —
Rotational frequency ratio Z —
a 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
b 1 cSt = 1 mm2 s−1.
c Efficiency may also be stated as a percentage.

NOTE When there is no risk of ambiguity (i.e. when a test has been carried out on a pump or a motor), the
superscripts “P,” “M” and “T” specifying that the quantity concerns, respectively, a pump, a motor or an integral
transmission, can be omitted.

5 Tests

5.1 Requirements

5.1.1 General

Installations shall be designed to prevent air entrainment during operation and measures shall be
taken to remove all free air from the system before testing.
The unit under test shall be installed and operated in the test circuit in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions; see also Annex B.
The ambient temperature of the test area shall be recorded.
A filter shall be installed in the test circuit to provide the fluid-cleanliness level specified by the
manufacturer of the unit under test. The position, number and specific description of each filter used in
the test circuit shall be recorded.
Where pressure measurements are made within the piping, the requirements of ISO 9110-1 and
ISO 9110-2 shall be met.
Where flow measurements are made, the requirements of ISO 11631 shall be met.
Where temperature measurements are made within the piping, the temperature tapping point shall be
positioned between two and four times the internal diameter of the piping from the pressure-tapping
point furthest away from the component.
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 illustrate basic circuits that do not incorporate all the safety devices necessary to
protect against damage in the event of any component fracture or fragmentation. It is important that

2 
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


those responsible for carrying out the test give due consideration to safeguarding both personnel and
equipment.
NOTE A “run in” procedure before testing can have a positive effect on the test results.

5.1.2 Installation of the unit under test

The unit to be tested in the circuit shall be in accordance with the applicable Figure 1, 2, 3 or 4.

5.1.3 Test fluids

The properties of hydraulic fluids affect pump and motor performance. Any fluid can be used for the
test, if agreed between the parties concerned, but its characteristics shall be clearly defined, according
to the properties listed in Table 2. In order to compare two components, the same fluid shall be used.

Table 2 — Test fluid specification

Property Standard Recommended
Viscosity grade ISO 3448 ISO VG 32 ISO VG 46
Fluid classification ISO 6743-4 HM
Fluid specification ISO 11158 (Table 3, ISO 11158)
Additional constraints
     Density, g/cc ISO 3675 860 to 880
     Viscosity index ISO 2909 95 to 115
     Viscosity modification N/A The use of additional viscosity modifiers is prohibited.
     Friction modification N/A The use of additional friction modifiers is prohibited.

5.1.4 Temperatures

5.1.4.1 Controlled temperature

Tests shall be carried out at a stated test fluid temperature. The test-fluid temperature shall be measured
at the inlet port of the unit under test and be within the range recommended by the manufacturer. It is
recommended that measurements are made at two temperature levels, 50 °C and 80 °C.
The test fluid temperature shall be maintained within the limits stated in Table 3.

Table 3 — Indicated test fluid temperature tolerance

Measurement accuracy class (see Annex A) A B C
Temperature tolerance (°C) ±1,0 ±2,0 ±4,0

5.1.4.2 Other temperatures

The fluid temperature may be measured at the following locations:

a) at the outlet port of the unit under test;
b) at the flow measurement point in the test circuit;
c) in the drainage fluid line (if applicable).
For an integral transmission, it might not be possible to measure all the temperatures required.
Temperatures not recorded shall be noted in the test report.

3
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


5.1.5 Casing pressure

If the fluid pressure within the casing of the component under test can affect its performance, the fluid-
pressure value in the case shall be maintained and shall be recorded.

5.1.6 Steady-state conditions

Each set of readings taken for a controlled value of a selected parameter shall be recorded only where
the indicated value of the controlled parameter is within the limits shown in Table 4. If multiple readings
of a variable are recorded the mean values shall be documented while the controlled parameter is
within the operating limits. The maximum suggested time period to acquire each reading is 10 s at a
minimum data acquisition rate of 1 000 Hz. Such readings should include zero displacement and idle
operating conditions.
Test parameters are considered stabilized when they are within Table 4 limits.

