Chapter (15)

Kinetics of a Particle
Impulse and Momentum

1
15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum

The equation of motion for a particle of mass (m) can be written

as-
dv
 F  ma  m dt
 Fdt  mdv

t2 v2
Fd t  m  dv  mv2  mv1
t1 v1

mv1    Fdt  mv2

t2
mv2 , mv1 = Initial and final momentum
t1 (kg-m/s, slug-ft/s)


t2
Fd t = Linear Impulse (N-s)
t1

2
 (1) mvx 1    Fx dt  mv x 2
t2

t1

(2) mv y 1    Fy dt  mv y 2

t2

t1

(3) mv z 1    Fz dt  mvz 2

t2

t1

These equations represent the principle of linear impulse and

momentum for the particle in the x, y, z directions.

3
15.2 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for
a system of Particles

4
Example(15.1)

Solution:
Mass, m = 100-kg , F = 200N
Final velocity, V2 = ? Normal force, N C = ? Fig. 15–4a

5
Example(15.2) The 500 N crate shown in Fig. 15–5a is acted
P  (50t ) N ,
upon by a force having a variable magnitude where t is in seconds.
Determine the crate’s velocity 2 s after P has been applied. The initial
velocity is v1  1m / s down the plane, and the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the crate and the plane is k  0.3
v1  1m / s
Solution:
Weight, W  500 N , P  50t , v1  1m / s,k  0.3
Crate’s velocity (v) = ?
Principal of Impulse and Momentum, Fig. 15–5a

mvx 1    Fx dt  mvx 2
t2
 500 N
t1

 1 m / s    50t dt  500 sin 30  2s   0.3N C 2s    vx 2

500 2 500
9.81 0 9.81

50.97  100  500  0.6 NC  50.97vx 2 ...........(1)

P  50t
6
Example(15.2) 500 N

mv y 1    Fy dt  mv y 2
t2

t1

0  N C  2s   500 cos 30  2s   0

N C  433 N
P  50t

Substitute NC  433 N in equation (1),

650.97  0.6  433  50.97vx 2

vx 2  7.67 m / s Ans

7
15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles

When the sum of the external impulses acting on a system of particles is

zero, this equation is referred to as conservation of linear Momentum.

 m v    m v 
i i 1 i i 2

8
Example(15.4) The 15-Mg boxcar A is coasting at 1.5 m/s on the
horizontal track when it encounters a 12-Mg tank car B coasting at 0.75 m/s
toward it as shown in Fig. 15–8a. If the cars collide and couple together,
determine (a) the speed of both cars just after the coupling, and (b) the average
force between them if the coupling takes place in 0.8 s.
Solution:
mA  15000 kg, v A 1  1.5 m / s
mB  12000 kg, v A 2  7.5 m / s
Fig. 15–8a
v2  ?, Favg  ?

Conservation of liner Momentum,

 mA v A 1  mB vB 1  mA  mB v2

15000 1.5  12000  0.75  15000  12000v2

v2  0.5 m / s Ans
9
Example(15.4)
Principal of Impulse and momentum,

mA v A 1    Fdt  mA v A 2
t2

t1

15000 1.5  Favg  0.8  15000  0.5

Favg  18.758 kN Ans

# Remark # (The average (impulsive) coupling force, can be

determined by applying the principle of linear momentum to either
one of the cars.)

10
Example(15.5)The 500 kg cannon shown in Fig. 15–9a fires an 4 kg
projectile with a muzzle velocity of 500 m / s relative to the ground. If
firing takes place in 0.03 s, determine (a) the recoil velocity of the
cannon just after firing, and (b) the average impulsive force acting on the
projectile. The cannon support is fixed to the ground, and the horizontal
recoil of the cannon is absorbed by two springs.
Solution:
Cannon, mC  500 kg
Projectile, mP  4 kg, v  500 m / s
If time, t = 0.03 s,
(a) The recoil velocity of cannon,vC 2  ?,
Fig. 15–9 a

(b) Average impulsive force acting on

the projectile, Favg  ?,

11
Example(15.5)
Conservation of liner Momentum,
 mC vC 1  mP vP 1  mC vC 2  mP vP 2
0  0  500vC 2  4500
vC 2  4 m / s Ans
Principal of Impulse and Momentum,

 mvP 1    Fd t  mvP 2
t2

t1

0  Favg (0.03)  4(500)

Favg  66.67 kN Ans

12
Example(15.7) An 800-kg rigid pile P shown in Fig. is driven into the ground
using a 300-kg hammer H. The hammer falls from rest at a height y0  0.5 m and strikes
the top of the pile. Determine the impulse which the hammer impacts on the pile if the
pile is surrounded entirely by loose sand so that after striking, the hammer does not
rebound off the pile.

Solution:
mP  800 kg
mH  300 kg


The impulse, Rdt  ?
Conservation of Energy,

13
Example(15.7)
Conservation of Momentum,
The hammer does not rebound off the pile just after
collision, vH 2  vP 2  v2

Principal of Impulse and Momentum,

# Remark # The equation but opposite impulse acts on the pile. 14

15.4 Impact
Impact occurs when two bodies collide with each other during
a very short period of time, causing relatively large (impulsive) forces
to be exerted between the bodies. The striking of a hammer on a nail,
or a golf club on a ball, are common examples of impact loadings.
Central impact occurs when the direction of motion of the mass
centers of the two colliding particles is along a line passing through the
mass centers of the particles. This line is called the line of impact, which
is perpendicular to the plane of contact.
When the motion of one or both of the particles make an angle
with the line of impact, the impact is said to be oblique impact.

