PPE PROBLEM SET VARIABLE LOADS

INSTRUCRION: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer of your choice.

MULTIPLE CHOICES:

1. A daily load curve which exhibited a 15-min peak of 6520 KW is drawn to scale of 1”=4hr and 1”=1000KW. The area
under the curve is measured by planimeter and found to be to be 12.17 in2. The load factor based on 15-min peak will
be?
4 ( 1000 ) kwhr
A=12.17 in2kw−hr energy= [ [ 12.17 in 2 ]¿ 48680 kw−hr Average Load= kwhrEnergy = 48680
]
in 2
no . of hrs 24
AverageLoad 2028.33
¿ 2028.33 kw Load Factor = = ¿ 31.1094 %
PeakLoad 6520
2. A generating station has a maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 50% and a
plant use factor of 72%. Find the reserve energy of the plant while running as per schedule were fully loaded.
AverageDemand AverageDemand
Plant Capacity factor=50 %Plant use factor=72 % Load Factor= 0.6=
MaximumDemand 25 Mw
AverageDemand 15 Mw
AverageDemand=15 Mw Plant Capacity Factor= 0.5= ¿ 30 Mw
PlantCapacity PlantCapacity
3. A generating station has a maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 50% and a
plant use factor of 72%. Find the daily energy produced if the plant while running as per schedule were fully loaded.
AverageLoad AverageLoad
Load Factor = 0.6= Average Load=15 Mw
PeakLoad 25
daily energy produced per schedule=15 Mw ( 2 hrs ) ¿ 360 Mw

4. A generating station has a maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 50% and a
plant use factor of 72%. Find the maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant while running as per
schedule were fully loaded.
AverageDemand Demand
Load Factor= 0.6= Average Average Demand=15 Mw
MaximumDemand 25 Mw
Annual ( Mwh ) 15 (26 ) Mwh
Plant Use Factor = 0.72= Maximum Energy=Plant Capacity=500 Mwh
PlantCapacity ( Mwh ) PlantCapacity

5. A diesel station supplies the ff: loads to various consumers.

Industrial consumer - 1500kw

Commercial establishment - 750kw

Domestic power - 100kw

Domestic light - 450kw

If the maximum demand on the station is 2500kw and the number of kwh generated per year is 45 x105, determine the
annual load factor?

Diversity Factor=
∑ of Individual Demands ¿ 1500+ 750+100+50 ¿ 1.12
Maximum Demand 2500
7. A power station has a maximum demand of 15MW. The annual load factor is 50% and plant capacity factor is 40%.
Determine the reserve capacity of the plant.
AverageDemand
Maximum Demand=15 MwLoad Factor =50 %Plant Capacity=40 % Load Factor=
MaximumDemand
AverageDemand
0.5=AverageDemand =15 MW Average Demand=7.5 Mw Plant Capacity Factor =
PlantCapacity
7.5
0.4= ¿ 18.75
PlantCapacity
8. A generating station has a connected load of 40MW and a maximum demand of 20MW. The units being generated is
60 x 106 kwh. Calculate the demand factor.

connected load =40 MW

maximum demand =20 MW
Demand
Demand Factor =Maximum
Connected Load
20
¿
40
¿ 0.5
9. A generating station has a connected load of 40MW and a maximum demand of 20MW. The units being generated is
60 x 106 kwh. Calculate the load factor.

106
Maximum demand=20 MW kw−hr energy=60 x 106 kwhaverage demand=60 x ¿ 6849.3151 kw
8760 hr
averagedemand 6.8493 MW
¿ 6.8493 MW load factor = ¿ ¿ 0.342466
maximum demand 20 MW
10. A generating station has a peak load of 20MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 48% and a plant use
factor of 80%. Find the reserve capacity of the plant.
peak load=20 Mwload factor =60 % plant capacity factor=48 % plant use factor=80 %
averageload averageload averageLoad
load factor = 0.6= average load=12 Mw plant capacity factor=
peakload 20 PlantCapacity
12
0.48= Plant Capacity=25 kw Reserved C apacity=Plant Capacity−Maximum Demand¿ 25−20
PlantCapacity
¿ 5 MW
11. A generating station has a peak load of 20MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 48% and a plant use
factor of 80%. Find the daily energy produced.