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Table 4 — Permissible variation of mean indicated values of controlled parameters
Parameter Permissible variation for classes of measurement accuracya
(see Annex A)
A B C
Rotational frequency, % ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
Torque, % ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
Volume flow rate, % ±0,5 ±1,5 ±2,5
Pressure, Pa ±1 × 103 ±3 × 103 ±5 × 103
(pe < 2 × 105 Pa)b
Pressure, % ±0,5 ±1,5 ±2,5
(pe ≧ 2 × 105 Pa)
a The permissible variations listed in this table concern deviation of the indicated instrument reading and do not refer to
limits of error of the instrument reading; see Annex A. These variations are used as an indicator of steady state and are also
used where graphical results are presented for a parameter of fixed value. The actual indicated value should be used in any
subsequent calculation of power, efficiency or power losses.
b 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.

5.1.7 Pump inlet pressure

The pump inlet line should not exceed 25 000 Pa (0,25 bar or 3,6 psi). Unless otherwise required, the
pump inlet pressure at the inlet fitting shall be maintained within 3 386 Pa (0,034 bar or 0,49 psi) of
atmospheric pressure at pump maximum displacement and rated speed. This can be controlled by
reservoir fluid level and/or reservoir pressure. The inlet pressure will be permitted to rise as variable
pump displacement is reduced. A shutoff valve may be installed at least 20 internal diameters upstream
from the pump in the inlet line.

5.2 Pump tests

5.2.1 Test circuits

5.2.1.1 Open-circuit tests

A test circuit configured in accordance with and containing at least the components shown in Figure 1
shall be used. Where a pressurized inlet condition is required, a suitable means shall be provided to
maintain the inlet pressure within the specified limits (see 5.2.2). If an alternative position for the
flow sensor is used, use pressure p and temperature θ measured at point 1 to calculate using the
corresponding formula and symbols listed in ISO 4391:1983, Reference 10.18. Flow, pressure and
temperature measured in drainage are not used in the formula.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Key
1 alternative position
2 driver
a For pipe lengths see 5.1.1.

Figure 1 — Test circuit for pump unit (open circuit)

5.2.1.2 Closed-circuit tests

A test circuit configured in accordance with and containing at least the components shown in Figure 2
shall be used. In this circuit, the boost pump provides a flow slightly in excess of the total circuit losses.
A greater flow may be provided for cooling purposes. If an alternative position for the flow sensor
is used, use pressure p and temperature θ measured at point 1 to calculate using the corresponding
formula in ISO 4391:1983, Ref.10.18. Flow, pressure and temperature measured in drainage are not
used in the formula.

 5
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Key
1 alternative position
2 driver
a For pipe lengths see 5.1.1.

Figure 2 — Test circuit for pump unit (closed circuit)

5.2.2 Inlet pressure

During each test, maintain the inlet pressure constant (see Table 4) at a stated value within the
permissible range of inlet pressures specified by the manufacturer. If required, carry out the tests at
different inlet pressures.

5.2.3 Test measurements

Record measurements of
a) input torque;
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b) outlet flow rate;

c) drainage flow rate (where applicable);
d) fluid temperature.
Test at a constant rotational frequency (see Table 4) and at a number of outlet pressures so as to give a
representative indication of the pump performance over the full range of outlet pressures.
Repeat measurements 5.2.3 a) to d) at other rotational frequencies to give a representative indication
of the pump performance over the full range of rotational frequencies.

5.2.4 Variable capacity

If the pump is of the variable capacity type, carry out complete tests at its maximum capacity setting and
any other settings as required (e.g. 75 %, 50 % and 25 % of the maximum capacity setting). For variable
displacement units, this test requires monitoring and recording the position of the displacement
actuator to ensure it does not change during testing. If a swash plate type unit is used, the swivel angle

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


shall be recorded by use of the position measurement from the displacement actuator. The swivel angle
may be recorded instead of the position measurement from the displacement actuator.
Each of these settings shall give the required percentage of the flow rate at the minimum outlet pressure
at the minimum rotational frequency specified for the test.

5.2.5 Reverse flow

If the direction of flow through the pump can be reversed (e.g. by means of a capacity control), carry
out tests in both directions of flow.

