Pilot Training

for Advanced
Air Mobility
CAE 2021 Report
 Table of contents

3 Introduction

4 A sizeable eVTOL pilot workforce in need of training

6 Train as you operate

8 The challenges of developing a training program for eVTOL aircraft

10 When to start thinking about simulation

11 The relevance of training to type certification

12 Structuring an eVTOL Pilot Training Program

13 How to get started

14 Conclusion

Cover page: Photo courtesy of Jaunt Air Mobility LLC, Joby Aero Inc, Lilium Schweiz GmbH and Volocopter GmbH

2 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

 Introduction
We are on the cusp of a new era of aviation – one of
advanced air mobility (AAM). Disruptive aerospace
companies are building cutting edge aircraft and creating
a new sector within the industry from the ground up.
This growth will create a huge demand for uniquely
trained professional pilots to safely fly passengers and
cargo at scale across global markets.

To date, more than $8 billion dollars has been invested

in the development of electric Vertical Take Off and
Landing (eVTOL) aircraft for a wide range of AAM
missions, with the expectation that urban air mobility,
air cargo, emergency response, and other operations
will generate tremendous demand for eVTOL products
and services.

Today’s air transportation system is one of the safest

forms of travel for both passengers and cargo. With
each major advancement in aircraft technology, checks
and balances are put in place to ensure public safety, by
regulatory bodies, insurers, local authorities, OEMs, and
the operators.

As an emerging air transportation sector that will

interact closely with urban communities, AAM services
will be under the spotlight. Safety standards must be
high to gain regulatory and public acceptance, to signifi-
cantly reduce the risks of accidents that could have a
catastrophic impact on this fledgling industry.

While much attention has been focused on advances in

electric propulsion, sources of power, and infrastruc-
ture, a void exists in the narrative on pilot training.

Let’s not underestimate the fact that AAM pilots will be

an integral component of this industry from its inception.
They will safely navigate eVTOLs though the National
Airspace Systems and serve as the visible interface to
the flying customer. For this reason, the pilot remains
an essential link to the success of the industry. Having
a professionally trained pilot workforce will be a critical
path to widespread commercialization and public accep-
tance of advanced air mobility.

With a sizeable eVTOL pilot workforce needed, we are at

an inflection point in aviation. We must look at this new
industry as a clean sheet opportunity for pilot training.
New training technologies and processes will enable a
paradigm shift to train pilots in an affordable, scalable
Photo courtesy of Volocopter GmbH means that ensures safety and meets the unique needs
of Advanced Air Mobility.

3 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

A sizeable eVTOL pilot workforce in need of training

The global aviation industry has struggled to recruit and

train enough experienced pilots to fill the cockpits of airlines,
business aviation and helicopter operators. There is a growing
industry realization that the development of eVTOL aircraft
and launch of AAM operations will further increase demand
for professional pilots commencing by 2023-2025.

COVID-19 triggered a depressed demand for profes-

sional pilots, but the industry is showing signs of
recovery as major airlines return to operating at full
schedule and begin to recruit pilots. CAE’s 2020-2029
Pilot Demand Outlook forecasts1 that the global avia-
tion industry will require over 264,000 new pilots in
the next 10 years to meet the demands of the airline
industry and business aviation. This does not account
for the staffing requirements of the helicopter industry,
nor does it address the needs of AAM.

AAM will create an additional surge in demand for

pilots, which could, by some estimates, be close to
60,000 pilots by 20282. Even if growth is delayed a few
years as other industry reports suggest, this still repre-
sents an unprecedented new workforce requirement.
We foresee traditional aviation sectors stepping up
their efforts to fill vacant cockpit seats as the first AAM
services launch operations.

