Oat Research Journal of Botany ISSN 1816-4919 @ Academic Journals Inc. www.academicjournals.comResearch Journal of Botany 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 ISSN 1816-4919 © 2009 Academie Journals Ine Ethnobotanical Utilization and Conservation of Chewing Sticks Plants Species in Wkiti State, Nige Josinua Keyode and Michael A. Omoteyinbo Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Bkiti, Ado-Bkiti, Nigeria Abstract: Surveys and direct field observation were carried out to determine the endangered chewing stick species in Ekiti State, Nigeria, The survey involved the use of semi-structured interviews which were conducted with a fairly open framework that allowed for focused, conversational and two-way communication. Also group interviews were conducted in order to determine group consensus on the chewing sticks plant species. The relative abundance ofthe identified species was determined by the time it would take to physically eome across the plant specimen in the study area, Results obiained revealed that @ total of 49 plant species belonging to 28 different families were observed tobe in use as chewing sticks. Most of these species were indigenous species: previous studies had revealed that these species ‘were essentially rich in various natural products. The relative abundance test revealed that, 33, 51 and 16%, respectively, of the chewing sticks species were presently common, frequent and occasional on the abunclance seale used in this study, Most of the spectes were uncultivated species whose wildlings were usually preserved inthe study area and were in high demand in the study area, Other products widely derived fiom these species in the study area were identified. Thus the endangered species required urgent conservation efforts, Features that could enhance their conservation in the study’ atea were defined, fey words: Ethnobotany. conservation, chewing sticks, Bkiti State, Nigeria INTRODUCTION In the recent times, the importance of ethnobotanical knowledge in the management of natal resourees is increasingly being stressed (Berkes er al., 2000). Study by Reyes-Garcia eral. (2007) suggested that te conservation of biological diversity can be tore successful by finding alles. Previous studies by Alcorn (1993) and Berkes et al, (1995) had asserted that the indigenous people were potential allies in the conservation of biological diversity. Research suggests that forest products ‘provide then with nutrition, medicine, construction materials, forage and income (Peters et al., 1989, Godoy and Bawa, 1993), Thus, suggesting a correlation between biological and cultural diversities (Lairal, 2002; Maffi, 2005). Despite all these, there has been an unprecedented erosion of biological diversity and! indigenous knowledge inthe recent times. This erosion, according to Cox (2000) and Matfi (2002), represents the irreversible Loss of humanity’s heritage and diversity (Chewing sticks constitutes one of the plant medicine derived from the forest, which is widely used for dental care throughout the entire West African region. In Nigeria where deforestation rate is currently unprecedented, there has been little or no efforts made to assess chewing sticks botanicals ‘with a view to determine the endanger species among them and propose strategies that would conserve such. These constitute the aims of this study. Corresponding Author: Joshua Kayode, Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekit, Nigeria 1Res. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 MATERIALS AND METHODS Surveys and direct field observation were caried out as done inthe previous research (Lipp, 1989; Kayode et af, 1997) between June 2006 and May 2007. Ekiti State (Fig, 1, 2) was divided into three ‘zones based on the existing political delineation (Kayode, 2004). The zones were Ekiti Central (EC), Ekiti North (EN) and Ekiti South (ES). In each zone, five rural communities that were sil relatively far from urban influence were selected. The communities were, (1) Epe, @)Ipole-loro, 3) Ido-Ie, (4) Absclgbogun, (5) Araromti-Obu, (6) Eda, (7) Ito-Oke, (8) Aba-Oyo, (9) Ogbese, (10) Omti-Ogun, (11) Igede, (12) apa, (13) Ipere, (14) finsin and (15) Ewa. In each community, twenty respondents were randomly selected and interviewed. The interviews were conducted with a fairly open framework that allowed for focused, conversational and two-way communication (Moinar, 1989), ‘Also in each community, group interviews were conducted in order to determine group consensus ‘on the chewing sticks plant species. Four groups, each of which consisted of five individuals were interviewed in cach community. Key informants made up of health, community development andl forestry officials in each zone as well as dental officials of the Ekiti State Ministry of Health were also interviewed to provide secondary information on the use of chewing sticks in the study’ area, Voucher specimens of the botanicals identified as sourees of chewing sticks by the respondents ‘were collected identified and relevant information on them were documented. The specimen were later ‘treated and deposited atthe herbarium of the Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekit, Ado-Ekit, Nigeria. ‘The relative abundance of the identified species in each community was determined by the time it would take to physically come across the plant specimen. Plant specimens that could be sited between 0 min to 1 h were reparded as common (C), Those, which could be seen within to 5 h, were Fig. |: Map of Nigeria showing Ekiti State of NigeriaRes. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 Fig. 2: Map of Ekiti State Showing the study sites used, A: Ekiti Central, B: Ekiti South, C: Ekiti North, (1) Epe, (2) Ipole-iloro, (3) Ide-tle, (4) Aba-igbogun, (5) Aratomi obu, (6) E da, (7) Iro-oke (8) Ipole, (9) Ogbese, (10) Omi-ogun, (11) Igede, (12) lapaji, (13) Ipere, (14) Ifinsin and (15) Bw. regarded as frequent (F). Also, those species that would take between 5 to 24 h to be sezn were regarded as occasional (0). Field information was confirmed (Balick and Cox, 1996) and compared with literature (Oliver, 1960; Gbile, 1986; Keay, 1989; Gill, 1992; Kayode, 2006) and the information obtained was analyzed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results obtained fiom the study area revealed that a total of 49 plant species belonging to 28 different families were observed to be in use as chewing sticks (Table 1). Most of these species ‘were indigenous species, only 13 species (27%) were exotic species, thus supporting the previous assertion of Kayode (2004) that in Ekiti State, Nigeria, preference for botanicals were skewed towards the loval species than the exoties. Species identified in this study were noted for their folk dental ‘medicinal values whose knowledge have now constituted parts of the peoples culture that is passed fiom one generation to another. Previous studies had revealed that these species were essentially rich {n various natural products (Table 2), ‘The relative abundance test (Table 3) revealed that, 33, 51 and 16%, respectively, ofthe chewing, sticks species were presently common, frequent and occasional on the abundance seale used in this study, Among the common species, C. annum L.,.C. aurantifolia (Christm and Panzer) Swinele, -M.indica L. and T. eaeao L. were cultivated for their fruits which are major sources of income in the study area, A. indica, A. Juss and S. siamea (Lam) Irwin and Batneby were cultivated to serve as swindbreakers and shade providers, G. sepium (ac) Kunth ex Walp was planted to provide yam stakes and fodder, J eureas L. and J. gossypifolia L.. were cultivated to serve as boundary plants and erosion control, ¥. amygdalina Delile was cultivated to provide leafy vegetables, D. eracta L. as ‘emamental plant wile 4. laxiflora (Benth ) Pax and K. Hoflim. and 7. orientalis (L.) Blume as well as . gratissimam L. though not cultivated but were preserved as sourees of timber and medicinal leafy vegetables, respectivelyRes. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 ‘able 1: List of chewing ticks botanical in ER State Ni Local name. Botanical nme Family Patel ‘Adodo yelo eran ercta ‘Verbenaceae ‘Sem ‘fete Trema orientalis (L.) Blame Ulmaceae Stem Agunmaniye Girickta septum (Jacq) Kua ex Walp Papilionaceae Stem ‘Abn Alston boone De Wild Apocynaceae ‘Stem ‘Ajekobale (Croton zambesicus Mull. Arg Euphorbiaceae ‘Stem ‘kor Pycnanaius angolensis (Welw) Wat Myristieaceae Stem Aliotera Aloe era (L.) Bur f Asphodelaceae Stem ‘rasa “riela micrantha (Hochst) Ba Euphorbiaceae ‘Stem ‘Anum Cynometra vogeli Hock. Caesapiniaceae ‘Stem “Anune Hanogana madagascariensis Lam ex Poi. Chusiaceae Sian ‘ta Capsicum aroun L. Solanaceae Stem Atamnpara Phaulepsis imbricata Forssk.) Sweet ‘Aconthaceae Stem Ate Glyhaca brevis (Spring) Mewach. Tiliaceae ‘Stem yin Anogeissus eiocarpus (DC) Guill and Perr. Combretaceae Stem Dongoyaro “Azatirachta inca A, Juss Meliacene Sten finn Ocimum graisciman Asteraceae Stem Eanea Diespyres monbuttensis Gurke enabaceae ‘Stem sin Alehornea cordifolia Euphorbiaceae ‘Stem (Senmaeh, ad Thown.) Mull, Ara, Bwuro Vemonia amygdalina Delle Asteraeene Steroots Ogese Jatropha mui Euphorbiaceae ‘Stem Guat Pasidum gugiava. Malvaceae ‘Stem Hibisiosi ‘bisens roscesinencs 1 Malvacene Stem fn Oke subscorpoidea Oi: Olacacene Stem Isineye Blighiasapida KD. Koenig. Sapindaceae ‘Stem Ickes ‘Sida acuta Bu £ Matvacese ‘Stem Wo Mletia toning Papilionaceae Stem (Sehmach. and Thonn) Baker Iyatpepe Alehoraa lion (Berth) Euphorbiaceae ‘Stem Pax and K. Hofin. yee Zeaihoxslum sarshoxyoldes (Ls) utaceae Stemtoot epee. sd Timber Kaju Anecaru occidentale. Anaeardiacene Stem Kasi ‘Semasiamea (Lam) Invin and Bameby ‘Stem Koko Theobroma cacao L. Stereuliaceae Root Lapalapafinfin —— Jatrophacurea Euphorbiaceae Stean Lapalapa pupa Jatropha gosspifoia Euphorbiaceae Stem ‘Mangoro| Mara indica. Anacardiacene ‘Stem Open Combrentum racemosum P. Beaw. Combretaceae ‘Stem Oabase Sacocephals iaifolus (Sn.yEA. Brice Rubiaceae Stem Okuta Garcina mani Obs Chsiacene Stem Orogbo Garciniakola Heckel Chusincene ‘Stem Orombo lemma Citnusarantifoha utaceae ‘Stem (Cisistm and Panzer) Swine Orokoro Mallons oppositions (Geisele), Mull. Arg. ‘Euphorbiaceae Stem ‘tempore Sida corymbosa RE. Fe Stereuliaceae ‘Stem Ope Capolotia iueaG. Don Polyeaacene ‘Stem Pakojebu Massuleria acuminate (G. Don. Bllok Rubiaceae Stem Piaa Persea gratsima Goer Lawraceae Stem dt Termiliaschimperiana Hoc. Combretaceae ‘Stem oo Buchiobia coracea Engl Capparaceae ‘Stem Ue Calliadra portoricensis Sacq) Bers Mimoseceae stem Ura Brita fernaginea Benth Euphorbiaceae Stem Ure (Clerodendrum buchiolit Gurke ‘Verbenaceae Stem Also among the fiequently occurring species, 4, occidentale L., B. sapida K.D. Koenig, P. gugjava L. and P. gratissima Geertn. were cultivated for their fiuits. 4. vera (L.) Burm. F., HE rosa-sinensis L. were cultivated for medicinal and ornamental respectively while J. mudtifida L. was cultivated as boundary plant and for the control of erosion. Other plant species in the frequent categories were not cultivated but their wildlings were usually preserved in the study area.Res. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 ‘Table 2: Folk-medicinal value and chanical compositions ofthe chewing sticks plu species identified in Ekiti State, Nigeria Botiical name ‘Crenicalcoopition Alchorea cordijoia Healing of teth ache and asa wound Thulin, tains, alchorsin,alkaleid Alchomea laxifora —_Possesenticrobial agents Tamins, “lloe vera Healing of cough and diabetes Aniragainone, eyeosies, loin, resin Alstonia boone (Curing of fever, ata, cheumatic pains, “Alkaloids, echtamine, ini, ddizness chitamidin, tannins and saponins Aneccevdum oceldentale Curing of toth ache, ‘Tain, stoterin, phenols, sere aus and cough anaaeie acd, carol, gallica, resorcinal derivatives Anogeisss leocarpus Used for eral iy giene ‘Tarins, phenolic substances ‘Azatiraciua nea Teah ae gen Quercetin 3harmoside, maintainance, curing of fever aurea 3-themnosie, (qucetin-Srutinosde,nirbin Blighia sap Curing of mouth wounds Sapcnin, iypoelycin, tannins, seroidal, alkaloids Brideliaeruginea Healing ef mouth wears Taine Bridliamicrantha Caring of headache Tarnins Buchioliaceriacea Used as ntfimgal and ant-acteria agents Hupeol and Sitoseral Callairaportorcensus Curing of headache, Aticonvulant agents once, lumbago, possess analgesic ‘sbstances Capsicum arvauan Caring of fever, cold and dysentery, Capsaicin ol, ascorbic acid act a truant Carpotobia tea Curing of stomach ache, “Tanins, saponins, Mavens ted for oral hygiene cardiac eveosides, anthraquinones Citrus amennyohia Used for oral gene Essential ils CClerodendrum bucldollt Curing of fever Sterol, alucosies, avonoids, hiratin,opeliae acids, anni, Inydroginone,ditespene, Combretonracemosim Curing of fever and coush Flavonicheterosies, um (Croton zambesiens (Curing of malaria Crotnie acid, saponins Cynometra vege’ Used for oral byaiene ‘Tamins, saponins Diaspyves monbutensis Used a antifungal and ‘Tannins, saponins, alkaloids anticbacteria agents urea erecta ‘Use for orl Hen Alkaloids Garcinia Bola Curing of cough, toch ache ‘Kolaviron, flavonoids, saponins, fever ad diabetes ametoflvane, resin Garcinia ment Curing of cone Alkaloids Gira pli (Clearing mierobes in mouth Giicitin-6, Grewal, Afformosi,fommoncactin Medicupin,7.4-dilydroxy- 3netypxysoflavin 20 methulsepiol Glshawa brevis Curing offever Hibsiscus rona-sinersis Caving of cous Hanoeonmade- Curing of fever. Alois, tains, eum ‘gascariensis «ough, dyseatery, asta, jadi, lahhoea, sore troat Jatrophacweas Curing of gum bleeding “Tetramety pyrazine, fied ol resin, curs, saponins, ial tannins Jatropha gessspiifolia Healing ef mouth cancer “Tetranety pyrazine curcn, Jatrophone arophes mafia Healing of mouth wounds ‘Caren, hello pin neon i, ‘mouth mircbial infections ‘leu icin, majors, ertenoteie acid, alkaloids, alyeoside Malloms oppasitifolixs Healing ef mouth cancer Retierin Mareyfera india Curing of malaria, soe ‘Tanins, resins, volatile oil, rmowenic, seosiles, Metiysaliylate,qureetin Mascularia acuminate Use for orl hygiene, Tannis urna of cous an nbaRes. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 ‘Table 2: Contre Botmnical mime Follcmedienal value ‘Cheval compet Militia honnirglh Curing of fever and seve “Tanins, pon Ateox Ocimum grsissimun Cat of cough, cold “Terpenoids,eugenol tymol Fever, chest pai, diathea saponins alkaloids Ofc subscorpoldea Curing of tooth ache Saponins Persea gratssima Curing of iypertension Tamins Phaulopsisimbracesa Used for mouth iygiene Alois, saponins, tannins Psu guaiava Curing of stomach ache ‘Tanins, resins, essential ol, cous ‘queroatin,eugenol Prenaaias angolensis Clearing of white tongue Allsoids, tris Sarcocephaus talus Cong of malaria fever, Taine {er oral hygiene hs antibacterial agents Serna sere Curing of fever ‘Tamins ‘Sida acuta Used for oral Hygiene ‘Tamins, saponins, postagiandin ‘Sida corymbosa ‘Used for oral Hygiene Alkaloids, tannins Terminaha schimperiana Coxing of sickle cll ane, ‘Alkaloids, tains Theobroma cacen ‘Acts as stimulant Alkaloids, steroid itosteral, Signssteol, teonins Thema crientalis Provides remedy fr fever, Saponins tains, inulin, Dak tongue, cous, bronchitis, dysentery alkaloids Vernomiaamyedainna Curing of ecg, diabetes ‘Vemodalin, veer din, saponin Zante Curing oftooth ache Alkaloids, benz acid, xaluroldes siokle cll mernia ‘vail acid, iin, seperti ‘Table 3: Relative abundance of chewing sticks plant species inthe saudy sea ‘Abundance Plant species Comm A laflora, A inca, C anon, C aurantifolia, D. monbutensis, . sepium, D.eracta, J eweas, 1 gcssypitfila, M indea, O.grvissimun, S ccuta same, T cacao, 1 eriomealis,¥.amyecelina Frequent A condflia, A, occidentale, wera, B. Srmiginea, B. micrantha, B. sopida, .buchikt (C luea, C. racemasian,C.yogelli, G. brevis, C hla, G. mama. rosasinensis, J lif, ML opposiolns, Mthomningl,O.subseorpoidea, P angolensis, P gratssina, P. guava, P.imbricae,S corgnbosa, Satiflus, .schimperiana Ocessional A boowi, A lelvearpus 8 cariacea,C.portricenss, C zambesicus, . madagascariensis, MM aruminate, 2. xanthorsoides ‘Table 4: Chewing tes plan species perceived to require conservation in the study area Plant species ‘Conservation status and description in the study area A boone Tt is an indigenous species that is not cultivated inthe study area, wildlingy are however preserved, leaves, rots and stems bark are used for medicine, use asx major source of timber sax fuel wood A. keigearpur Tt is an indigenous species tht is not cultivated in the sty area, wildlinas are however preserved, stems bark and weeds ae use for medicine, ue a8 amar source of fuel wood B.coriacea 1 is an indigenous species tht is not cultivated inthe sty area, wildinas are however preserved, use asa major source of el wood pontericenss: 1 is an inrodaced species tht is not cultivated in the sty area, wildinas are however preserved, leaves and roots are used Tor medicine, use wa major source fel wood 6 sambesicus 1 is an indigenous species tht is not cultivated in the stdy area, wildings are however preserved al parts of the plant are used for meticine HE madagascariensis It is an indiaenos species that is not citivated.in the study area, wildinas are however preserved al parts of the plant are used for medicine, use asa major source oftinbe and fel wood M.ccuinass It is an indigenous species that is not eulivted in the study area, wildlings se however reserve, leaves, rots and stems bark used for medicine, use as major source of timber and fel wood 2. vanthorsloides Tt is an indigenous species that is not euivted in the sty area, wildlings se however preserved, Is tes an roots are used for meineRes. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 ‘The species occurring occasionally, with the exception of C: porforicensis (Jacq) Benth, were indigenous but uncultivated species (Table 3) whose wildings were usually preserved in the study area, There isa high demand for these species. Table 4 gives the description of other products widely derived from these species in the study area, Thus these species could be said to be endangered in the study area. They requite urgent efforts towards their conservation, Some of the species already possessed features that could enhance their conservation (Table 5-11). However, further research activities ate still required to develop deep understanding of the life eyeles, pollination and dispersal ‘mechanisins in most of these plants, Shinwari and Khan (2000) had advocated similar strategies in @ “able 5: Perceived conservation features ofA. boone in the sty area Tnmplcations Tor conservation oP the species Features Description inthe sty area Ecology Four inthe Forest and oleate wide Suitable for eulivation inal pars ofthe range of sits Eki State, Nigeria Reproductive Flower in October to March, Seed are ea for planting atthe onset of biology fits in December to May rains in the study area Seede dispersed by wind Wide seals dissension, eumeement ofthe development of numerous wildlings Germination takes 15 1028 days Enhance early replacement of on-vible seo High gennination rate Seeding demanis could be easily attained [No pre-reamentrequited for germination Enjoy econemy of time and labour Growth management Rapid growth