5.2.6 Non-integral boost pumps

If the pump under test is associated with a separate boost pump and the power inputs can be measured
separately, the pumps shall be tested and the results presented independently.

5.2.7 Full-flow, integral boost pump

If the boost pump is integral with the pump under test, which results in the power inputs being
inseparable, and the boost pump contributes to the full flow of the main pump, the two pumps shall be
treated as one integral unit and the results presented accordingly.
NOTE The inlet pressure being measured is boost pump inlet pressure.

Any excess flow from an external boost pump shall be measured and recorded.

5.2.8 Secondary-flow, integral boost pump

If the boost pump is integral with the main pump, which results in the power inputs being inseparable,
but the boost pump supplies only a secondary flow to the hydraulic circuit of the main pump and
the remainder is by-passed or used for an auxiliary service (e.g. cooling circulation), then, where
practicable, in order to evaluate the boost pump volumetric efficiency, the flows from the boost pump
shall be measured and recorded.

5.3 Motor tests

5.3.1 Test circuit

A test circuit configured in accordance with and containing at least the components shown in Figure 3
shall be used.
The flow rate should be measured with the standard position of the flow sensor indicated in Figure 3
for inlet flow at high pressure. If an alternative position for the flow sensor is used, use pressure p and
temperature θ measured at point 1 to calculate using the corresponding formula and symbols listed
in ISO 4391:1983, Reference 10.18. To calculate qv, drainage flow should be measured. Pressure and
temperature in drainage line are used to calculate flow in drainage line using the expression found in
the same formula.
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Key
1 alternative position
2 load
3 controlled fluid supply
a For pipe lengths see 5.1.1.

Figure 3 — Test circuit for motor unit

5.3.2 Outlet pressure

The outlet pressure from the motor shall be controlled (e.g. using a pressure control valve) so that a
constant outlet pressure is maintained throughout the test, within the limits given in Table 4.
This outlet pressure shall meet the requirements of the envisaged motor application and the
manufacturer's recommendations.

5.3.3 Test measurements

Measurements shall be taken of

a) inlet flow rate;
b) drainage flow rate (where applicable);
c) output torque;
d) test fluid temperature.
Test over the full rotational frequency range of the motor and at a number of different input pressures
so as to give a representative indication of the motor performance over the full range of input pressures.

5.3.4 Variable capacity

If the motor is of the variable-capacity type, carry out complete tests at its minimum and maximum
capacity settings and such other settings, as required (e.g. 75 %, 50 % and 25 % of the maximum
capacity setting).
Obtain the percentage capacity by setting the adjustment to give the required proportional rotational
frequency for the same inlet flow rate with zero output torque. The flow rate shall be chosen so that at
minimum capacity the motor runs at its maximum rotational frequency.

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5.3.5 Reverse rotation

For motors that are required to operate in both directions of rotation, carry out tests in both directions.

5.4 Integral transmission tests

5.4.1 Test circuit

A test circuit configured in accordance with and containing at least the components shown in Figure 4
shall be used.

Key
1 load
2 integral transmission case
3 driver

Figure 4 — Integral transmission test circuit

5.4.2 Test measurements

The following test measurements shall be made with the integral transmission running at its maximum
flow rate capacity for a specified input rotational frequency:
a) input torque;
b) output torque;
c) output rotational frequency;

9
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


d) test fluid pressure;

e) test fluid temperature, where appropriate.
Test over a power range as recommended by the manufacturer for a specified input rotational frequency.
Repeat the measurements given in 5.4.2 a) to e) for several different input rotational frequencies within
the limits specified in Table 4.
If the pump unit is of the variable-capacity type, repeat the measurements given in 5.4.2 a) to e) at flow
rates equal to 75 %, 50 % and 25 % of the pump maximum flow rate capacity, with the motor set at its
maximum flow rate capacity.
The pump flow-rate capacity shall be determined as the ratio of the output shaft frequency at reduced
pump flow-rate capacity to the output shaft frequency at maximum pump flow rate capacity, with no
load applied to the output shaft and with the motor set at its maximum flow rate capacity.
If the motor unit is of the variable-capacity type, repeat the measurements given in 5.4.2 a) to e) with
the motor set at its minimum flow rate capacity.