Photo courtesy of Lilium Schweiz GmbH

1
Airline and Business Jet Pilot Demand Outlook — 10-year view (2020 update).
https://www.cae.com/cae-pilot-demand-outlook-2020/
2
Pelli, Uri; Riedel, Robin; “Flying-cab drivers wanted” ( June 2, 2020).
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/flying-cab-drivers-wanted

4 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

It is expected that the initial AAM pilot cadre will The use of data is key in ensuring an efficient training
consist of experienced commercial pilots drawn from footprint that meets the safety requirements expected
both the fixed and rotary-wing aviation communities. of AAM operations. Modern learning techniques like
These pilots will need the same level of skills as their adaptive learning for recurrent courses is proving to
traditional counterparts, as well as additional skill- be effective, efficient and the way forward for modern
sets to meet the unique capabilities and designs of training program development. We see progress on
eVTOL aircraft. Additionally, these AAM pilots will be this front with self-paced, student-centric training
navigating in a challenging traffic management envi- programs (including CAE’s own Trax Academy) where
ronment, coordinating with traditional airplanes and immersive training technologies, like commercial off
helicopters while encountering environmental chal- the shelf versions of Virtual Reality / Mixed Reality /
lenges in urban sectors. Synergistic partnerships and Augmented Reality are incorporated into early training
training programs linking the AAM industry and the programs, and lead to faster and more effective
traditional civil aviation industry will aid pilot staffing trainee throughput. The United States Air Force Pilot
requirements for both sectors. Pilots of eVTOL aircraft Training Next Program used a similar approach to the
may also find a pathway into airlines, business aircraft, Trax Academy and achieved an increase in trainee
or possibly helicopters, opening new opportunities for throughput of over 40% 3.
aviation careers. Creating these new career pathways
will require the collaboration between OEMs, opera- Further, inclusion of data analytics allows instructors
tors, Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs), and the pilots to review an individual student’s performance for
themselves. early intervention and correction, reducing remedial
training. Data analytics enable a training organiza-
Advanced training programs have been deployed in tion to make data-driven adaptations to the overall
business aviation with emphasis on scenario-based program: if an entire class is demonstrating a rapid
training that teach operationally relevant scenarios, adoption of concepts in one segment and a complete
building pilot resilience. By collecting data and lack of proficiency in another, it may be necessary for
analyzing normalized pilot performance results, we the training provider to restructure the curriculum or
can better understand industry-specific safety threats. training approach. This is particularly relevant during
the early years of the eVTOL market as the industry
works to understand the mission complexities and the
pilot skillsets needed.

3
Pope, Talon M., "A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Pilot Training Next" (March 21, 2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2314.
https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/2314

5 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

Train as you operate

Operators conducting AAM services will require smart and

agile flight departments that can safely scale operations.