Pe ak load=20 Mw Load Factor =60 % plant capacity factor=48 % plant use factor=80 %
averageload averageload
Load factor= 0.6= average load=12 Mwdaily energy produced=12 Mw ( 24 hrs )
peakload 20
¿ 288 Mwh
12. A generating station has a peak load of 20MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 48% and a plant use
factor of 80%. Find the maximum energy that could be produced in a day.
peak load=20 Mwload factor =60 % plant capacity factor=48 % plant used factor=80 %
 averageLoad AverageLoad
load factor = 0.6= Average Load=12 Mw
PeakLoad 20 MW
Annual ( MWhr ) 12 (24 ) Mwh
Used Capacity Factor = 0.8=
PlantCapacity ( Mwh ) PlantCapacity
PlantCapacity=360 Mwh=maximum energy∈a day
13. What is the daily average load in a certain power plant if the daily energy produced is 500MWh?
hrs 500 MWh
daily energy=500 MWh Average Load=kw− ¿ 20.8333 MW
no . of hrs 24 hr
14. What is the annual capacity factor of the plant if the annual energy produced in a 150MW power plant is
500,000MWh?
Annual ( MWh ) ¿ 500000
Annual Capacity= ¿ 0.3805
PlantCapacityx 8760 150 ( 8760 )

15. The maximum demand of 8000kW in a daily load curve is drawn to scale of 1”=5 hr and 1= 1000kW. The area
measured in planimeter is found to be 15 sq. inch. Find the load factor.
(5 )( 1000 ) kwh
maximum demand=8000 kw kWH of energy= [ in 2 ] ( 15i n2 )¿ 75000 kWh

energy 75000 deamd 3125

average demand=kw−hr s ¿ ¿ 3125 kw load factor =average ¿ ¿ 0.3906
no . of hrs 24 maximumDeamand 8000

16. A diesel power plant has a usage factor of 80% and a capacity factor 58%. How many hours did it operate during the
year?
Annual kw−hrs kw−hrs
Capacity Factor = Use Factor= Annual Capacity x hrs
Plant Capacity ( 8760 ) Plant
2.58 ( Plant Capacity ) ( 8760 ) =0.8 ¿hrs=6351 hrs

17. The annual energy produced in a 4000MW power plant is 640000000kwh. What is the annual capacity factor of the
plant?
energy 640000 Mwh AverageLoad 73.059
Average Load=Mwh− ¿ ¿ 73.0594 Mw Annual Load Factor= ¿
no . of hrs 8760 PeakLoad 400
¿ 18.2648 %
18. An 80MWsteam power plant has an average load of 42,500kW and a load factor of 60%. Find the reserve over peak.
AverageLoa d 42.5 Reserved
Load Factor = 0.6= PeakLoad=70.8333 =Plant Capacity−Peak Load
PeakLoad PeakLoad Peak
¿ 80−70.83¿ 9.1667 Mw

19. Calculate the use factor of 155MW plant with a load factor of 85% and 150MW peak load. The operation is limited to
8500 hours a year.
AverageLoad AverageLoad Annual ( Mwhr )
Load Factor = 0.85= Average Load=127.5 MwUse Factor=
PeakLoad 150 Mw PlantCap acity x hrs
¿ 0.8477
20. Demand of 75MW is said to be at maximum in a geothermal power plant which has a load factor of 80% and a
capacity factor of 48%. Estimate the plant capacity.
 AverageDemand AverageDemand
Load Factor= 0.8= Average Deamnd=60 Mw
MaximumDemand 75
AverageDemand 60 Mw
Plant Capacity= 0.48= ¿ 125 Mw
PlantCapacity PlantCapacity

21. A given equipment consumes 3500 kwh per month at 15% rated plant capacity. It operates at 24 hrs, 30 days a
month. What is the rated capacity?
energy 3500 Average Load 4.8611
Average Load=kwh ¿ ¿ 4.8611 kw Plant Capacity Factor = 0.15=
no . of hrs 24 ( 30 ) PlantCapacity PlantCapacity
Plant Capacity=32.4074 kw
22. A simple Rankine cycle produces 60MW of power, 70MW of process heat and rejects 80MW of heat to the
surroundings. What is the utilization factor of this cogeneration cycle neglecting the pump work?
Maximum Demand of the System 60+70
Utilization Factor= ¿ ¿ 0.61904¿ 61.90 %
Rated Capacity of the System 60+70+80