5.4.3 Boost pumps

If boost pumps or other auxiliaries are integral with the transmission pump and driven by the same
input shaft, the pumps shall be treated as one integral unit and this information shall be recorded in the
test results.
If boost pumps or other auxiliaries are driven separately, their power requirements shall be excluded
from the transmission performance and this information shall be recorded in the test results.

5.4.4 Reverse rotation

If the output shaft is required to operate in both directions of rotation, tests shall be performed in both
directions.

6 Expression of results

6.1 General
All test measurements and the calculation results derived from them shall be tabulated by the testing
agency and presented graphically.

6.2 Pump tests

6.2.1 Pumps tested at one constant, rotational frequency

For a pump tested at one constant rotational frequency, graphs shall be plotted of the effective outlet
pressure (p2,e) versus
a) volumetric efficiency,
b) overall efficiency,
c) effective outlet flow rate, and
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d) effective inlet mechanical power.

In addition, the parameters in Table 5 shall be recorded:

10
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Table 5 — Parameters for pump testing at one constant, rotational frequency

Parameter Result Units
Test fluid used —
Temperature of the test fluid at the pump inlet K
Ambient temperature K
Kinematic viscosity of the test fluid used at test temperature m2 s−1
Density of the test fluid kg m−3
Effective pump inlet pressure Pa
Percentage of pump full capacity at which the test was conducted %
Rotational frequency of the pump at which the test was conducted s−1

An example of graphs for pump performance against effective outlet pressure is given in Figure C.1.

6.2.2 Pumps tested at several different, constant rotational frequencies

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For a pump tested at a number of constant rotational frequencies, the results for each different effective
outlet pressure value, p2,e, used in the test shall be presented as described in 6.2.1 or graphs shall be
plotted of the rotational frequency, n, versus
a) volumetric efficiency;
b) overall efficiency;
c) effective outlet flow rate; and
d) effective inlet mechanical power.
In addition, the parameters in Table 6 shall be recorded:

Table 6 — Parameters for pump testing at several different, constant rotational frequencies
Parameter Result Units
Test fluid used —
Temperature of the test fluid at the pump inlet K
Ambient temperature K
Kinematic viscosity of the test fluid used at test temperature m2 s−1
Density of the test fluid kg m−3
Effective pump inlet pressure Pa
Percentage of pump full capacity at which the test was conducted %
Effective pump outlet pressure Pa

An example of graphs for pump performance against rotational frequency is given in Figure C.2.

6.3 Motor tests

For motors, graphs shall be plotted of the rotational frequency, n, versus the following for each different
effective inlet pressure value, p1,e, used in the test:
a) volumetric efficiency;
b) overall efficiency;
c) effective inlet flow rate;
d) output torque.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


In addition, the parameters in Table 7 shall be recorded:

Table 7 — Parameters for motor testing

Parameter Result Units
Test fluid used
Temperature of the test fluid at the motor inlet K
Ambient temperature K
Kinematic viscosity of the test fluid used at test temperature m2 s−1
Density of test fluid kg m−3
Percentage of motor full capacity at which the test was conducted %
Motor effective outlet pressure Pa

An example of graphs for motor performance against rotational frequency is given in Figure C.3.

6.4 Integral transmission tests

For testing an integral transmission, the transmission shall be tested at one constant input rotational
frequency (constant input power) and a graph shall be plotted of the overall efficiency, ηt, versus the
output rotational frequency, n2.
The test shall be repeated for three different effective outlet powers, P2,e. A graph shall be plotted of the
rotational frequency ratio, Z, versus the effective pump outlet pressure, p2.
In addition, the parameters in Table 8 shall be recorded:

Table 8 — Parameters for testing an integral transmission at one constant input rotational
frequency (constant input power) testing
Parameter Result Units
Test fluid used
Temperature of the test fluid at the pump inlet K
Ambient temperature K
Kinematic viscosity of the test fluid used at test temperature m2 s−1
Density of test fluid kg m−3
Input rotational frequency s−1
Effective outlet power W
Percentage of pump full capacity at which the test was conducted %
Percentage of motor full capacity at which the test was conducted %

An example of graphs for integral transmission performance against output rotational frequency is
given in Figure C.4.