At the onset, a day in the life of an eVTOL pilot will Congested air space
look similar to today’s pilots who conduct commercial,
on-demand or scheduled operations. These aircraft Initial operations of eVTOL aircraft will be conducted
will likely be serviced at a base of operations located in national airspace systems sharing airspace with
on an airport, heliport or vertiport. Pilots will receive other aircraft operations, potentially on existing heli-
their daily taskings from their operations department copter routes or, in some cases, on early pre-defined
or flight dispatchers. They will review weather Notices flight corridors through specific authorizations. As
to Airmen (NOTAMs), and maintenance records. Pilots the demand increases, we can expect more and more
will verify the aircraft readiness for flight and ensure aircraft flying along similar pathways, simultaneously,
batteries are in a proper state of charge for the initial and layered with other commercial air traffic. Pilots
flight. The pilot in command will pre-flight the aircraft will encounter busy radio transmissions in high density
and depart on their assigned tasking for the day, trans- airspace and must learn to manage communications
porting passengers or cargo from points A to B. with more agility than conventional aircraft operations.
Pilots will also need to become capable of managing
Several aspects of these operations will differ from flights that are closer in proximity to other vehicles, and
traditional aviation operations, and these will need to to be alert and react should other aircraft deviate from
be reflected in pilot training. the planned course. It will be critical for flight simulator
training devices (FSTDs) to have immersive environ-
Short cycles ments populated with air traffic, whether AI-generated
or linked to other trainees in FSTDs 4, simulating the chal-
Many of these missions will be short in duration (5-30 lenges of congested airspace.
minutes) and pilots will transition quickly and often in
and out of critical phases of flight. While eVTOL vehicles Urban environment
are being optimized to simplify pilot workload, the
critical phases of flight (takeoffs and landings) make Off-airport takeoffs and landings will likely occur in
up a larger portion of a flight operation than a typical confined, intra-city helipad/vertiport locations and
commercial or business aircraft flight operation. An on top of high-rise buildings as the industry matures.
eVTOL pilot could experience 2-4 critical phases of flight Performing emergency procedures in these environ-
per hour rather than 2-4 critical phases of flight per day. ments is a high-risk operation. With no clear path to
Take offs, landings, and transitions have not been fully divert, the pilot will need to make judgement calls on the
automated for the majority of these aircraft, so training safest alternative course or landing site, considering the
will need to account for fatigue management in these busy air space, the battery life, and aircraft limitations.
high cycles of operation. Coupling this with local urban and microclimate weather
conditions and communication-blackout zones means
pilots will face new and unique challenges in training
for situational awareness in urban environments. These
types of training elements cannot be taught safely in a
training aircraft, as the risk is too high to perform emer-
gency procedure training in over populated areas at low
altitudes. Training organizations will need to leverage
modern training devices that are built on physics-based
simulation that incorporates microclimate events and
near building/ground effects.

4
Connecting simulators for conducting real-time platform-level wargaming across multiple host computers is commonly used worldwide in military organizations
but has also been used in the field of medicine.

6 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

 Off-airport takeoffs and
landings will likely occur in
confined, intra-city helipad/
vertiport locations and on top
of high-rise buildings as the
industry matures. Performing
emergency procedures in these
environments is a high-risk
operation.

7 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

Photo courtesy of Vertical Aerospace Group Ltd
The challenges of developing a training program for eVTOL aircraft

An experienced aircraft manufacturer of a conventional

airplane or rotorcraft with an established training and licensing
structure will typically launch the program development at
least 36 months before start of commercial operations.

This includes the development of the syllabus, course- The majority of these aircraft will be operated by a
ware, and training equipment. These programs must single pilot and have a single set of flight controls.
be reviewed and approved by CAAs before any non- Current regulations require in-aircraft instruction with
experimental pilot training can take place – a precursor fully functioning dual controls. Aircraft that have been
to operators building the first cadre of pilots to operate approved for single pilot operation, (ex: Hondajet,
these vehicles. Phenom-100/300, M2, etc) leverage training in the
aircraft that are equipped with full dual controls. OEMs
The novel nature of eVTOL aircraft (electric propulsion may consider a training version of the aircraft equipped
systems, varying control schemes and pilot interfaces) with dual controls to enable flight training in the aircraft.
will result in OEMs facing additional challenges in devel- Exceptions could be pursued for eVTOL designs where
oping training programs that meet the approval criteria the configuration allows a second pilot seat, provided
of CAAs. This will require early engagement with regula- that it could be demonstrated to CAAs that the instructor
tors, training device manufacturers, and training organi- has full flight controls, and the flight may be conducted
zations to meet publicly forecasted business timelines. safely. The expense and time to achieve additional certi-
fication of such dual-controlled aircraft may be unac-
Currently, the regulatory requirements for eVTOL pilot ceptable for OEMs.
training and aircrew licensing have not been defined.
Early entrants into the market will need to rely on The alternative to conventional training in the aircraft
existing regulations with added special conditions. The could be a zero-flight time training (ZFTT) approval of a
onus will be on OEMs to demonstrate a data- or process- simulator-based training program. A pilot who has gone
driven approach to training program design. through a ZFTT program can fly revenue-generating
flights without having prior in-aircraft experience. ZFTT
This in and of itself is a challenge, as the number of pilots approval requires a qualified simulator with Level C or
that have flown eVTOL aircraft, at the time of this writing, Level D fidelity and is directly tied to the AOC’s training
is extremely limited, specifically to flight test pilots only. program approval. It is commonplace in the fixed wing
Subject matter expert (SME) inputs are needed when world to use Level C or D simulators within a ZFTT
making definitive decisions regarding training programs. program. This is not the case in the rotorcraft world
The industry can make certain assumptions based on where, under EASA and CASA, an AOC pilot training
existing pilot training programs and engineering inputs. program may be approved for trainees to complete
Will this be sufficient when the aircraft deviate so far most of the training, including the check-ride, in a simu-
from what is presently in production and type certifi- lator, but where the pilot is still required to demonstrate
cated? For example, will these aircraft with simplified take-offs and landings in an actual aircraft thereafter.
vehicle operations, lacking turbine engines, require
simulators with motion cueing capability for representa-
tive training? SME feedback from manned flight experi-
ences and from the experiences of test pilots of eVTOL
aircraft will be valuable. These SMEs are critical for the
development of pilot training, including the design and
qualification of training equipment.

