Quantum Computing:

From one qubit to infinity.

Jeremy C. Adcock & Caterina Vigliar

Quantum computation on quantum bits
Full adder logic circuit n bits can store a number up to 2n

or

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Binary 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
Decimal 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 = 80

Quantum Fourier transform quantum circuit n qubits access a 2n dimensional space

Superposition!

Entanglement!

…But measurement only

reveals a single bit-string!
Modern quantum computer architecture

Daniel E. Browne and Terry Rudolph. "Resource-efficient linear optical Hans J. Briegel et al. "Measurement-based quantum
quantum computation." Physical Review Letters 95.1 (2005): 010501. computation." Nature Physics, 5.1 (2009): 19
Quantum error correction
Digital errors within a threshold ..but quantum states live in
can always be corrected a continuous space!

Amazingly, topological properties of

entangled states can be used to correct
errors, below a certain threshold!

Austin G. Fowler et al. "Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale

quantum computation." Physical Review A 86.3 (2012): 032324.
Photonic qubits Heralded two-qubit gate:
Fusion
‘Dual-rail’ qubits

Single-qubit gate

Pant, Mihir, et al. "Percolation thresholds for photonic quantum

computing." Nature communications 10.1 (2019): 1070.
 A bulk optics quantum
photonics experiment.
Max-Plack Institute, Munich
An integrated quantum
photonics experiment.
QETLabs, Bristol
The end of the road for postselection
• Postselection enables testing of quantum photonic technology
• But is not scalable
• We find new limitations: most entanglement is out of reach
• We also find new reconfigurable graph state generator experiments
• Mapping the end of the road of postselected experiments

Jeremy C. Adcock et al. "Hard limits on the postselectability of optical graph states." Quantum Science and Technology 4.1 (2018): 015010.
The photonic quantum computer architecture
• How can we generate a resource state for universal quantum computation using linear optics?
• A ‘ballistic’ approach is taken
• Photons sources and gates are multiplexed to produce deterministic 3-5-GHZ states
• Probabilistic gates then generate an imperfect, but universal, resource

Terry Rudolph "Why I am optimistic about the silicon-photonic route to quantum computing." APL Photonics 2.3 (2017): 030901.
Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia et al. "From three-photon GHZ states to ballistic universal quantum computation." Physical review letters 115.2 (2015): 020502.
Improving the architecture
• Physical lattice simulations of thousands of qubits
• Stable for modest numbers of ‘alive’ qubits
• Low complexity co-processing
• Photon loss can be tolerated up to ~10%
• Previously unsolved!
• Different resource states have different tolerances
• Improvements to the percolation thresholds for universal
quantum resource states

Pant, Mihir, et al. "Percolation thresholds for photonic quantum computing." Nature communications 10.1 (2019): 1070.
Sam Morley-Short et al. "Loss-tolerant teleportation on large stabilizer states." Quantum Science and Technology 4 (2018) 025014.
Sam Morley-Short et al. "Physical-depth requirements for generating universal photonic cluster states." Quantum Science and Technology 3.1 (2017): 015005.
Thank you!
Up next:
Implementations of quantum photonic
processing on silicon with Caterina Vigliar
Quantum Computing:
From one photon to infinity.

Jeremy C. Adcock & Caterina Vigliar

Quantum Computing:
From one photon to (almost) infinity.

Jeremy C. Adcock & Caterina Vigliar

Quantum Computing:
From one photon to (almost) infinity.
(8 photons)

Jeremy C. Adcock & Caterina Vigliar

Bristol Experiments
Machine Learning Circuit Model

Two Qubit Processor

Multidimensional Quantum
Quantum Phase Estimation Entanglement
Quantum Simulation of Hamiltonian spectra
Hamiltonian Learning
Quantum Simulation Quantum
Computation
Simulation of Molecular Dynamics
8-Photon Boson Sampling Universal Linear Optics

Arbitrary 4 Photon Graph State Generator

Gate Model
Bristol Experiments
Machine Learning Circuit Model

Two Qubit Processor

Multidimensional Quantum
Quantum Phase Estimation Entanglement
Quantum Simulation of Hamiltonian spectra
Hamiltonian Learning
Quantum Simulation Quantum
Computation
Simulation of Molecular Dynamics
8-Photon Boson Sampling Universal Linear Optics

Arbitrary 4 Photon Graph State Generator

Gate Model
Bristol Experiments (The Past)
A. Politi et al., Science 320, 646.
2008

J. C. F. Matthews et al., Nature Photonics 3, 346.

2009
A.Politi, J. C. F. Matthews, et al., Science 325, 1221.

P. J. Shadbolt et al., Nat. Photonics 6, 45.

2012

J. W. Silverstone et al., Nature photonics 8, 104.

2013

Quantum Photonic Programme Grant

……
Bristol Experiments (Present)
S. Paesani et al., arXiv:1812.03158 [quant-ph].

