Case Study Examination: Optical Quantum Computing - Perspectives from

Principal Techniques and Developments

Abstract- This research investigates an innovative approach to enhancing the efficiency of

quantum computing through the utilization of light polarization. The methodology focuses on
achieving high precision by reducing errors and employing specialized detectors. This
advancement is anticipated to facilitate longer-range and more precise quantum computing
applications using light, thereby bolstering the feasibility of large-scale quantum computing
initiatives. The study examines the capability of quantum computers to address intricate
problems, even in the presence of imperfect photons. To achieve this objective, a
QUANTUM OPTICAL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (QOCNN) is
introduced, aimed at optimizing traditional computing tasks. The findings indicate that the
QOCNN not only matches but often surpasses the performance of classical models while
requiring significantly less power and computational resources. [1]

I. INTRODUCTION

This study explores advancements in quantum computing through the utilization of light
polarization within the KLM framework, aiming to minimize path modes and errors via
effective detection methodologies. The development of high-fidelity quantum gates and
optical cluster states is presented as a means to facilitate scalable computational processes. A
groundbreaking Quantum Optical Convolutional Neural Network (QOCNN) is introduced,
showcasing superior performance compared to traditional models. The findings emphasize
the capability of quantum computers to address intricate problems even when operating with
suboptimal photon sources, while also tackling issues related to gate failures, detector
efficiency, and resource overheads. The integration of boson sampling and quantum walks is
examined, revealing significant broader implications. This research highlights the potential
and progress of large-scale quantum computing systems.[2], [3]

II. THE EXECUTION OF THE KLM SCHEME POLARIZATION ENCODING

The KLM method (developed by Knill et al.) is essential, for optical quantum computing
(LOQC) which uses optical components and photon detection combined with state
teleportation to achieve universal quantum computation capabilities effectively. By
employing polarization encoding techniques in the setup process can streamline the number
of path modes. Enhance the overall practicality and resilience of the system. The
effectiveness of detection strategies significantly impacts error reduction. Plays a role in
maintaining the accuracy of quantum gates at a high level. An essential aspect, for advancing
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scalable quantum computing procedures. It's
crucial to use a loss detection system that
relies on dark count rate detectors to minimize
errors and improve overall performance.

𝑃success=(𝑛/𝑛+1)2 (1)

The expression 𝑃success=(𝑛/𝑛+1)2 quantifies

the likelihood of effectively executing a
quantum gate within the KLM framework,
with 𝑛 denoting the count of ancillary Figure a: Optical Setup for Polarization Encoding in the KLM Scheme

(additional) modes employed. The term 𝑛/𝑛+1 illustrates the proportion of successful results
compared to the overall number of modes available. By squaring this ratio, the formula
incorporates the cumulative impact that an increase in ancillary modes has on enhancing the
probability of success.[4]

Figure b: Performance Metrics for Polarization

Encoding in the KLM Scheme Figure c: Schematic of Optical Setup for Polarization Encoding

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 III. QUANTUM OPTICAL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (QCCNN)

The Quantum Optical Convolution Neural Network ( QOCNN ) is a deep learning design that
combines quantum computing concepts to address the constraints found in computer vision
duties. By using quantum convolution and pooling layers QOCNN extends upon research, on
Quantum Optical Neural Networks ( QONNs ) integrating quantum based sinusoidal
nonlinearities to boost its adaptability in machine learning scenarios, like self driving cars and
medical imaging. Based on the results, from tests done with the MNIST dataset QOCNN
shows accuracy levels to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) but with better efficiency
in computing and lower energy usage.This sets QOCNN from Optical Neural Networks
(ONNs), like GridNet and ComplexNet by needing fewer resources while still delivering
strong performance. This new approach effectively tackles the obstacles by utilizing quantum
computing technology; it emerges as a progression, in deep learning powered by quantum
computing that could bring significant improvements, in computational power and efficiency
for various applications.[1]

TABLE I - Comparison of Neural Network Models

Model Architecture Computational Accuracy on Energy Consumption Applications

Features Efficiency MNIST (%)

QOCNN - Quantum High (leverages 99% Low (reduced due to - Computer vision
convolution & quantum principles) quantum computing)
pooling layers - Autonomous vehicles

- Quantum-based - Medical imaging

sinusoidal
nonlinearities
CNN - Traditional Moderate 99% Moderate to High - Image recognition
convolutional
layers - NLP

- Nonlinear - General AI tasks

activation
functions
QONN - Quantum optical High Variable Lower than classical - Specialized quantum
components (implementation- models applications
dependent)
- Quantum-
enhanced layers
GridNet - Optical Moderate to High 98% Lower than electronic - Optical signal
waveguide counterparts processing
architecture

- Grid-based design
ComplexNet - Complex-valued Moderate 98% Lower than traditional - Signal processing
neurons electronic models
- Complex data
- Optical computing analysis
elements

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 IV. APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING

This study provides experimental validation of advancements in quantum computing through

the utilization of high-fidelity quantum gates and optical cluster states, highlighting
improvements in both performance and reliability. The research quantitatively evaluates
success rates, defined as the proportion of correct outcomes relative to the total number of
experiments, thereby illustrating notable enhancements in accuracy and efficiency.
Furthermore, the incorporation of boson sampling and quantum walks indicates wider
implications for the scalability of computational processes, emphasizing the prospects for the
development of large-scale quantum computing systems.[1], [2], [3]

Figure d: Electron-nitrogen SWAP gate implementation

Figure e: Electron-nitrogen Sequential SWAP applications and Quantum state preservation

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 V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

By utilizing light polarization in the KLM framework, we have progressed quantum

computing by minimizing path modes and errors through effective detection techniques,
resulting in high-fidelity quantum gates and optical cluster states crucial for scalable
computation. The launch of the Quantum Optical Convolutional Neural Network
(QOCNN) marks a revolutionary combination of quantum computing and neural
networks, exceeding classical models in performance while consuming less energy.
Through the study of boson sampling and quantum walks, we've underscored their wider
significance, showing that quantum computers can address intricate issues even when
photon sources are not perfect. Tackling issues concerning gate failures, detector
performance, and resource costs, this study highlights the viability and advancements of
extensive quantum computing systems, setting the stage for future investigations into
enhancing detection methods, expanding QOCNN frameworks, and examining real-world
applications in multiple fields.[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]

REFERENCES

[1] R. Parthasarathy and R. T. Bhowmik, “Quantum Optical Convolutional Neural Network:

A Novel Image Recognition Framework for Quantum Computing,” IEEE Access, vol. 9,
pp. 103337–103346, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3098775.
[2] J. L. O’Brien, “Optical Quantum Computing,” Science, vol. 318, no. 5856, pp. 1567–
1570, 2007, doi: 10.1126/science.1142892.
[3] H. Krovi, “Models of optical quantum computing,” Nanophotonics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp.
531–541, 2017, doi: doi:10.1515/nanoph-2016-0136.
[4] D. Ibrahim, Surface micro-topography measurement with interferometry. 2011.
[5] H. Bartling et al., “Universal high-fidelity quantum gates for spin-qubits in diamond,”
2024. [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:268513111

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