UNIT 1:

LESSON 1: CELL THEORY

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL:

1. REGULATION OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT:

HOMEOSTASIS – Ability to keep a constant internal state.

2. ACQUISITION AND UTILIZATION OF ENERGY:

CHEMICAL ENERGY – Stored in the bonds.

3. RESPONSIVENESS TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT:

RESPONSIVENESS – Determine the changes.

4. PROTECTION AND SUPPORT:

IMMUNE CELLS – Impart protection against pathogens.

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL THEORY:

ZACHARIAS JANSSEN - Primitive microscope.

ROBERT HOOKE – Cork cells.

FRANCESCO REDI – Disproved spontaneous generation theory

spontaneous generation theory – walang beginning.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK – Practical microscope.

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN – Plants are composed of cell.

THEODOR SCHWANN – Animals are composed of cell.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW – Pre – existing cells.

CELL THEORY:

1. Fundamental unit of life.

2. Every living organism composed of cell.
3. Cells came from pre – existing cells.

LESSON 2: MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE – primary barrier. Separates cytoplasm from external environment.

STRUCTURE:

Phospholipids – May hydrophilic & hydrophobic. Phosphate heads & Fatty acid tails.

Fluid mosaic model – Describes the membrane structure. Mosaic & Fluidity: (determined by kinks &
cholesterol)

ROLES OF LIPID BILAYER:

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY – Only allows certain molecules to move in/out.

 PERMEABLE – lipids, alcohol, small molecules.

 IMPERMEABLE – polar molecules & large molecules.

ROLE OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS:

 CHANNEL PROTEINS – Passageway of certain molecules.

 CARRIER PROTEINS – Change conformation.
 CELL RECOGNITION PROTEINS – Detect invading pathogens.
 RECEPTOR PROTEINS – Binding molecules.

2. CYTOSKELETON – Structural framework.

MICROTUBULES – Helically arrange tubulin.

MICROFILAMENTS – Thinnest cytoskeleton (actin fibers). Movement

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS – Maintain cell shape.

3. CYTOPLASM – Subcellular structures are suspended.

CYTOSOL – Semifluid solution.

4. CELL WALL – Rigid structure

Peptidoglycan – bacteria

Chitin – fungi

Cellulose – plant

LESSON 3: SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES

ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY –
ORGANELLES ARE DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS:

GENETIC CONTROL OF THE CELL:

- Nucleus & Ribosomes

NUCLEUS

- Oval structure. Located in the center.

PARTS:

NUCLEOPLASM – Semifluid matrix.

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE – Separates nucleus and cytoplasm.

NUCLEAR PORES – Permit the passage of mRNA out of nucleus into the cytoplasm.

RIBOSOMES

- Organelles the use instructions from the nucleus.

FREE RIBOSOMES – found in cytosol.

BOUND RIBOSOMES – Attached outside.

THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM –

ROUGH ER – Have attached ribosomes.

SMOOTH ER – Does not have attached ribosomes.

GOLGI BODIES – Similar to a warehouse ( processing the product of ER)

LYSOSOMES – Waste collector.

PEROXISOMES – Synthesizing and breaking down lipids.

VACUOLES – Storage of water.

THE ENERGY HOUSE OF THE CELL:

MITOCHONDRIA – “Powerhouse of the cell”. House the cellular respiration of cell.

CHLOROPLAST – Perform photosynthesis.

UNIT 2:

LESSON 1: PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

 PROKARYOTIC CELL

– Metabolically diverse.

– studio type condo because of the lack of compartment.

EUKARYOTIC CELL -

– Mansion (has compartments)

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:

PRESENCE OF NUCLEUS:

PROKARYOTES – Nucleoid

EUKARYOTES – Enclosed in genetic material.

CELL WALL AND CELL MEMBRANE:

CELL WALL OF CELL WALL OF

PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
- Has cell wall in - Animal does
all cell. not have cell
- Made up of wall.
peptidoglycan. - Cellulose
(plants) or
chitin (fungi)

CELL MEMBRANE OF CELL MEMBRANE OF

PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
- Doesn’t have - Have sterols;
sterols but cholesterol
have sterol-like (animal),
lipids called phytosterol
hopanoid. (plants),
ergosterol
(fungi)

ENDOMEMBRANE AND OTHER ORGANELLES:

- Present in eukaryotic but not in prokaryotic cell.

RIBOSOMES:

RIBOSOMES OF RIBOSOMES OF
 PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
- Found in - Found
cytoplasm mot only
- 70S in
ribosomes cytoplasm
- 80S
ribosomes

OTHER DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:

SHAPE OF DNA:

PROKARYOTES – 1 covalent, closed, circular

EUKARYOTES – more than 1 linear with histone.

NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES:

PROKARYOTES – 1 chromosome

EUKARYOTES – More than 1 chromosomes

CELL SIZE:

MODE OF REPRODUCTION:

PROKARYOTES – reproduce through binary fission and spose.

EUKARYOTES – reproduce through mitosis & meiosis.

DNA REPLICATION:

PROKARYOTES – occurs in two opposing directions in cytoplasm. Continuously replicate dna.

EUKARYOTES – has multiple points of origin and unidirectional replication in nucleus. Involves
telomerase. Replicate dna during S-phase.

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION:

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
- Transition and Translation:
translation cytoplasm
can be done Transcription:
 at the same nucleus.
time in the - Has post
cytoplasm. transc
- No post processing.
transcriptiona
l processing.

LESSON 2: ANIMAL CELLS

TISSUES – groups of cell that are similar in structure and function.

1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE – outer in inner lining.

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS – site of defusion or exchange.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL – absorption ans secretion.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR – secrete mucus.
PSEUDO STRATIFIED COLUMNAR – Usually ciliated. False layering.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS – protection against abrasion/friction.
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL – protection & secretion (liquid glands)
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR – protection & secretion (urethra, ducts of some glands)
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE – connection. protection & support.
BONE – hard matrix. Lacunae
CARTILAGE – flexible matrix. Chondrocytes
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – has lesser cells. Fibroblast
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – more cells lesser fiber.
BLOOD – plasma. clotting. transport of substance, immune response, blood clotting.
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE – elicit movements.
SKELETAL MUSCLE – attached to the skeleton/bones (voluntary)
SMOOTH MUSCLE – hollow organs (involuntary)
CARDIAC MUSCLE – found in the heart (involuntary)
4. NERVOUS TISSUE – transport information. Classified based from cellular processes.

LESSON 3: PLANT CELL

PLANT TISSUES:

1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES – growing plants.

2. PERMANENT TISSUES – nondividing cells.

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES:

1. APICAL MERISTEM – primary growth. Root tips.

2. LATERAL MERISTEM – secondary growth.
 VASCULAR CAMBIUM – gives rise xylem & phloem
 CORK CAMBIUM – gives rise to cork cells which replaces epidermis.

PERMANENT TISSUES:
1. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES – 1 kind of cell.
 EPIDERMAL/EPIDERMIS – covers the whole body of nonwoody and young woody plants.
Cuticle – prevents loss of water.
Root hairs – help in increasing the absorption capacity of roots.
Trichomes – hair-like
Guard cells – regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
Stomata – Slit-like
 GROUND – “fundamental tissues”. Essential for the growth & development of plants
PARENCHYMA – responsible for the synthesis
COLLENCHYMA – provides furnishing flexible support
SCLERENCHYMA – has two kinds; sclereids & fibers
2. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES – 2 or more
 XYLEM – water passes through
 PHLOEM – transport of nutrients