7 Identification statement
It is strongly recommended to manufacturers who have chosen to conform to this document that the
following statement be used in test reports, catalogues and sales literature:
“Basic steady state performance data is determined and presented in accordance with ISO 4409,
Hydraulic fluid power — Positive-displacement pumps, motors and integral transmissions — Methods of
testing and presenting basic steady state performance.”

12  © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Annex A
(normative)

Errors and classes of measurement accuracy

A.1 Classes of measurement accuracy

Depending on the accuracy required, the test shall be carried out in accordance with one of three
classes of measurement accuracy, A, B or C, as agreed between the parties concerned.
NOTE Classes A and B are intended for special cases when it is necessary to have the performance precisely
defined.

Attention is drawn to the fact that classes A and B require the use of more accurate apparatus and
methods, which increases the test cost.

A.2 Errors
Any device or method used shall, by calibration or comparison with International Standards, have been
proven to be capable of measuring the given values with systematic errors not exceeding the limits
given in Table A.1.

Table A.1 — Measuring instrument permissible systematic calibration errors

Measuring instrument parameter Permissible systematic error
for classes of measurement accuracy
A B C
Rotational frequency (%) ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
Torque (%) ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
Volume flow rate (%) ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
Pressure MPa (bar) gauge where ±0,001 (±0,01) ±0,003 (±0,03) ±0,005 (±0,05)
p < 0,15 (1,5)
Pressure MPa (bar) gauge where ±0,05 (±0,5) ±0,15 (±1,5) ±0,25 (±2,5)
p ≥ 0,15 (1,5)
Temperature (K) ±0,5 ±1,0 ±2,0
Mechanical power (%) — — ±4,0
NOTE 1   The percentage limits apply to the value of the measured quantity and not to the maximum test
value or the maximum reading of the instrument.
NOTE 2    The mean indicated value of an instrument reading can differ from the true mean absolute value
of the quantity being measured because of inherent and constructional limitations of the instrument and
because of the limitations of its calibrations; this source of uncertainty is called “systematic error”.

A.3 Combination of errors

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


When calculations of power or efficiency are made, the combination of errors involved in the calculation
may be determined by the root mean square method including all measured and used in calculation
parameters.

2 2
∂η t  ∂q   ∂p   ∂n  2  ∂T  2
EXAMPLE =  V  +  +  + 
ηt  qV   p   n   T 
The systematic errors used above, ∂qV , ∂p , ∂n , and ∂T , are the systematic instrument errors and not
the maximum values given in Table A.1. For a more precise summation of errors, refer to [1].

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Annex B
(informative)

Pre-test checklist

The following constitutes a checklist to aid in the selection of appropriate items upon which agreement
is recommended between the parties concerned prior to beginning testing (it is not always necessary
or desirable to agree upon all these items):
a) manufacturer’s name;
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b) manufacturer’s identification (type No., serial No.);

c) manufacturer’s component description;
d) direction of shaft(s) rotation;
e) test circuit;
f) manufacturer’s installation requirements;
g) filtration equipment used;
h) position of pressure-tapping points;
i) use of pipe losses in calculation;
j) pre-test condition;
k) test fluid (name and description);
l) kinematic viscosity of the test fluid at the test temperature;
m) density of the test fluid at the test temperature;
n) isothermal secant bulk modulus of the test fluid;
o) test-fluid volume coefficient of thermal expansion;
p) test-fluid temperature;
q) maximum permissible casing pressure;
r) pump-inlet pressure;
s) rotational frequencies used during testing;
t) test-pressure values;
u) percentage capacities for variable displacement;
v) reverse-flow requirements;
w) boost-pump information;
x) motor-outlet pressure;
y) reverse-rotation requirements;
z) expression of results;

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


aa) measurement accuracy class.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Annex C
(informative)