8 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

For the AAM operational model to be a success, opera- Fortunately, the pragmatic approach contemplated
tors, developers, OEMs and other stakeholders involved under ICAO Doc 9625 links training tasks achievable by
must find cost-effective means to certify eVTOL pilots. a FSTD equivalent to the simulator’s qualification5. By
The Level C and D qualifications described previously demonstrating the simulation features are equivalent/
are only given to full flight simulators (FFS) at present. exceed the minimum FSTD requirements for an FSTD
These are large pieces of equipment that require specific fidelity level, defined by being “specific” to the aircraft,
facilities and can be a notable capital investment. If the “representative”, “generic” or not available at all. As a
industry ramps up across global markets as many are result, defining the training tasks, even if preliminary in
forecasting, industry stakeholders will need to look for the aircraft program, will give OEMs more opportunity
new ways to train pilots at scale. In this innovative new to work with training equipment manufacturers to tailor
industry, can we be equally disruptive with training? This simulation solutions to the pilot’s actual training needs
will surely require data and clear process that demon- and be optimized for their unique aircraft features.
strates equivalency of emerging, innovative technolo- Approval for use by CAAs will take time, this needs to
gies compared to traditional equipment solutions. start early, but there is an openness by regulators to
accept innovative approaches in this emerging industry.

5
Simulation features comprise of: cockpit layout & structure; flight model; ground handling; aircraft systems; flight controls & forces; sound cues; visual cues; motion;
cues; environment – ATC; environment – navigation; environment – weather; environment – airports & terrain.

9 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

When to start thinking about simulation

OEMs have increasingly used simulation to reduce risks and

costs for design, development, flight test, certification, and
training.

Bringing a new aircraft to market requires enormous The use of high-fidelity simulation has a proven and
capital and is very time consuming. Errors, if only discov- successful track record in helicopters, business aviation,
ered in the flight test phase, can set the program back and the commercial aircraft industry. OEMs pursuing
significantly, both in time and cash burn. high-fidelity simulation and concurrent simulator devel-
opment early in their certification efforts may provide
Across disciplines, simulation is widely used to rapidly significant overall cost savings, as well as significantly
iterate and optimize designs. As an example of its use accelerating the timeline for the training simulator
in aviation, Airbus leveraged a high-fidelity engineering certification.
simulator to compress the flight test schedule for the
A350XWB aircraft in half, spanning just 12 months, by Why is this important? The prototype simulator certifi-
moving many certification tasks upstream and receiving cation process can range from 16 months to 24 months,
credit for time flown in the Integrated System Test/ depending on the simulator specifications and the
Certification Rigs (ISTCR) in support of flight testing. completeness of an OEM’s aircraft data. Missing data or
model inaccuracy can significantly shift the scope and
Acceptance of high-fidelity engineering simulators structure of a simulator program. Importantly, a delay to
(ESims) and hardware-in-the-loop ISTCR serve to gain the training equipment program certification will delay
credit toward type certification for procedures “flown” the type certification of the aircraft and, if not careful,
on the ground. The use of ESims to find and fix integra- can delay the critical path to entry into service (EiS).
tion issues and to demonstrate failure modes provides
value in the certification process. ESims allow for human
factors assessment and acceleration of the cockpit
design. ISTCRs reduce flight time and systems testing,
with the added value that edge of envelop tests can
be performed with sufficient repeatability and without
putting the safety of test pilots at risk.