Enhance early delivery of dividends Realy coppicing ability Enhance replacement after use Germplasm Seed orale in dry and coo places Ene seeds availability when planting i management tobe done “able 6: Perceived conservation features of A. eiocarpr in he sty area Tnmplcaions for conservation ab the species eaures Description inthe study area Ecology Found in he savanna ‘usable for cultivation in Ue savanna area of the study area Reproductive Flowers in July to Novernbe, sts in Suiable for cultivation atthe onset of ain Biol August 0 an inthe study aca “Tobe 7: Perceived conservation features of curiae in thes area Tnmplications Tor conservation of the species eaures Description inthe sty area Ecology Found inthe Foret Suitable for cukvation Fy moat pas of Ue study area Reproductive Biology Flowers in most seasons Sede available st mest seasons “Table 8: Perceived conservation features oC. portoricenss in the study area Trnpliations for conservation of the wpecies Features Description inthe sty area Ecology Found inthe Foret Suitable for cukivation fr moat pars of He study ae Reproductive Bioloey Propagate ftom seeds Seeds ae available fr cultivation tthe onset of rains ‘Table 9: Perceived conservation features of. zambesteus i he study area Timplicaions for conservation ab the species Features Description inthe study area Eeology Found in he savarma Suitable for euivation in most pars of the sad fret mses study ae Reproductive Flowers in May to Aunt, Seed ane available for pling at onset, Biology fits in November to Mirch ofthe rasRes. J Bot, 4 (1): 1-9, 2009 ‘able 10: Perceived conservation femmes of H, madagascariensis inte sud area Implications for conservation ab the species Eeaures Description inthe study area Ecology Found inthe forest Suitable for cukivation fr moat pats of Ue study ae Reproductive Flowers in July to April Seeds are available for plating Biology fits in September to April at the case ofthe rain Flowers profisely nares availabilty of seeds High gemnination rate Seedlings demand could b Repid genmination Enjoys economy of time and enhances easy replacement af non-viabe seeds [No presteament reuized ‘able 11: Perceived conservation features of Zpnhonplldes inthe study ere Implications Tor conservation of the pecs Features Description inthe study area Eeology Found in the forest and savanna Suitable fo elivaton in al parts of the stay Reproductive Flowers in Jrary to February Seeds are available for plating during the Biol May to Aunt, fruits in July to September __prevalingrainy season in the tu area study conducted in Islamabad, The maintenance of the original self-perpetaeting populations, as previously advocated by Moore (1990) would also serve as.a sustainable in situ conservation method. ‘The conservation of these chewing sticks plant species especially those identified as being endangered is now desirable. All these strategies would slow down and/or circumvent the present rate of biodiversity loss. Swanson (1992) had previously wamed that the loss of biodiversity means the loss ‘of options forall of us and for future generations. The loss of species identified as been endangered in this study should be prevented, REFERENCES Alcorn, J.B, 1993, Indigenous people and conservation, Conserv, Biol., 7: 424-426. Balick, MJ. and P.A. Cox, 1996. Plant, People and Culture, Scientific American Library, New York, usa. Berkes, F, C. Folke and M. Gadgil, 1995, Traditional Ecological Knowledge Diversity, Resilience and Sustainability. In: Biodiversity Conservation, Persings, C.A. (Ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp: 281-299 Berkes, F.,J. Colding and G. Folke, 2000, Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive ‘management, Ecol. Applied, 10: 1251-1262 Cox, P.A., 2000, Will tribal knowledge survive the millennium? 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