Suggested formatting for reporting test data

Table C.1 — Suggested chart for presentation of pump or motor performance data
Machine Operating
Displacement Pressures
[Units] [Units]
Pressure 1 Pressure 2 Pressure 3 Pressure 4 Pressure 5 Pressure 6 Pressure 7
Operating Flow
Rates [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 1
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 2
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 3
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 4
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 5
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 6
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 7
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque Shaft Torque
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
Flow Rate 8
Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed Shaft Speed
[Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units] [Units]
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The test data may be presented in numerical form using a chart similar to the example presented in
Table C.1. In this chart the machine volumetric displacement (or percent of full displacement for variable
displacement units) is recoded at the top left corner. The test pressures are recorded in the first row
of the chart. The test flow rate is recorded in the first column to the left of the chart. The measured
values of the shaft torque and shaft speed are recorded in each cell corresponding to a respective test
pressure and test flow rate.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


a)   Effective outlet pressure (p2,e) versus volumetric efficiency

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b)   Effective outlet pressure (p2,e) versus overall efficiency

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


c)   Effective outlet pressure (p2,e) versus effective flow rate

d)   Effective outlet pressure (p2,e) versus effective inlet mechanical power

Key
X effective outlet pressure, p2,e
Y
a) volumetric efficiency, ηV; b) overall efficiency, ηt; c) effective outlet flow rate q v ; d) effective inlet mechanical
2 ,e

power, P1,m

Figure C.1 — Graphs of pump performance against effective outlet pressure

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


--``,`,,,````,`,`,`,`,,`````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a)   Rotational frequency n versus volumetric efficiency

b)   Rotational frequency n versus overall efficiency

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


c)   Rotational frequency n versus effective outlet flow rate

d)   Rotational frequency n versus inlet mechanical power

Key
X rotational frequency, n
Y
a) volumetric efficiency, ηV; b) overall efficiency, ηt; c) effective outlet flow rate q v ; d) effective inlet mechanical
2

power, P1,m

Figure C.2 — Graphs of pump performance against rotational frequency

21
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


a)   Rotational frequency n versus volumetric efficiency

b)   Rotational frequency n versus overall efficiency

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


c)   Rotational frequency n versus effective flow rate

d)   Rotational frequency n versus output torque

Key
X rotational frequency, n
Y
a) volumetric efficiency, ηV; b) overall efficiency, ηt; c) effective inlet flow rate q v ; d) output torque, T
1 ,e

Figure C.3 — Graphs of motor performance against rotational frequency

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)
 --``,`,,,````,`,`,`,`,,`````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Key
X output rotational frequency, n2
Y overall efficiency, ηt

Figure C.4 — Integral transmission performance

Suggested algorithm to process and plot the collected data

Load test data in separate columns (vectors) onto your program. For a pump this data should include,
shaft speed, outlet pressure, outlet flow, measured torque.
Create a new vector with calculation of the efficiencies (mechanical, volumetric, overall) using the
corresponding formulae in ISO 4391.
For creating a mesh for visualizing efficiencies:
— determine a desired resolution based on the number of test points measured;
— create linearly spaced vectors using the test data and the chosen resolution;
— create a mesh (surface plot) using a combination of the three linearly spaced vectors created above.
Create a surface plot in 3-D or Contour plot 2-D using the resulting mesh.

24
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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


a)   Surface plot in 3-D b)   Contour plot in 2-D

Key
X a) pressure [bar]; b) shaft speed [RPM]
Y shaft speed [RPM]
Y1 pressure [bar]
Y2 overall efficiency

Figure C.5 — Surface plot and contour plot of the overall efficiency for a hydraulic motor.

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


Bibliography

[1] ISO 2909, Petroleum products — Calculation of viscosity index from kinematic viscosity
[2] ISO 3448, Industrial liquid lubricants — ISO viscosity classification
[3] ISO 3675, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum — Laboratory determination of density —
Hydrometer method
[4] ISO 6743-4, Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) — Classification — Part 4:
Family H (Hydraulics systems)
[5] ISO 11158, Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (Class L) — Family H (hydraulics
systems) — Specifications for categories HH, HL, HV and HG
[6] ISO 80000-1, Quantities and units — Part 1: General
[7] ISO 80000-4, Quantities and units — Part 4: Mechanics
[8] Vocabulary of Legal Metrology — Fundamental Terms (published by the International
Organization of Legal Metrology)

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 ISO 4409:2019(E)


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ICS 23.100.10
Price based on 26 pages

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