Photo courtesy of Beta Technologies Inc

10 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

The relevance of training to type certification

When an aircraft manufacturer embarks on a type

certification program for their new design, they are
responsible for ensuring that the aircraft is safe for
operation in the airspace system, demonstrating that the
aircraft can be safely flown under all of the operational
conditions the aircraft manufacturer is seeking to have
approved.

To achieve vehicle Type Certification, an OEM must It is essential that courseware and simulators be avail-
first conduct an Operational Evaluation (OE). This is a able ahead of the OE to support a timely EiS. New entrant
process where regulators evaluate all aspects of the aircraft can’t begin operations and generate revenue if
operational program to ensure safety. This includes the pilot training program isn’t approved, and certifi-
post-aircraft delivery aspects such as manuals, pilot cated pilots are not available to operate these aircraft.
training programs, training equipment, etc. This means
that every aircraft manufacturer, conventional or eVTOL,
must have a team focused on the pilot training require-
ments in advance of Type Certification.

Photo courtesy of Beta Technologies Inc

11 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

Structuring an eVTOL Pilot Training Program

Commercially certificated pilots have the general aviation

knowledge and skills to safely operate aircraft but will need
to be trained to operate unique eVTOL designs in challenging
environments.

Traditional pilot training is task- or qualification-based: Data gathered from pilot performance in a CBTA
its goal is meeting the regulatory requirements of the program will serve to evaluate the quality of the training
CAA. These regulations prescribe specific training program. By grouping pilot core behaviors into “Pilot
program inputs (e.g., hours of study, hours of practice, Competencies”, pilots and instructors have a relatable
etc.), to meet a CAA’s testing criteria and qualification context to discuss training performance. Observable
criteria. behaviors are modeled behaviors for a given compe-
tency allowing the pilot to better understand how
The new AAM industry is pushing regulators to use the putting the Pilot Competencies into practice results in
present re-examination of standards as an opening to safety of operations. CBTA is intended to have a more
adopt fresh training concepts. An opportunity exists wholistic approach to training and assessment of pilot
to center training around pilot competencies (the performance, compared to traditional task or qualifi-
outcome of training), rather than prescriptive models cation-based training. The inclusion of scenario-based
(the inputs of training). A Competency-Based Training training (following the competency-based format) in
and Assessment (CBTA) approach is a potential solution pilot training activities has proven to reinforce resilience
to harmonizing eVTOL pilot training across a wide range in pilot decision making, leading to safe and consistent
of aircraft designs and with an easier path to adoption outcomes.
by multiple regulators. The desired result will ensure
approvals for timely and global eVTOL aircraft opera- Following the CBTA process may provide a cost-
tional integration. effective, safe, and comprehensive means to develop
a pilot training program where a gap currently exists.
Following a Competency Based Training Assessment The development of such a training program may help
(CBTA) approach to training program design, serves to recommend industry consensus standards and a
several purposes for the eVTOL industry. First, it path forward for operation of eVTOL aircraft in global
follows a globally accepted set of pragmatic workflows markets. Creating an eVTOL Pilot Training Program,
which identify the necessary pilot knowledge, skills, customizable for the uniqueness of aircraft design, will
and attitudes to validate the tasks necessary to safely help OEMs speed their aircraft into service.
operate an aircraft6. This will provide the framework
for a successful and efficient pilot training program to
transition a currently certificated pilot with a rotorcraft
or airplane rating to eVTOL proficiency. Additionally,
the core of CBTA is defining assessment criteria to
monitor pilot performance and gather data regarding
the effectiveness of the training to determine what may
need to be revised to enable a continuous improvement
cycle. This is essential to any new aircraft pilot training
program.