23. A 40MW power plant has an average load of 30MW and a load factor of 71%. Find the reserve overs peak?
AverageLoad 30 Reserve
Load Factor = 0.71= Peak Load=42.2535 Mw =Plant Capacity− peak Load
PeakLoad PeakLoad peak
¿−2.2535 Mw
24. The annual energy produced in a 110 MW power plant is 348,000,000 KW-hrs. What is the annual capacity factor of
the plant?
Annual kw−hrs
kw−hrs energy=348 000 000 kw−hrs plant capacity=110 MW Annual Capacity Factor=
Plant Capacity x 8760
348 000 000
¿ ¿ 0.3611
110 000 x 8760
25. A power plant has use factor of 51% and capacity factor of 45%. How many hours did it operate during the year?
Annual kw−hrs
Use Factor=51 % Annual Capacity Factor=45 %Use Factor=
Plant Capacity x hrs
0.51 ( plant capacity ) ( hrs )=0.45 ( plant capacity ) ( 8760 )hrs=7729.4118

26. A 50MW steam power plant delivers an annual output of 238 000 MWh with a peak load of 42 860 KW. What is the
annual load factor?
Mwh energy 238 000
Mwh energy=238 000 MwhPeak Load=42860 kw Average Load= ¿ ¿ 27.1689 Mw
no . of hr s 8760
AverageLoad 27.1689
Load Factor = ¿ ¿ 0.6339
PeakLoad 42.860

27. A 50KW steam power plant delivers an annual output of 238 000 MWh with a peak load of 42 860 KW. What is the
annual capacity factor?
Mwh energy=238 000 MwhPeak Load=42 860 KW Plant Capacity=50 MW
Annual kw−hrs 23800 ( 1000 )
Annual Capacitu Factor = ¿ ¿ 0.5434
Plant Capapcity ( 8760 ) 50000 ( 8760 )

28. The maximum demand of 10MW in a daily load curve is drawn to scale of 1’=3 hr and 1’=1000kw. They are measured
in planimeter is found to be 20 sq. feet. Find the load factor.
 hr
[
Maximum Demand=10 Mwkw−hrs energy= ( 3 )( 1000 ) kw−
ft ]
2
( 20 f t 2 )¿ 60000 kw−hr

energy 60000 kwhr AverageDemand 2500

Average Demand=kw−hr ¿ ¿ 2500 kw Load Factor= ¿ ¿ 0.25
no . of hrs 24 hr MaximumDemand 10000

29. The power plant is said to have a use factor of 48.5% and annual capacity factor of 42.45. how many hours did it
operate during this year?
energy
use factor=48.5 % Annual Capacity factor =42.4 %Use Factor= Annual kw−hr
Plant Capacityxhrs
0.485 ( Plant Capacity )( hrs )=0.424 ( Plant Capacity ) ( 8760 )hrs=7658.2268

30. A generating station has a peak load of 30MW, a load factor of 70%, a plant capacity factor of 60% and a plant use
factor of 90%. Find the reserve capacity of the plant.
AverageLoad AverageLoad AverageLoad
Load Factor = 0.1= Average Load=21 MW Plant CapacityFactor=
PeakLoad 30 PlantCapaci ty
21 MW
0.6= Plant Capacity=35 MW Reseve Cpapacity=Plant Capacity−Peak Load¿ 35−30¿ 5 MW
PlantCapacity
31. The annual peak load on a 15MW plant power is 10,500kW. Two substations are supplied by this plant. Annual
energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500,000kW per hr with a peak at 8900 kW, while 16,500,000 are send
through B with a peak at 6650kW. Neglect line losses. Find the diversity factor between substations.

