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Week 3 Data Presentation

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) The class intervals are given as: 450-499 500-549 550-599 ... 700-749 2) Frequency of 450-499 is 2 Frequency of 500-549 is 16 3) Total number of applicants is 50 4) a) Percentage of applicants scoring below 500 is (2/50) * 100 = 4% b) Percentage of applicants scoring 500-549 is (16/50) * 100 = 32% c) Percentage of applicants scoring below 550 is (2 + some from 550-599)/50 * 100 = 4% + some% = <36% d) Percent

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46 views22 pages

Week 3 Data Presentation

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) The class intervals are given as: 450-499 500-549 550-599 ... 700-749 2) Frequency of 450-499 is 2 Frequency of 500-549 is 16 3) Total number of applicants is 50 4) a) Percentage of applicants scoring below 500 is (2/50) * 100 = 4% b) Percentage of applicants scoring 500-549 is (16/50) * 100 = 32% c) Percentage of applicants scoring below 550 is (2 + some from 550-599)/50 * 100 = 4% + some% = <36% d) Percent

Uploaded by

Christa Lenz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ICTE 1043

Statistical Analysis with Software Application


Week 3
Learning Outcomes

1. Develop tables and charts for categorical and numerical data


2. Apply the principles of properly presenting graphs
3. Use statistical software to organize and present data for analysis.
PRESENTATION OF DATA

In the previous lesson, you learned about the different methods of data collection.
To prepare data for further analysis and drawing conclusions, the collected data
should be organized and presented in some meaningful way. Data presentation can
be done using tables and graphs which have great memorizing effect and
facilitates comparison.
Methods of Data Presentation

 Frequency Distribution
 Graphical Presentation
Frequency Distribution

 Frequency Distributions
The most convenient way of organizing data is to construct a frequency distribution.
Frequency distribution is the organization of raw data in table form, using classes and
frequencies.

There are three types of frequency distributions; categorical, ungrouped and grouped
frequency distributions.

1. Categorical frequency distribution. It is used when the variable is qualitative i.e. either
nominal or ordinal. Each category of the variable represents a single class and the number
of times each category repeats represents the frequency of that class
Frequency Distribution

Example: The 838 mutual funds are classified according to their risk level, categorized as
low, average, and high. Construct a categorical frequency distribution of the mutual funds,
categorized by risk.

Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Risk Level of Mutual Funds

The table shows that there are more


high-risk funds (346) than low-risk or
average-risk funds. There are about the
same number of average-risk funds as
low-risk fund.
Frequency Distribution

2. Ungrouped frequency distribution. It is also called frequency array. It is


a frequency distribution of numerical data (quantitative variable) in which
each value of the variable represents a single class and the number of
times each value repeats represents the frequency of that class.
Frequency Distribution

Example: Twenty students were asked how many hours they worked per day. Their
responses, in hours, are listed below: 5 6 3 3 2 4 7 5 2 3 5 6 5 4 4 3 5 2 5 3.
Frequency Distribution

3. Grouped frequency distribution. It is also a frequency distribution for


numerical data in which several values of a variable are grouped into one
class and the number of observations belonging to the class is the frequency
of that class. This frequency distribution is also called continuous frequency
distribution.
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution

a) Class Limits: The lowest and highest values that can be included in a class are called
class limits. The lowest values are called lower class limits and the highest values are
called upper class limits. For example: Class limit for the first class is 30-39, where
30 is the lower class limit and 39 is the upper class limit of the first class.

b) Class Boundaries: Class boundaries are class limits when there is no gap between
the UCL of one class and the LCL of the next class. The lowest values are called
lower class boundaries and the highest values are called upper class boundaries. The
class boundary for the first class 29.5-39.5 where the Lower class boundary is 29.5
and the Upper class boundary is 39.5. Note that the UCL of one class is the LCL of
the next class.
Frequency Distribution

c) Class Width: It is the difference between UCB and LCB of a certain class. It is also the
difference between the lower limits of two consecutive classes or it is the difference
between upper limits of two consecutive classes. That is, w = UCB − LCB or
w = LCLi − LCLi−1 or w = UCLi − UCLi−1. The class width of the above frequency
distribution is w = 39.5 – 29.5 = 10 or w = 40 – 30 =10 or w = 49 – 39 = 10

d) Class Mark: is the half way between the class limits or the class boundaries of a certain
class.

Class marks of the above distribution are CM1 = 34.5, CM2 = 44.5, CM3 = 54.5, etc. Note also
that w = CMi − CMi−1.
Relative Frequency Distribution
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

1. Decide on the number of classes (k) for the frequency table (5 ≤ k ≤ 15).
2. Find the Range (R). Range is the difference between the largest and the smallest values of
the variable.
3. Specify the class width (w); w = R/k.
4. Select the starting point, the smallest value of the data set or the lowest class limit. Then
obtain the LCL of the second class by adding the class width w to the LCL of the first
class. Continue adding w until you get k classes. Obtain the UCLs of the frequency
distribution
5. Generate the class boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from each LCL and adding 0.5 to the
UCL
6. Tally each value.
7. Count the total frequency for each class.
Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

Example 1. Construct a frequency distribution for the following score of 56 students (out of 40)

Steps:
1) Let the number of classes be 7 (chosen arbitrarily)
2) R = highest − lowest = 38−11 = 27
R 27
3) w = = = 3.86 ≈ 4
k 7
Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

4) Determine the lower class limit: Now, obtain the upper class limits (UCLs) by adding
w-1 to the corresponding lower class limits (LCLs)
(UCL=LCL + (w-1) = 11+(4-1) = 11+3 = 14
Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

5) Generate the class boundaries


Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

6) Tally the score


Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

7) Count the total frequency for each class.


Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

Example 2. The GMAT scores from a sample of 50 applicants to a Master of Business


Administration program indicate that none of the applicants scored below 450. A frequency
distribution was formed by choosing class intervals 450 to 499, 500 to 549, and so on, with
the last class grouping being 700 to 749. Two applicants scored in the interval 450 to 499,
and 16 applicants scored in the interval 500 to 549. Construct a frequency and percentage
distribution table.
a. What percentage of applicants scored below 500?
b. What percentage of applicants scored between 500 and 549?
c. What percentage of applicants scored below 550?
d. What percentage of applicants scored below 750?
Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution

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