Photo courtesy of Urban Air Mobility Division of Hyundai Motor Group

6
CBTA process can be found in ICAO Doc 9868

12 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

How to get started

The commercial viability of eVTOL operations

requires a smart approach to training.

Currently, no “off-the-shelf" eVTOL solution for pilot This process will involve numerous stakeholders: OEMs,
training exists. The challenge of evolving vehicle designs regulators, training equipment manufacturers, and the
and the fact that there is little operational flight data training program developer.
along with rapidly evolving technologies creates ambi-
guity around the pathway to regulatory compliance. CAE CAE has already completed Step 1 and, in collaboration
recognizes a path forward to a unified approach that with our vehicle partners and industry working groups,
could harmonize the industry. is launching activities to establish a generic task list that
would support industry-wide decisions on the general
The seven-step model below may support a pathway to pilot competencies required for these aircraft of the
regulatory approval and certainty in determining appro- future.
priate pilot training devices and pilot training program
structure.

1 3 5 7
Data Document Risk Go!
and science the difference assessment

2 4 6
Leverage Determine Develop
a standard best way industry
and determine to train consensus
what applies tasks standards

1. Find scientific articles, 3. Once commercial tasks 5. Risk assess tasks, training 7. Launch development
research and data to vali- are filtered by applica- devices and determine of training curriculum,
date recommendations bility, define a generic suitable mitigation. materials and training
for training technologies eVTOL task list. devices. Ongoing work
and approaches. on certification and opera-
6. Regulatory agencies,
tional evaluation.
4. Refine eVTOL task list OEMs, ATOs and other
2. Benchmark legacy with input from OEM and stakeholders develop
commercial regulatory industry stakeholders. standards and have these
standards of airplane, Develop matrix on what standards accepted by
rotorcraft and UAS for device is recommended to regulators.
eVTOL applicability and train the tasks.
training gap-analysis.

13 | PILOT TRAINING FOR ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

Conclusion
We are at an exciting inflection point in aviation and
mobility. Across the globe, companies are leveraging
new technologies to create radically different aircraft
designs that will enable more freedom to maneuver
in cities, towns, and communities. The once unimagi-
nable means of transportation is becoming a reality.
Properly trained pilots are critical to making this vision
of aviation’s future a safe reality. Fresh concepts in pilot
training and certification must be planned for now to
ensure the overall success of AAM.

Through advances in immersive technology, we have the

capability to create the most progressive, adaptive pilot
learning experience in more than a generation. With
a data driven approach, this technology can and will
promote community acceptance, instill confidence in
the public, influence regulators to implement rules and
policies that will stimulate growth, and ensure safety in
this emerging industry.

About CAE
CAE is a high technology company, at
the leading edge of digital immersion,
providing solutions to make the world
a safer place. Backed by a record of
more than 70 years of industry firsts,
we continue to reimagine the customer
experience and revolutionize training
and operational support solutions in
civil aviation, defence and security, and
healthcare. We are the partner of choice
to customers worldwide who operate in
complex, high-stakes and largely regu-
lated environments, where successful
outcomes are critical. Testament to our
customers’ ongoing needs for our solu-
tions, over 60 percent of CAE’s revenue
is recurring in nature. We have the
broadest global presence in our industry,
with approximately 10,000 employees,
160 sites and training locations in over
35 countries.

www.cae.com