15
Central Impact

Conservation of Momentum for particles A & B,

16
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to each
particle. During the deformation phase for particle A,

For the Restitution phase,

The ratio of the restitution impulse to the deformation

impulse is called the coefficient of restitution, e.
for particle A,

17
In a similar manner, for particle B,

Coefficient of Restitution,

Elastic Impact (e = 1)
Plastic Impact (e = 0)
Oblique Impact

18
Example(15.9) The bag A, having a mass of 6 kg, is released from rest at
  0
the position ,as shown in Fig. After falling to it strikes an 18-kg box B. If
the coefficient of restitution between the bag and box is e=0.5, determine the
velocities of the bag and box just after impact and the loss of energy during
collision.
Solution:
m A  6 kg, mB  18 kg , e  0.5
v A 2 , vB 2  ? 1m

U ?
1 2
Conservation of Energy
T0  V0  T1  V1

mv A 1  m g y
1
00 
2

2
0  0  6v A 1  6 9.811
1 2

2
vA 1  4.43 m / s 19
Example(15.9)
Conservation of Energy,

 mB vB 1  mA v A 1  mB vB 2  mA v A 2
mB 0  64.43  18vB 2  6v A 2
v A 2  4.43  3v A 2 ............(1)
Coefficient of Restitution,
 vB 2  vB 2 vB 2  vB 2
 e ,0.5 
v A 1  vB 1 4.43  0
v A 2  vB 2  2.215 ..........(2)

From equation(1)&(2),

v A 2  0.554 m / s  0.554 m / s Ans

vB 2  1.66 m / s Ans
20
Example(15.9)
Loss of Energy,

U 1 2  T2  T1
1 2 1 2
  mvB 2  mv A 2    mv A 1 
1
U
2
1 2
2 2  2 
1 2 1 2
  181.66  60.554    64.43 
1
U
2
1 2
2 2  2 
U 1 2  33.15 J Ans

21
Example(15.10) The ball B shown in Fig has a mass of 1.5 kg and is
suspended from the ceiling by a 1-m-long elastic cord. If the cord is stretched
downward 0.25 m and the ball is released from rest, determine how far the cord
stretches after the ball rebounds from the ceiling. The stiffness of the cord is
and the coefficient of restitution between the ball and ceiling is e = 0.8. The ball
makes a central impact with the ceiling. k  800 N / m

Solution:
the cord stretches (s3 )  ?
The stiffness, k = 800 N/m, m = 1.5 kg
The coefficient of restitution, e = 0.8
Conservation of Energy,
Initial, y  y0  (1  0.25)  1.25 m

22
Example(15.10)
Coefficient of Restitution,

Conservation of Energy,
Assuming that, y  y3  (1  s3 )

s3  0.237 m  237 mm Ans

23
Example(15.11) Two smooth disks A and B, having a mass of 1 kg and 2 kg,
respectively, collide with the velocities shown in Fig. If the coefficient of
restitution for the disks is e  0.75, determine the x and y components of the final
velocity of each disk just after collision.
Solution:
mA  1kg, mB  2 kg
The coefficient of restitution, e = 0.8
The X and Y components of Final velocity ,
v Ax 2 , vAy 2 , vBx 2 , vBy 2  ?

Conservation of “X” Momentum,

24
Coefficient of Restitution (x),

From equation (1) & (2),

Conservation of “y” Momentum,

NOTE: Show that when the velocity

components are summed vectorially,
one obtains the results shown in Fig.
25
15.7 Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum

Principle of Linear Impulse and

mv1   Fdt  mv2
t2
Momentum,
t1

Principle of Angular Impulse and

Momentum,
H O 1    M O dt  H O 2
t2

t1

HO 1  mv1r , HO 2  mv2r

(1) mvx 1    Fx dt  mv x 2
t2
The first two of these equations represent
t1
the principle of linear impulse and
(2) mv y 1    Fy dt  mv y 2
t2
momentum in the x and y directions,
t1
which has been discussed and the third
H O 1   t Mdt  H O 2
t2
(3) equation represents the principle of
1 angular impulse and momentum
about the z axis. 26
Example(15.13) The 5-kg block of negligible size rests on the smooth
horizontal plane as shown Fig. It is attached at A to a slender rod of negligible
mass. The rod is attached to a ball and socket joint at M B3t .N If
 m a moment
 10 N
where t is in seconds, is applied to the rod and horizontal Pforce is applied
to the block, determine the speed of the block in 4 s starting from rest.
M  3t N  m
Solution:
m  5 kg, W  mg  5  9.81  49.05 N A
M  3t N  m B 0.4 m
P  10 N vA 2  ?
Principle of Angular Impulse and
H z 1    M z dt  H z 2
Momentum, t2 Fig-15–24
t1

mv A 1 rBA   Mdt  rBA Pt   mv A 2 rBA

t2

t1

500.4   3t dt  0.4104  5v A 2 0.4

4

24  16  2v A 2 vA 2  20 m / s Ans 27

End

28