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Control of Ventilation

The respiratory centers in the brain stem control the rate and depth of breathing automatically based on input from chemoreceptors. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to pH and carbon dioxide levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies measure oxygen levels in arterial blood. These chemoreceptors send information to the respiratory centers, which adjust breathing to maintain normal carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen levels in response to fluctuations.

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10 views

Control of Ventilation

The respiratory centers in the brain stem control the rate and depth of breathing automatically based on input from chemoreceptors. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to pH and carbon dioxide levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies measure oxygen levels in arterial blood. These chemoreceptors send information to the respiratory centers, which adjust breathing to maintain normal carbon dioxide, pH and oxygen levels in response to fluctuations.

Uploaded by

Usus Shau
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL OF VENTILATION

THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING IS AUTOMATICALLY


CONTROLLED BY THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS THAT RECEIVE
INFORMATION FROM THE PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL
CHEMORECEPTORS. THESE CHEMORECEPTORS CONTINUOUSLY
MONITOR THE PARTIAL PRESSURES OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND
OXYGEN IN THE ARTERIAL BLOOD. THE FIRST OF THESE SENSORS
ARE THE CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF THE
MEDULLA OBLONGATA OF THE BRAIN STEM WHICH ARE
PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO PH AS WELL AS THE PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD AND
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.[7] THE SECOND GROUP OF SENSORS
MEASURE THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN IN THE ARTERIAL
BLOOD. TOGETHER THE LATTER ARE KNOWN AS THE PERIPHERAL
CHEMORECEPTORS, AND ARE SITUATED IN THE AORTIC AND
CAROTID BODIES.[7] INFORMATION FROM ALL OF THESE
CHEMORECEPTORS IS CONVEYED TO THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS
IN THE PONS AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA, WHICH RESPONDS TO
FLUCTUATIONS IN THE PARTIAL PRESSURES OF CARBON DIOXIDE
AND OXYGEN IN THE ARTERIAL BLOOD BY ADJUSTING THE RATE
AND DEPTH OF BREATHING, IN SUCH A WAY AS TO RESTORE THE
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO 5.3 KPA (40 MM HG),
THE PH TO 7.4 AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, THE PARTIAL PRESSURE
OF OXYGEN TO 13 KPA (100 MM HG).[7] FOR EXAMPLE, EXERCISE
INCREASES THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY THE ACTIVE
MUSCLES. THIS CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES INTO THE VENOUS
BLOOD AND ULTIMATELY RAISES THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE ARTERIAL BLOOD. THIS IS IMMEDIATELY
SENSED BY THE CARBON DIOXIDE CHEMORECEPTORS ON THE
BRAIN STEM. THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS RESPOND TO THIS
INFORMATION BY CAUSING THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING
TO INCREASE TO SUCH AN EXTENT THAT THE PARTIAL PRESSURES
OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN IN THE ARTERIAL BLOOD
RETURN ALMOST IMMEDIATELY TO THE SAME LEVELS AS AT REST

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