2018 -2019 Jeremy Adcock et al. arXiv:1811.03023 [quant-ph].

2018 J. Wang, S. Paesani et al., Science.

Xiaogang Qiang et al., Nature Photonics.

2017 J. Wang, S. Paesani, R. Santagati et al., Nature Physics,

PRL & Science Advances.

2015
Jacques Carolan et al., Science.
J. W. Silverstone et al., Integrated Photonics Research,
2014 Silicon and Nanophotonics.
Number of Components in Time

Programme Grant
250

200

150

100

50

0
2008 2009 2009.2 2012 2013 2015 2017 2017.2 2017.5 2017.8 2018 2019
Passive Active Sources
Number of Components in Time
On-Chip Photons
10

250 5
0 2009.2

2017.2
2017.5
2017.8
2008
2009

2012
2013
2015
2017

2018
2019
200

150

100

50

0
2008 2009 2009.2 2012 2013 2015 2017 2017.2 2017.5 2017.8 2018 2019
Passive Active Sources
 Universal Linear Optics
Implement all possible linear optical protocols up to the size of the circuit.

THE DEVICE

• Six-mode universal system with 30 reconfigurable

thermo-optic phase shifters.
• Input of up to six (off chip) photons.
• Measurements with a 12-single-photon detector system.

QUANTUM PROTOCOLS

• Heralded quantum logic and entangling gates.

• Boson sampling with verification tests.
• Six-dimensional complex Hadamards.
• 100 Haar random unitaries with an average fidelity of
0.999 ± 0.001.

Jacques Carolan, C. Harrold, C. Sparrow, E. Martín-López, N. J. Russell, J. W. Silverstone, P. J. Shadbolt, N. Matsuda, M. Oguma, M. Itoh,
G. D. Marshall, M. G. Thompson, J. C. F. Matthews, T. Hashimoto, J. L. O’Brien, A. Laing.
SCIENCE, 14 AUGUST 2015 , VOL 349 ISSUE 6249.
Experimental quantum Hamiltonian learning Learn the Hamiltonian of an electron spin in a diamond NV center.

THE SYSTEM
• Interface two different quantum systems through a
classical channel.
• Silicon-photonics quantum simulator.
• Electron spin in a diamond nitrogen–vacancy
centre.

QUANTUM PROTOCOLS
• Algorithm of characterisation of quantum systems,
based on Machine Learning enhanced by a quantum
simulator.

• Learn the Hamiltonian of the quantum system via

Bayesian inference.
• Learn the salient Hamiltonian parameter with an
uncertainty of approximately 10^-5.
• Saturation in the learning algorithm suggests Model
Learning.

J. Wang, S. Paesani, R. Santagati, S. Knauer, A. A. Gentile, N. Wiebe, M. Petruzzella , J. L. O’Brien, J. G. Rarity, A. Laing and M. G. Thompson.
NATURE PHYSICS, VOL 13, JUNE 2017.
Large-scale silicon quantum photonics
implementing arbitrary two-qubit processing
THE DEVICE

• Fully programmable two-qubit quantum processor,

enabling universal two-qubit quantum information
processing in optics.
• More than 200 photonic components, 4 on-chip sources for
generation of 2 on-chip photons.

QUANTUM PROTOCOLS

• Implement 98 different two-qubit unitary operations

(average quantum process fidelity of 93.2 ± 4.5%).
• Experimental realization of a two-qubit quantum
approximate optimization algorithm.
• Efficient simulation of Szegedy directed quantum walks.