Diversity Factor=
∑ of Individual Demands8900+6650
¿¿ 1.4810
Maximum Simultaneous Demand 10500

32. The annual peak load on a 15MW plant power is 10,500kW. Two substations are supplied by this plant. Annual
energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500,000kW per hr with a peak at 8900 kW, while 16,500,000 are send
through B with a peak at 6650kW. Neglect line losses. Find the capacity factor of the power plant.
44000000 kwh
kw−hr energy=27 500 000+16 500 000¿ 44 000 000 kwh Annual Capacity Factor= ¿ 0.3349
15000 ( 8760 )
33. The following are the annual factors of a certain power plant:

Load factor =60%

Capacity factor =43.5%

Use factor =46.9%

The reserve carried over and above the peak load is 9500kw. Find the installed capacity of the plant in MW. Determine
the annual energy production.
AverageLoad Reserved
Annual Load Factor = =Plant Capacity−Peak Load
PlantCapacity peak
AverageLoad AverageLoad
9500= − Average Load=15027.2727 KW kw−hr energy=15027.2727 ( 8760 )
0.435 0.6
¿ 131638909.1 kwh131638.91 Mwh

34. The following are the annual factors of a certain power plant:

Load factor =60%

Capacity factor =43.5%

Use factor =46.9%

The reserve carried over and above the peak load is 9500kw. Find the installed capacity of the plant in MW. Determine
the hours per year not in service.
Reserve AverageLoad AverageLoad
=Plant Capacity−Peak Load9500= − Average Load=15027.2727 kw
peak 0.435 0.6
AverageDemand 15027.2727
Plant Capacity Factor = 0.435= Plant Capacity=34545.4545
PlantCapacity PlantCapacity
Annual kw−hrs energy 15027.2727 ( 8760 )
Use Factor= 0.469= hrs=8124.9
Plant Capacity x hrs 34545.45 ( hrs )

35. A generating station has a peak load of 30MW, a load factor of 70%, a plant capacity factor of 60% and a plant use
factor of 90%. Find the daily energy produced.
AverageLoad AverageLoad
Load Factor = 0.7= Average Load=21 MW Daily energy produced=21 ( 24 )
PeakLoad 30
¿ 504 Mwh
36. A generating station has a peak load of 30MW, a load factor of 70%, a plant capacity factor of 60% and a plant use
factor of 90%. Find the maximum energy that could be produced in a day.
AverageLoad AverageLoad kw−hr energy
Load Factor = 0.7= ¿ 21 MW Use Factor=
PeakLoad 30 Plant Capacity ( Mwh )
21 ( 24 )
0.9= Maximum Energy=Plant Capacity=560 Mwh
PlantCapac ity
37. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substation. One substation feeds four distributing
circuits; the other has six. The maximum daily record demands are:

Power station =12,000kw

Substation A =6000kW

Feeder 1 =1700kW

2 =1800kW

3 =2800kW

4 =600kW

Substation B =9000kW

Feeder 1 =620kW

2 =1500kW

3 =1000kW

4 =2900kW

5 =2200kW

6 =3000kW
Calculate the diversity factor between substations.

Diversity Factors=
∑ of Individual Demands 6000+9000
¿ ¿ 1.25
Maximum Simultaneous Demands 12000

38. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substation. One substation feeds four distributing
circuits; the other has six. The maximum daily record demands are:

Power station =12,000kw

Substation A =6000kW

Feeder 1 =1700kW

2 =1800kW

3 =2800kW

4 =600kW

Substation B =9000kW

Feeder 1 =620kW

2 =1500kW

3 =1000kW

4 =2900kW

5 =2200kW

6 =3000kW

Calculate the diversity factor between Feeders on substation A.

Diversity Factors=
∑ of Individual Demands 1700+ 1800+2800+600
¿ ¿ 1.15
Maximum Simultaneous Demands 6000

39. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substation. One substation feeds four distributing
circuits; the other has six. The maximum daily record demands are:

Power station =12,000kw

Substation A =6000kW

Feeder 1 =1700kW

2 =1800kW

3 =2800kW

4 =600kW

Substation B =9000kW

Feeder 1 =620kW

2 =1500kW

3 =1000kW
 4 =2900kW

5 =2200kW

6 =3000kW

Calculate the diversity factor between feeders on substation B.

Diversity Factors=
∑ of Individual Demands 620+1500+1000+2900+2200
¿ ¿ 11.2467
Maximum Simultaneous Demands 9000