Xiaogang Qiang, Xiaoqi Zhou, Jianwei Wang, Callum M. Wilkes, Thomas Loke, Sean O’Gara, Laurent Kling, Graham D. Marshall,
Raffaele Santagati , Timothy C. Ralph, Jingbo B. Wang, Jeremy L. O’Brien, Mark G. Thompson and Jonathan C. F. Matthews.
Nature Photonics, VOL 12, SEPTEMBER 2018, 534–539.
 Multidimensional quantum entanglement with
large-scale integrated optics
THE DEVICE
• A programmable bipartite entangled system with
dimensions up to 15 × 15.
• More than 550 photonic components on a single chip,
including 16 identical photon-pair sources.

QUANTUM PROTOCOLS
• High precision in the control of bipartite
multidimensional entangled states.
• Quantum State Tomographies.
• Certification of system dimensionality.
• Multidimensional Bell Tests.

• Previously unexplored quantum applications:

• quantum randomness expansion,
• self-testing on multidimensional states.

J. Wang, S. Paesani, Y. Ding, R. Santagati, P. Skrzypczyk, A. Salavrakos, J. Tura, R. Augusiak, L. Mančinska, D. Bacco,
D. Bonneau, J. W. Silverstone, Q. Gong, A. Acín, K. Rottwitt, L. K. Oxenløwe, J. L. O’Brien, A. Laing, M. G. Thompson.
SCIENCE 360, 285–291 (2018).
Generation and sampling of quantum states
of light in a silicon chip
Processing many photons

THE DEVICE

• 12-mode interferometer (Random Walk).

• 4 heralded photons, generating and processing
quantum states of light with up to eight photons.

QUANTUM PROTOCOLS

• Quantum sampling algorithms: Scattershot, Gaussian

and Standard Boson Sampling protocols in the same
silicon chip.
• Benchmark a quantum algorithm for calculating
molecular vibronic spectra.

S. Paesani, Y. Ding, R. Santagati, L. Chakhmakhchyan, C. Vigliar, K. Rottwitt, L. K. Oxenløwe, J. Wang, M. G. Thompson and A. Laing.
arXiv:1812.03158 [quant-ph].
 One-Way Quantum Computing
ENTANGLED RESOURCE

ONE-DIRECTIONAL
INFORMATION FLOW

SINGLE QUBIT
MEASUREMENTS Raussendorf, R. & Briegel, H. J. A one-way quantum computer.
Physical Review Letters 86, 5188 (2001).
Daniel E. Browne and Terry Rudolph. "Resource-efficient linear optical quantum
computation." Physical Review Letters 95.1 (2005): 010501.
Zhong, Han-Sen, et al. "12-photon entanglement and scalable scattershot boson sampling” Walther, Philip, et al. "Experimental one-way quantum
Physical review letters 121.25 (2018): 250505 computing." Nature 434.7030 (2005): 169.

Lu, Chao-Yang, et al. "Experimental entanglement of six photons in

graph states." Nature physics 3.2 (2007): 91. Wang, Xi-Lin et al., , Phys. Rev. Lett.,117, 21 (2016)
But there is much more…
For six qubits there are: 112 graphs in 11 classes.

For 12 qubits there are 1,274,068 classes.

Programmable graph generator
Programmable four-photon graph states on
a silicon chip
Processing arbitrary graph states

THE DEVICE

• All the 4-qubit graph state classes.

• 39 passive optical components, 23 active components
4 integrated sources.
• Generation and manipulation of 4 entangled photons.

J. C. Adcock, C. Vigliar, R. Santagati, J. W. Silverstone and M. G. Thompson.

arXiv:1811.03023 [quant-ph].
Programmable four-photon graph states on
a silicon chip
Processing arbitrary graph states
QUANTUM PROTOCOLS

• Generation of both star- and line-type graph states.

• Basic measurement-based protocols.
• Measure heralded interference of on-chip four photons.
• Multipartite Bell Tests.
F = 0.78 ± 0.01 F = 0.68 ± 0.02

J. C. Adcock, C. Vigliar, R. Santagati, J. W. Silverstone and M. G. Thompson.

arXiv:1811.03023 [quant-ph].
 Quantum Computing
Stability
Hardware Quick Reconfigurability
High Density

Circuit Model
Software
Gate Model

5-500 integrated components

Operational
Tests 8 on-chip photons
Hilbert space dimension from 4 to ~2000

More complex circuits

Larger Hilbert Spaces Future
Error Correction Research
Fast modulators for feed-forward
Thank you!